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Chemical reduction and quantum interpretation: A case for thomistic emergence 化学还原和量子解释:托马斯涌现的一个例子
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09479-6
Ryan Miller

The debate between ontological reductionists and emergentists in chemistry has revolved around quantum mechanics. What Franklin and Seifert (BJPS 2020) add to the long-running dispute is an attention to the measurement problem. They contend that all three realist interpretations of the quantum formalism capable of resolving the measurement problem also obviate any need for chemical emergence. I push their argument further, arguing that the realist interpretations of quantum mechanics actually subvert the basis for reduction as well, by undercutting the idea that fundamental physical particles are actual parts of molecules. With both reduction and traditional synchronic emergence pictures ruled out, the only option for realists about quantum chemistry is strong Thomistic emergence.

化学本体论还原论和涌现论之间的争论一直围绕着量子力学展开。富兰克林和塞弗特(BJPS 2020)为这场旷日持久的争论增加了对测量问题的关注。他们认为,能够解决测量问题的量子形式主义的所有三种现实主义解释也都排除了化学出现的任何必要。我进一步推动了他们的论点,认为量子力学的现实主义解释实际上也颠覆了还原的基础,因为它削弱了基本物理粒子是分子实际组成部分的观点。由于还原理论和传统的共时涌现理论都被排除在外,对于量子化学的现实主义者来说,唯一的选择就是强托马斯涌现理论。
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引用次数: 0
Misconception in chemistry textbooks: a case study on the concept of quantum number, electronic configuration and review for teaching material 化学教材中的误区:以量子数、电子组态概念为例及教材检讨
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09475-w
Rr. Lis Permana Sari, Heru Pratomo, Isti Yunita, Sukisman Purtadi, Mahesh Narayan, Kristian Handoyo Sugiyarto

This article describes a descriptive-qualitative method for analyzing and reviewing several textbooks for high school as samples commonly used by teachers and students in their teaching–learning to reveal possible misconceptions. This study focused on the subjects of quantum numbers and electronic configuration. From the advanced literature review to analyze the samples the occurrence of various misconceptions was noted. All textbooks described correctly the four symbols of quantum numbers, but none correlates correctly the magnetic-angular quantum number to the Cartesian labeled orbitals. All textbooks consider mistakenly the meaning of aufbau as the building-up energy of orbitals by following (n + ℓ, n) rules on describing the electronic configuration for all atoms. Only one textbook states that the electronic configuration of transition metal atoms (3d series) can be described in the following order of shell (n), thus giving rise to two types of electronic configurations, [Ar] 3d 4s (Type I) beside [Ar] 4s 3d (Type II), leading further misconception. All textbooks described favorably an unpaired electron of ms =  + ½ due to the specific agreement, which is a potential misconception in applying Hund’s rule. In drawing the diagram boxes of orbitals, they are arranged in increasing or decreasing the numeric m, due to the specific agreement, and again leading to a potential misconception on describing the quantum number of electrons issued. Three textbooks introduced the terms of the last and the xth electron associated with the quantum numbers, leading to serious further misconceptions. No books stated that the ordering energy of the (n + ℓ, n) rule is true only for the first twenty atoms.

本文介绍了一种描述定性的方法,对教师和学生在教学中常用的几本高中教科书作为样本进行分析和复习,以揭示可能存在的误解。本研究的重点是量子数和电子组态。从先进的文献回顾分析样本,注意到各种误解的发生。所有教科书都正确地描述了量子数的四个符号,但没有一本将磁角量子数与笛卡尔标记轨道正确地联系起来。所有的教科书在描述所有原子的电子构型时都遵循(n + r, n)规则,错误地把aufbau的含义理解为轨道的能量积累。只有一本教科书指出过渡金属原子(3d系列)的电子构型可以按照壳层(n)的顺序来描述,从而产生了两种类型的电子构型,[Ar] 3d - 4s (I型)和[Ar] 4s - 3d (II型),从而导致了进一步的误解。由于特定的一致性,所有的教科书都对ms = + 1 / 2的未配对电子进行了有利的描述,这是应用洪德规则时潜在的误解。在绘制轨道框图时,由于特定的一致,它们以增加或减少数字m - r的方式排列,并且再次导致描述发出的电子量子数的潜在误解。三本教科书介绍了与量子数相关的最后一个和第x个电子的术语,导致了进一步严重的误解。没有哪本书说(n + r, n)规则的有序能量只对前20个原子成立。
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引用次数: 0
An unlikely bifurcation: history of sustainable (but not Green) chemistry 一个不太可能的分歧:可持续(但不是绿色)化学的历史
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09474-x
Marcin Krasnodębski

