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From complexity to systems 从复杂到系统
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09455-6
Hrvoj Vančik

The interrelation between two theories, theory of complexity and theory of systems, is analyzed by using the chemical graph-theoretical concept. The idea of complexity is systemized through three components: diachronic, synchronic, and combinatorial complexity. The relationships between entropy and complexity, as well as the problem of function are also discussed.

用化学图论的概念分析了复杂性理论和系统理论两种理论之间的相互关系。复杂性的概念通过三个组成部分系统化:历时性、共时性和组合性复杂性。讨论了熵与复杂度的关系以及函数问题。
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引用次数: 1
Interview with Olimpia Lombardi 采访Olimpia Lombardi
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09453-8
Eric R. Scerri
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引用次数: 0
A commentary on Weisberg’s critique of the ‘structural conception’ of chemical bonding 对韦斯伯格对化学键的“结构概念”的批判的评论
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09454-7
Eric R. Scerri

Robin Hendry has presented an account of two equally valid ways of understanding the nature of chemical bonding, consisting of what the terms the structural and the energetic views respectively. In response, Weisberg has issued a “challenge to the structural view”, thus implying that the energetic view is the more correct of the two conceptions. In doing so Weisberg identifies the delocalization of electrons as the one robust feature that underlies the increasingly accurate quantum mechanical calculations starting with the Heitler-London method and moving on to such approaches as the valence bond and molecular orbital theories of chemical bonding. The present article provides a critical evaluation of Weisberg’s article and concludes that he fails to characterize the nature of chemical bonding in several respects. I claim that Hendry’s structural and energetic views remain as equally viable ways of understanding chemical bonding. Whereas the structural view is more appropriate for chemists, the energetic view is preferable to physicists. Neither view is more correct unless one subscribes to the naively reductionist view of considering that the more physical energetic view is the more correct one.

罗宾·亨德利提出了理解化学键本质的两种同样有效的方法,分别由结构观点和能量观点组成。对此,韦斯伯格提出了“对结构观的挑战”,暗示两种观点中能量观更为正确。在此过程中,Weisberg认为电子的离域是一个强大的特征,它奠定了越来越精确的量子力学计算的基础,从Heitler-London方法开始,到诸如价键和化学键的分子轨道理论等方法。本文对Weisberg的文章进行了批判性的评价,并得出结论,他未能在几个方面描述化学键的性质。我认为亨德利的结构和能量观点仍然是理解化学键的同样可行的方法。结构观点更适合于化学家,而能量观点更适合于物理学家。这两种观点都不是更正确的,除非一个人赞同天真的简化论者的观点,认为更多的物理能量的观点是更正确的。
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引用次数: 0
Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 3—rivalry of scientists in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries 命名游戏:化学元素的命名史——第三部分——20世纪和21世纪科学家的竞争
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-11-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09452-9
Paweł Miśkowiec

The third article of the “Naming game…” series presents the issues of naming elements discovered and synthesized in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Based on the source data, the publication time of the names of the last 35 chemical elements was identified. In the case of discoveries from the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, the principle was adopted of the priority of information about the synthesis of a new chemical element in scientific journals or conference reports. However, when the same information was published earlier in the news sections of scientific journals, in articles in popular science journals, and (in modern times) on the websites of interested research institutes, such an info is presented as well. It turned out that in some cases this information is very complex as the names of some elements were changed several times and published in different media in the same period. Therefore, this article is an attempt to sort out the issue of first publishing of the names of the last known 35 chemical elements.

“命名游戏”系列的第三篇文章介绍了在20世纪和21世纪发现和合成的命名元素的问题。根据源数据,确定了最后35个化学元素名称的发表时间。对于20世纪末和21世纪初的发现,采用的原则是在科学期刊或会议报告中优先提供有关新化学元素合成的信息。然而,当同样的信息早些时候在科学期刊的新闻版块、大众科学期刊的文章以及(在现代)感兴趣的研究机构的网站上发表时,这样的信息也会被呈现出来。事实证明,在某些情况下,这些信息非常复杂,因为一些元素的名称在同一时期多次更改,并在不同的媒体上发布。因此,本文试图对首次发表的最后已知的35种化学元素的名称问题进行梳理。
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引用次数: 4
Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century 命名游戏:化学元素的命名历史-第一部分-从古代到18世纪末
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5
Paweł Miśkowiec

The aim of the series of the three articles entitled “Name game…” is to present the historical information about nomenclature history of every known chemical element. The process of naming each chemical element is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the first publication with a given name. It turned out that in many cases this information is not obvious and unambiguous, and the published data are even contradictory. In a few cases, the names of the elements were changed even several times. Moreover, even when the author of a given element name is known, it is sometimes not entirely clear in which publication he/she first used it. Therefore, the series of three articles are an attempt to sort out the issue of first publishing of the names of all 118 chemical elements known so far, based on original source texts, available thanks to the digitization of a number of collections of scientific literature. The articles are divided according to the time of discoveries: (1) research till the end of the 18th century, (2) discoveries in the 19th century, (3) discoveries and syntheses of elements in the 20th and 21st centuries. This particular article presents the history of naming of the first 37 elements: known from antiquity, discovered in nature and named in 17th and 18th century.

