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Interview with Eric Scerri 采访Eric Scerri
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09418-x
Edit Talpsepp

Eric Scerri is the world-leading expert on (the history of) Periodic Table and was quite recently named the second-most influential academic in the field of chemistry over the last decade by Academic Influence. In this interview we discuss his main questions of interest in the philosophy of chemistry—the question of reduction of chemistry to physics and the dual sense of chemical element—in the context of his main study object, the periodic table of elements. Among other things, we touch upon the more specific issues related to chemical classification, such as pair reversal, the placement and order of certain elements, the structure and shape of periodic table, etc. We also discuss the status of chemical kinds as a traditional epitome of ‘natural kinds’, the relevance of philosophy of chemistry for chemical science, the implications of ‘turn to practice’ for philosophy of chemistry, and many other issues. Finally, Eric Scerri also discusses his most recent book, ‘What is a Chemical Element?’, co-edited with Elena Ghibaudi and published by Oxford University Press in 2020.

Eric Scerri是世界领先的周期表(历史)专家,最近被学术影响力评为过去十年化学领域第二大最有影响力的学者。在这次采访中,我们将在他的主要研究对象元素周期表的背景下讨论他对化学哲学感兴趣的主要问题——将化学还原为物理和化学元素的双重意义的问题。除其他事项外,我们还涉及与化学分类有关的更具体的问题,例如对反转,某些元素的位置和顺序,元素周期表的结构和形状等。我们还讨论了化学种类作为“自然种类”的传统缩影的地位,化学哲学与化学科学的相关性,“转向实践”对化学哲学的含义,以及许多其他问题。最后,Eric Scerri还讨论了他的新书《什么是化学元素?》该书与埃琳娜·吉博迪合编,将于2020年由牛津大学出版社出版。
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引用次数: 1
Plato on chemistry 柏拉图论化学
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09426-x
Ernesto Paparazzo

It is a notion commonly acknowledged that in his work Timaeus the Athenian philosopher Plato (c. 429–347 BC) laid down an early chemical theory of the creation, structure and phenomena of the universe. There is much truth in this acknowledgement because Plato’s “chemistry” gives a description of the material world in mathematical terms, an approach that marks an outstanding advancement over cosmologic doctrines put forward by his predecessors, and which was very influential on western culture for many centuries. In the present article, I discuss inter-transformations among Plato’s four types (fire, air, water, and earth) as well as the interpretation they received in the literature. I find that scientists and scholars generally emphasized (and often misunderstood) mathematical aspects of these “reactions” over the philosophical ones. I argue that Plato’s “chemistry” in fact bears on crucial topics of his philosophical system, such as Forms, Becoming, causation and teleology. I propose that consideration of these doctrines help to understand not only the sense of his “chemical” reactions, but also the reason why their stoichiometry is by surface balance and is restricted only to types that come to be and pass away but not to those that provoke the inter-transformations.

人们普遍认为,雅典哲学家柏拉图(公元前429-347年)在他的著作中提出了关于宇宙的创造、结构和现象的早期化学理论。这种承认有很多道理,因为柏拉图的“化学”用数学术语描述了物质世界,这种方法标志着他的前辈提出的宇宙学学说的一个显著进步,并对西方文化产生了许多世纪的影响。在本文中,我将讨论柏拉图的四种类型(火、气、水和土)之间的相互转换,以及它们在文献中得到的解释。我发现科学家和学者通常强调(并且经常误解)这些“反应”的数学方面而不是哲学方面。我认为柏拉图的“化学”实际上与他的哲学体系的关键主题有关,如形式、变易、因果关系和目的论。我认为,对这些学说的思考不仅有助于理解他的“化学”反应的意义,而且有助于理解为什么它们的化学计量学是通过表面平衡进行的,并且只局限于产生和消失的类型,而不局限于引起相互转化的类型。
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引用次数: 1
The habit of the pipe: a layperson’s view of the periodic table 管的习惯:一个外行人对元素周期表的看法
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09422-1
Sérgio Luís da Silva

The Periodic Table of Elements is one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect but is far from a finished work. Generations of chemists and physicists have improved on it, in light of the discovery of new elements and advancements in the domain of Quantum Mechanics. Specially, the role of the four quantum numbers that dictates the distribution of the elements throughout the Table has been clarified. However, as the Table grew older and venerable, a tradition developed that froze its overall shape, obfuscating somewhat the comprehension of its underlying principles. Proposals of reforming it has been made but face the opposition of scientists, professionals and educators who are comfortable with the Table as it has been for several decades. Here, the author advocates for possible alternatives (specially the 32-column left-step Table), discuss potential advantages and answer to some criticisms on them.