The concept of green chemistry dominated the imagination of environmentally-minded chemists over the last thirty years. The conceptual frameworks laid by the American Environmental Protection Agency scholars in the 1990s constitute today the core of a line of thinking aimed at transforming chemistry into a sustainable science. And yet, in the shadow of green chemistry, a broader, even if less popular, concept of sustainable chemistry started taking shape. Initially, it was either loosely associated with green chemistry or left undefined as a distinct but generaly different approach. In such a vague form, it was endorsed by the organizations such as OECD and the IUPAC in the late 1990s. It was not until the 2010s however, when it solidified as a separate more embracing and more overarching tradition that could compete with green chemistry by offering insights that the latter lacked. Sustainable chemistry seeks to transcend the narrow focus on chemical synthesis and embrace a much more holistic view of chemical activities including social responsibility and sustainable business models. Due to an interesting historical coincidence, it was in Germany where sustainable chemistry took roots and became institutionalized for the first time. It was thanks to German exceptionalism and the unwillingness of German scholars to embrace the “green” terminology originating from the US, the concept of sustainable chemistry could safely mature and develop in the German-speaking world, before reaching a high degree of formalization with dedicated journals, founding articles, and programmatic principles aspiring to transform the entire chemical enterprise in the years to come.

在过去的三十年里,绿色化学的概念主导了有环保意识的化学家的想象。美国环境保护署(Environmental Protection Agency)的学者们在上世纪90年代提出的概念框架,如今构成了旨在将化学转变为一门可持续科学的一系列思想的核心。然而,在绿色化学的阴影下,一个更广泛的,即使不那么流行的,可持续化学的概念开始形成。最初,它要么松散地与绿色化学联系在一起,要么被定义为一种独特但总体上不同的方法。在这种模糊的形式下,它在20世纪90年代末得到了经合组织和IUPAC等组织的认可。然而,直到2010年代,它才巩固为一个独立的、更具包容性和更全面的传统,可以通过提供后者所缺乏的见解来与绿色化学竞争。可持续化学寻求超越对化学合成的狭隘关注,并拥抱更全面的化学活动观点,包括社会责任和可持续的商业模式。由于一个有趣的历史巧合,正是在德国,可持续化学扎根并第一次制度化。正是由于德国的例外论和德国学者不愿意接受源自美国的“绿色”术语,可持续化学的概念才能在德语世界安全地成熟和发展,然后才达到高度的形式化,有了专门的期刊、创始文章和纲领性原则,有望在未来几年改变整个化工企业。
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引用次数: 1
Response to the critique by Dr. K. Brad Wray, published in foundations of chemistry October 6, 2022 对K. Brad Wray博士批评的回应,发表在2022年10月6日的《化学基础》上
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09473-y
Gareth R. Eaton

Dr. K. Wray (2022) questioned my suggestion that T. W. Richards should be included as one of the scientists who contributed to the discovery of isotopes. This article provides additional support for inclusion of Richards as a contributor to the discovery.