三篇题为“命名游戏”的系列文章的目的是介绍有关每种已知化学元素的命名历史的历史信息。分析了每种化学元素的命名过程,特别强调了首次发表的给定名称。事实证明,在很多情况下,这些信息并不明显和明确,公布的数据甚至是矛盾的。在少数情况下,元素的名称甚至更改了几次。此外,即使已知给定元素名称的作者,有时也不完全清楚他/她是在哪个出版物中首次使用该名称的。因此,这三篇系列文章是试图根据原始来源文本,整理出迄今为止已知的所有118种化学元素名称首次出版的问题,这些原始来源文本得益于许多科学文献的数字化。文章按发现时间划分:(1)18世纪末的研究,(2)19世纪的发现,(3)20世纪和21世纪元素的发现和合成。这篇特别的文章介绍了前37种元素的命名历史:从古代就知道,在自然界中发现,并在17世纪和18世纪命名。
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引用次数: 3
Electronegativity provides the relationship between formal charge, oxidation state, and actual charge 电负性提供了形式电荷、氧化态和实际电荷之间的关系
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09447-6
Balakrishnan Viswanathan, M. Shajahan Gulam Razul

Formal charge and oxidation state are two means of estimating the charge of an atom in a molecule. Though these concepts have very different origins—formal charge is derived from the ball-and-hook model of bonding and oxidation state is based on the ionic approximation of molecules—they are used to predict reactivity and other molecular properties through their properties as charges. In this submission, it is shown that formal charge and oxidation state are two extreme descriptions of bonding: formal charge represents zero charge transfer between atoms while oxidation state represents complete charge transfer in each bond. These ‘localised electron approximations’ form an incomplete picture of atomic charge. Electronegativity measures the extent of polarity in real bonds; this concept can be introduced to polarise bonds relative to the ‘equal sharing model’. It is shown that the various electronegativity models are fundamentally related. We chose two models to demonstrate numerically that polar bonds yield charges intermediate between the localised electron approximations: Pauling and Mulliken. It is shown that probabilistic interpretation of the Pauling scale (‘scaled Pauling’ method) and use of asymmetric chemical potential (‘modified Mulliken’ method) lead to atomic charges that closely approximate experimental values using simple ‘back of the envelope’ calculations. It is seen that formal charge, oxidation state, and electronegativity-interpolated charge lie on a continuum and are mathematically related. It is therefore concluded that electronegativity introduces (quantum) delocalisation to the localised (classical) picture of electron bonding.

形式电荷和氧化态是估计分子中原子电荷的两种方法。虽然这两个概念有着非常不同的起源——形式电荷来源于键合的球钩模型,而氧化态是基于分子的离子近似——但它们都被用来通过它们作为电荷的性质来预测反应性和其他分子性质。本文表明,形式电荷和氧化态是键的两种极端描述:形式电荷表示原子之间的零电荷转移,而氧化态表示每个键中完全的电荷转移。这些“局域电子近似”形成了原子电荷的不完整图像。电负性衡量的是真实键的极性程度;这个概念可以被引入到相对于“相等共享模型”的键极化中。结果表明,各种电负性模型是基本相关的。我们选择了两个模型来数值证明极性键产生的电荷介于局域电子近似之间:鲍林和穆里肯。结果表明,鲍林尺度的概率解释(“缩放鲍林”方法)和不对称化学势的使用(“改进的Mulliken”方法)导致原子电荷非常接近使用简单的“信封背面”计算的实验值。可见形式电荷、氧化态和电负性内插电荷在一个连续体上,并且在数学上是相关的。因此可以得出结论,电负性引入(量子)离域到局域(经典)电子成键图。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 72 编辑72
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09445-8
Eric Scerri
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引用次数: 0
Theodore Richards and the discovery of isotopes 西奥多·理查兹和同位素的发现
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09449-4
K. Brad Wray

I challenge Gareth Eaton’s recent claim that Theodore Richards should be counted among the discoverers of isotopes. In evaluating Eaton’s claim, I draw on two influential theories of scientific discovery, one developed by Thomas Kuhn, and one developed by Augustine Brannigan. I argue that though Richards’ experimental work contributed to the discovery, his work does not warrant attributing the discovery to him. Richards’ reluctance to acknowledge isotopes is well document. Further, the fact that he made no claim to having made the discovery also undermines Eaton’s argument.

我对加雷斯·伊顿(Gareth Eaton)最近声称西奥多·理查兹(Theodore Richards)应该被列为同位素发现者的说法提出质疑。在评价伊顿的说法时,我借鉴了两个有影响力的科学发现理论,一个是由托马斯·库恩提出的,另一个是由奥古斯丁·布兰尼根提出的。我认为,虽然理查兹的实验工作促成了这一发现,但他的工作并不能保证将这一发现归功于他。理查兹不愿承认同位素的事实是有据可查的。此外,他没有声称自己发现了这一发现,这一事实也削弱了伊顿的论点。
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引用次数: 1
A case for the engagement between the sciences and the humanities. Jay A. Labinger’s: Connecting Literature and Science. New York: Routledge, 2022 这是一个科学与人文学科相结合的案例。Jay A. Labinger的《连接文学与科学》纽约:劳特利奇出版社,2022
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09440-z
Jeffrey I. Seeman
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引用次数: 0
Book review of Paul Sen’s, “Einstein’s Fridge. How the difference between hot and cold explains the universe” ISBN: 978-1-5011-8130-6 保罗·森的书评《爱因斯坦的冰箱》。冷热的差别如何解释宇宙?
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Pub Date : 2022-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09446-7
Robert T. Hanlon
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Foundations of Chemistry
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