元素周期表是人类智慧最伟大的成就之一,但还远远没有完成。一代又一代的化学家和物理学家根据新元素的发现和量子力学领域的进步,对它进行了改进。特别地,决定元素在周期表中的分布的四个量子数的作用被澄清了。然而,随着桌子变得越来越老,越来越受人尊敬,一种传统发展起来,冻结了它的整体形状,在某种程度上混淆了对其基本原则的理解。改革该表的建议已经提出,但面临科学家、专业人士和教育工作者的反对,他们对该表几十年来的现状感到满意。在这里,作者提倡可能的替代方案(特别是32列左步表),讨论潜在的优势,并回答一些批评。
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引用次数: 0
Disparities and conceptual connections regarding the concept of substance in general chemistry textbook glossaries 普通化学教科书词汇中关于物质概念的差异与概念联系
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09425-y
Larissa Moreira Ferreira, Jean Pscheidt Weiss, Marcelo Lambach

The concept of substance is considered fundamental in order to understand chemistry and other related concepts, but many problems have been reported about its learning process. Considering the importance of textbooks in the training of chemistry teachers, this study aimed to identify the concepts of substance in general chemistry textbook glossaries. In addition, the study assessed the concepts of substance in relation to other chemical concepts and, when available, compared them with the concepts established by the IUPAC (Compendium of chemical terminology, 2 ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1997). The methodology employed was content analysis and the results showed that concepts and statements related to the term ‘substance’ are different in the general chemistry textbooks analyzed. They also differ from those stated by IUPAC. Furthermore, it was found that many concepts are dependent on the concept of substance. It is concluded that there must be a greater effort from the community of chemists and the teaching of chemistry in the search for conceptual uniformity to reduce the problems of conceptual understanding.

物质的概念被认为是理解化学和其他相关概念的基础,但是关于它的学习过程有许多问题被报道。考虑到教材在化学教师培训中的重要性,本研究旨在识别普通化学教材词汇中的物质概念。此外,该研究评估了物质概念与其他化学概念的关系,并在可用的情况下,将它们与IUPAC建立的概念进行了比较(化学术语汇编,2版。Blackwell科学出版物,牛津,1997年)。所采用的方法是内容分析,结果表明,与“物质”一词相关的概念和陈述在所分析的普通化学教科书中有所不同。它们也与IUPAC声明的不同。此外,还发现许多概念都依赖于实体概念。结论是,化学学界和化学教学必须作出更大的努力,寻求概念的统一性,以减少概念理解的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Knowledge building in chemistry education 化学教育中的知识建构
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09419-w
Margaret A. L. Blackie

Teaching chemistry remains a profoundly challenging activity. This paper arises from reflection on the challenges of creating meaningful assessments. Herein a simple framework to assist in making more visible the different kinds of knowledge required for mastery of chemistry is described. Building from a realist foundation the purpose of this paper is to lay the intellectual scaffolding for the framework. By situating the framework theoretically, it is intended to highlight the value of engaging with philosophy for the project of knowledge building in chemistry. Use of this framework has laid bare some significant limitations to the ways in which organic chemistry has been assessed. Making the visible to students aids in their engagement with knowledge and for a small minority has developed their understanding of science more generally. The framework provides a simple, easily usable tool for the evaluation of chemistry assessments.

化学教学仍然是一项极具挑战性的活动。本文源于对创建有意义的评估的挑战的反思。这里描述了一个简单的框架,以帮助更清楚地了解掌握化学所需的各种知识。本文的目的是在现实基础上为该框架搭建智力脚手架。通过对框架的理论定位,它旨在强调在化学知识建设项目中参与哲学的价值。这个框架的使用暴露了有机化学评估方法的一些重大限制。让学生看到这些有助于他们接触知识,对少数人来说,还能更广泛地发展他们对科学的理解。该框架为化学评估提供了一个简单易用的工具。
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引用次数: 6
What happened when chemists came to classify elements by their atomic number? 当化学家开始按原子序数对元素进行分类时,发生了什么?
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09423-0
K. Brad Wray

I respond to Scerri’s recent reply to my claim that there was a scientific revolution in chemistry in the early twentieth Century. I grant, as Scerri insists, that there are significant continuities through the change about which we are arguing. That is so in all scientific revolutions. But I argue that the changes were such that they constitute a Kuhnian revolution, not in the classic sense of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, but in the sense of Kuhn’s mature theory, developed in the 1980s and early 1990s.