K. Wray博士(2022)质疑我的建议,即T. W. Richards应该被列入对发现同位素做出贡献的科学家之一。本文为将Richards作为该发现的贡献者提供了额外的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Common empirical foundations, different theoretical choices: The Berthollet-Proust controversy and Dalton’s resolution 共同的经验基础,不同的理论选择:贝托莱-普鲁斯特之争与道尔顿的解决
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09471-0
Yachun Xu, Yichen Tong, Jiangyang Yuan

Based upon the demarcation between Elementalism and Atomism Chemistry from the perspective of the long-term history of chemistry, the authors re-examine the Berthollet-Proust controversy on the three types of chemical compounds, pointing out that Berthollet proposed the law of indefinite proportions by deduction, while Proust proposed the law of definite proportions by induction. The controversy is beyond the framework of affinity chemistry and entail a synthesis of meta-chemical thinking and experiments. Proust’s discovery of the law of definite proportions not only function as Bacon’s “instances of lamp” to invoke Dalton and other atomism chemists to envision atomism, but also served as a bridge linking the two meta-chemistries. John Dalton, the third choice, envisioned his atomism by abduction. The case study on “the Berthollet-Proust controversy and Dalton’s resolution” mandates a reinvestigation of the crucial role of the system of experiments and the evolution of chemistry according to the demarcation between the established branches of Elementalism and Atomism Chemistry.

本文从化学的长期历史出发,在划分元素主义和原子主义化学的基础上,重新审视贝托莱和普鲁斯特关于三种化合物的争论,指出贝托莱是通过演绎提出不定比例定律的,而普鲁斯特是通过归纳法提出定比例定律的。争论超出了亲和化学的框架,需要综合元化学思维和实验。普鲁斯特的定比定律的发现,不仅起到了培根的“灯的实例”的作用,唤起了道尔顿等原子论化学家对原子论的设想,而且起到了连接两种元化学的桥梁作用。第三个选择是约翰·道尔顿,他的原子论是通过诱变来实现的。“Berthollet-Proust之争和道尔顿的决议”的案例研究,要求根据已建立的元素化学和原子化学分支之间的界限,对实验系统和化学演变的关键作用进行重新研究。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 73 编辑73
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09472-z
Eric Scerri
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引用次数: 0
On how some fundamental chemical concepts are correlated by arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means 一些基本的化学概念是如何通过算术、几何和调和的方法联系起来的
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09466-x
Francesco Di Giacomo

Examples are given of applications by Pauling, Mulliken, Marcus and G.E.Kimball of the three Pythagorian means to formulate the scales of electronegativity of the elements, to the calculations of rate constants of electron transfer cross-reactions, to the calculation of the observed rate constant as function of activation and diffusion rate constants in the case of mixed reaction-diffusion rates and to the calculation of the effective diffusion coefficient in solution of a salt AB as a whole from the diffusion coefficients of the ions in which it dissociates.

文中举例说明了鲍林、穆利肯、马库斯和金博尔用毕达哥拉斯三种方法来表示元素电负性的尺度,并计算了电子转移交叉反应的速率常数。在混合反应扩散速率的情况下,计算观察到的速率常数作为活化速率常数和扩散速率常数的函数,以及从盐解离的离子的扩散系数计算整个盐AB溶液中的有效扩散系数。
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引用次数: 0
Revolutions in science, revolutions in chemistry 科学革命,化学革命
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09467-w
Jeffrey I. Seeman

Despite decades of research and thought on the meaning and identification of revolutions in science, there is no generally accepted definition for this concept. This paper presents 13 different characteristics that have been used by philosophers and historians of science to characterize revolutions in science, in general, and in chemistry, in particular. These 13 characteristics were clustered into six independent factors. Suggestions are provided as to the use of these characteristics and factors to evaluate historical events as to their possible categorization as revolutions in chemistry. Challenges to the goal of creating a consensus definition of “revolutions in science” are also presented in this publication.

尽管对科学革命的意义和识别进行了数十年的研究和思考,但这一概念并没有得到普遍接受的定义。本文提出了13个不同的特征,这些特征通常被哲学家和科学史学家用来描述科学革命,特别是化学革命。这13个特征被聚为6个独立的因素。对于如何利用这些特征和因素来评价历史事件,以及如何将这些事件归类为化学革命,提出了一些建议。本出版物还提出了对“科学革命”的共识定义这一目标的挑战。
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引用次数: 1
Why do prima facie intuitive theories work in organic chemistry? 为什么直观理论在有机化学中起作用?
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09470-1
Hirofumi Ochiai

In modern German ‘Anschauung’ is translated as intuition. But in Kant’s technical philosophical context, it means an intuition derived from previous visualizations of physical processes in the world of perceptions. The nineteenth century chemists’ predilection for Kantian Anschauung led them to develop an intuitive representation of what exists beyond the bounds of the senses. Molecular structure is one of the illuminating outcomes. (Ochiai 2021, pp. 1–51) This mental habit seems to be dominant among chemists even in the twentieth century, as is illustrated by the electronic theory of organic chemistry and the frontier orbital theory as well. The former assumes that (1) bonds are paired electrons shared by bonded atoms—in fact, electrons in molecules are not localized in bonds; (2) the difference of electronegativities between bonded atoms causes electron drifts—expressed by the curly arrow—that result in bond formation or bond cleavage. The latter focuses on the orbitals that make the greatest contribution to the energy of a system undergoing electron delocalization, while the LCAO method says, as is suggested by the word Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals, molecular orbitals should be constructed from all of the atomic orbitals that have the appropriate symmetry. In other words, every molecular orbital contributes to some extent to the electronic state of a molecule. The curly arrow in the electronic theory and the orbital lobe in the frontier orbital theory illustrate an intuitive character of these theories. Although both theories rely on such simple and qualitative models rather than mathematically rigid quantum mechanical calculations, they are successful in explaining, predicting, and designing chemical reactions. What makes these prima facie intuitive theories so successful? In this study we address this problem from a historical and philosophical as well as scientific point of view. The key to solve this problem is that they are concerned with only bond formation or bond cleavage, in which the localized-bond principle holds.

在现代德语中,“Anschauung”被翻译成直觉。但在康德的技术哲学语境中,它指的是一种直觉,来自于对感知世界中物理过程的先前可视化。19世纪的化学家偏爱康德的安朔理论,这使他们发展出一种直观的表征,来描述存在于感官之外的东西。分子结构是其中一个具有启发性的成果。(Ochiai 2021, pp. 1-51)即使在20世纪,这种思维习惯似乎在化学家中占主导地位,正如有机化学的电子理论和前沿轨道理论所说明的那样。前者假设(1)键是由成键原子共享的成对电子——事实上,分子中的电子并不局限于键中;(2)键合原子之间电负性的差异导致电子漂移——用卷曲箭头表示——导致键形成或键裂解。后者侧重于对经历电子离域的系统的能量贡献最大的轨道,而LCAO方法则认为,正如原子轨道线性组合一词所暗示的那样,分子轨道应该由所有具有适当对称性的原子轨道构建而成。换句话说,每个分子轨道都在一定程度上影响着分子的电子态。电子理论中的卷曲箭头和前沿轨道理论中的轨道瓣说明了这些理论的直观特征。尽管这两种理论都依赖于如此简单和定性的模型,而不是数学上严格的量子力学计算,但它们在解释、预测和设计化学反应方面都取得了成功。是什么让这些初步直觉理论如此成功?在这项研究中,我们从历史和哲学以及科学的角度来解决这个问题。解决这一问题的关键在于,它们只关注键的形成或键的解理,在这种情况下,局域键原理是成立的。
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引用次数: 0
Interpreting the bonding of B2H6 and the nature of the 3-center-2-electron bond: decisive test of theory of valency 解释B2H6的成键和3中心2电子键的性质:价理论的决定性检验
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09469-8
Gareth R. Eaton

Many pictures of the bonding of B2H6 have been presented over the past century, starting with a strong effort to force B2H6 to fit the ideas that were current for C2H6 and building to now viewing the molecular orbital model as the basis for a new transferrable concept of a 3-center-2-electron bond that stimulates creation of new chemistry. Even now, though, some would view this special bond more like a protonated double bond. The historical development of the current understanding of bonding in B2H6 is summarized here.

在过去的一个世纪里,人们提出了许多关于B2H6成键的图片,从一开始,人们努力迫使B2H6符合目前C2H6的观点,到现在,人们把分子轨道模型看作是一个新的可转移概念的基础,这个概念是3中心-2电子成键,刺激了新化学的产生。即使是现在,也有人认为这个特殊的键更像是质子化的双键。这里总结一下目前对B2H6成键理解的历史发展。
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引用次数: 1
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Foundations of Chemistry
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