我认为在20世纪初发生了一场化学科学革命,而塞里最近对我的观点做出了回应。我承认,正如塞里所坚持的那样,在我们所争论的变化中存在着重要的连续性。所有的科学革命都是如此。但我认为,这些变化构成了库恩式的革命,不是《科学革命的结构》中经典意义上的革命,而是库恩在20世纪80年代和90年代初发展起来的成熟理论。
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引用次数: 2
Orthogonality properties of states, configurations, and orbitals 态、构型和轨道的正交性
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09417-y
Balakrishnan Viswanathan, Mohamed Shajahan Gulam Razul

This manuscript explores the orthogonality constraints on configurations and orbitals subject to the property that states are mutually orthogonal. The orthogonality constraints lead to properties that affect the description of chemical systems. When states are described as linear combinations of (orthogonal or non-orthogonal) configurations, the coefficient matrix (mapping configurations to states) diagonalises S−1H. Therefore, single-configuration states are only possible in one-electron systems: non-orthogonal configurations yield single-configuration states only if S−1H is diagonal, but this would violate the orthonormalisation constraint. Further, the coefficient matrix is not constrained to be square (the number of configurations may differ from the number of configurations). Similarly, the orbitals used to construct configurations may also be orthogonal or non-orthogonal; orbitals are only required to be mutually orthogonal at the one-electron limit. Orthogonal orbitals are generally preferred due to their mathematical and conceptual simplicity, leading to fictitious unoccupied orbitals. Since the Fock operator is orthogonality agnostic, non-orthogonal (occupied) orbitals can be generated by solving the Fock equation independently for each electron; the virtual orbitals produced by this conception are true excitation orbitals as they are eigensolutions of the Fock operator. Additionally, we show that the number of molecular orbitals generated is not restricted to the number of atomic orbitals (or basis functions) employed in the computation. This manuscript explores the mathematical relationships that need to be satisfied under the various orthogonality regimes. We also present mathematical relationships that provide results that are independent of the orthogonality approximation within a particular computational method.

本文探讨了态相互正交性质下的构型和轨道的正交性约束。正交性约束导致影响化学系统描述的性质。当状态被描述为(正交或非正交)构型的线性组合时,系数矩阵(将构型映射到状态)对角化S−1H。因此,单构型态只可能存在于单电子系统中:非正交构型只有在S−1H是对角的情况下才会产生单构型态,但这将违反标准正交化约束。此外,系数矩阵不被约束为平方(构型的数量可能与构型的数量不同)。同样,用于构造构型的轨道也可以是正交的或非正交的;轨道只要求在单电子极限下相互正交。由于其数学和概念上的简单性,正交轨道通常是首选,导致虚构的未占据轨道。由于Fock算子是正交不可知的,因此可以通过对每个电子独立求解Fock方程来生成非正交(已占)轨道;由这个概念产生的虚轨道是真激发轨道,因为它们是Fock算子的本征解。此外,我们还表明,生成的分子轨道的数量并不局限于计算中使用的原子轨道(或基函数)的数量。本文探讨了在各种正交状态下需要满足的数学关系。我们还提出了数学关系,提供的结果是独立于正交近似在一个特定的计算方法。
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引用次数: 0
Density functional theory, chemical reactivity, and the Fukui functions 密度泛函理论,化学反应性,和福井函数
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-01-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09416-z
R. Pucci, G. G. N. Angilella

We review the early works which were precursors of the Conceptual Density Functional Theory. Starting from Thomas–Fermi approximation and from the exact formulation of Density Functional Theory by Hohenberg and Kohn’s theorem, we will introduce electronegativity and the theory of hard and soft acids and bases. We will also present a general introduction to the Fukui functions, and their relation with nucleophilicity and electrophilicity, with an emphasis towards the importance of these concepts for chemical reactivity.

我们回顾了作为概念密度泛函理论先驱的早期著作。从Thomas-Fermi近似出发,从密度泛函理论中Hohenberg定理和Kohn定理的精确表述出发,我们将介绍电负性和软硬酸碱理论。我们还将介绍福井函数及其与亲核性和亲电性的关系,并强调这些概念对化学反应性的重要性。
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引用次数: 16
Ogawa’s nipponium and its re-assignment to rhenium 小川的nipponium及其对铼的重新分配
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-021-09410-x
Yoji Hisamatsu, Kazuhiro Egashira, Yoshiteru Maeno

We re-examine the history of the element “nipponium” discovered by a Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa in 1908. Since 1996 H.K. Yoshihara has made extensive research into Ogawa’s work and revealed evidence that nipponium proposed for the place of the atomic number of 43 was actually rhenium (75). In this paper, we provide critical re-interpretations of the existing information and confirmed that Ogawa left indisputable evidence that nipponium was in fact rhenium. We further discuss the reasons for the existing doubts and criticism against Ogawa’s discovery and Yoshihara’s interpretation, and attempt to resolve them.

我们重新审视1908年由日本化学家小川正孝发现的“nipponium”元素的历史。自1996年以来,H.K. Yoshihara对小川的工作进行了广泛的研究,并发现了证据,证明原子序数为43的nipponium实际上是铼(75)。在本文中,我们对现有信息进行了批判性的重新解释,并证实小川留下了无可争辩的证据,证明nipponium实际上是铼。我们进一步讨论了对小川的发现和吉原的解释存在质疑和批评的原因,并试图解决这些问题。
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引用次数: 1
Editorial 69 编辑69
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-021-09413-8
Eric Scerri
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Foundations of Chemistry
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