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Natural kinds, chemical practice, and interpretive communities 自然种类,化学实践,和解释社区
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09459-2
Clevis Headley

Many philosophers attribute extraordinary importance to the idea of natural kinds seemingly intimating that the very possibility of certain kinds of activity are ontologically beholden to the existence of kinds. Specifically, regarding chemistry, Brian Ellis intimated that the success of any plausible metaphysical essentialism depends upon its “reliance on examples from chemistry.” Ellis’s view is representative of a tradition in analytic philosophy that has utilized chemical examples as paradigmatic natural kinds. In this regard, Kripke and Putnam emerge as the architects of an entrenched research program dedicated to the chemical tradition of natural kinds in analytic philosophy. The emergence of a critical body of literature by philosophers of chemistry and others has shattered the complacent reliance upon chemical examples as exemplary kinds. On the basis of this emerging critical literature, I will critically explore the way in which chemical practice and inquiry affects the natural kind debate. So, instead of the pretense that we simply carve nature at its joints, we need to become better grounded in the practice of science, and especially with regard to the debate about natural kinds in chemical practice. Consistent with this orientation, we need to make the practice turn, that is, eradicate the fantasy of logical reconstruction and become involved with the interpretative and historical challenges of understanding the nuances of practice. The point here is quite clear, metaphysical questions regarding natural kind should be imminent to scientific practice. Indeed, any legitimate metaphysics of natural kinds should be appropriately informed and grounded in practice and not operate on the basis of a priori sovereignty. I will insert this critical discussion within the analytical context of the notion of interpretive communities and make the case that philosophers should not assume that appeals to the purity of philosophy can substitute for the complexity and practical orientation of chemical practice.

许多哲学家对自然种类的概念赋予了非凡的重要性,似乎暗示着某些活动的可能性在本体论上依赖于种类的存在。具体地说,关于化学,布莱恩·埃利斯暗示,任何似是而非的形而上学本质主义的成功都依赖于它“对化学例子的依赖”。埃利斯的观点代表了分析哲学的一种传统,即利用化学的例子作为典型的自然种类。在这方面,Kripke和Putnam作为一个根深蒂固的研究项目的建筑师出现,致力于分析哲学中自然种类的化学传统。由化学哲学家和其他人撰写的批评性文学作品的出现,打破了自满地依赖化学例子作为典范的做法。在这些新兴批判文献的基础上,我将批判性地探索化学实践和探究影响自然种类辩论的方式。所以,与其假装我们只是在自然的关节处雕刻自然,我们需要在科学实践中更好地扎根,尤其是在化学实践中关于自然种类的争论。与这一取向一致,我们需要使实践转向,即根除逻辑重构的幻想,并参与理解实践细微差别的解释性和历史性挑战。这里的要点很清楚,关于自然种类的形而上学问题应该是科学实践迫在眉睫的问题。事实上,任何自然类型的合法形而上学都应该在实践中得到适当的信息和基础,而不是在先验主权的基础上运作。我将把这种批判性的讨论插入到解释共同体概念的分析背景中,并提出哲学家不应该假设诉诸哲学的纯洁性可以取代化学实践的复杂性和实践性。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting unknown binary compounds from the view of complex network 从复杂网络的角度预测未知二元化合物
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09457-4
Guoyong Mao, Runzhan Liu, Ning Zhang

Consider chemical elements as a system, we create an undirected chemical network with 99 elements and 1916 edges from Chemspider, a website that provide search engines to collect compounds. Using this network and the network that we used in our previous work with 97 elements and 2198 edges, we found that RootedPageRank, a link prediction tool in complex network, can be used to predict potential binary compounds, because the changing trend of PageRank probability of each element in these networks all follow the periodic law, despite of the difference of scale of these networks. The accuracy test indicates that at least 7 among top 10 predicted compoundss in one network can be verified using the compoundss in the other network or in other chemical database, proving that this method can be used to provide guidance in finding potential binary compounds, suggesting that we can study chemical properties from the view of complex network.

将化学元素视为一个系统,我们从Chemspider(一个提供收集化合物的搜索引擎的网站)创建了一个包含99个元素和1916条边的无向化学网络。利用该网络和我们之前使用的具有97个元素和2198条边的网络,我们发现复杂网络中的链接预测工具RootedPageRank可以用于预测潜在的二元化合物,因为尽管这些网络的规模不同,但这些网络中每个元素的PageRank概率的变化趋势都遵循周期性规律。准确度测试表明,在一个网络中预测的前10个化合物中,至少有7个可以用另一个网络或其他化学数据库中的化合物进行验证,证明该方法可以为寻找潜在的二元化合物提供指导,这表明我们可以从复杂网络的角度研究化学性质。
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引用次数: 2
Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements: part 2—turbulent nineteenth century 命名游戏:化学元素的命名历史:第二部分-动荡的十九世纪
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09451-w
Paweł Miśkowiec

The second article of the “Naming game…” series provides detailed information on the discovery and naming of elements in the nineteenth century. Outlines of discoveries of 46 elements were presented, with particular emphasis on publications in which the name appeared for the first time. In the article the short historical information about every element naming is presented. The process of naming each chemical element was analyzed, with particular emphasis on the first publication with a given name.

“命名游戏”系列的第二篇文章提供了19世纪发现和命名元素的详细信息。介绍了46种元素的发现概况,特别强调了首次出现该名称的出版物。本文提供了有关每个元素命名的简短历史信息。分析了命名每种化学元素的过程,特别强调了首次发表的给定名称。
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引用次数: 3
Atomic number and isotopy before nuclear structure: multiple standards and evolving collaboration of chemistry and physics 核结构前的原子序数与同位素:化学与物理的多重标准与演化合作
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09450-x
Jordi Cat, Nicholas W. Best

We provide a detailed history of the concepts of atomic number and isotopy before the discovery of protons and neutrons that draws attention to the role of evolving interplays of multiple aims and criteria in chemical and physical research. Focusing on research by Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford, we show that, in the context of differentiating disciplinary projects, the adoption of a complex and shifting concept of elemental identity and the ordering role of the periodic table led to a relatively coherent notion of atomic number. Subsequent attention to valency, still neglected in the secondary literature, and to nuclear charge led to a decoupling of the concepts of elemental identity and weight and allowed for a coherent concept of isotopy. This concept received motivation from empirical investigations on the decomposition series of radioelements and their unstable chemical identity. A new model of chemical order was the result of an ongoing collaboration between chemical and physical research projects with evolving aims and standards. After key concepts were considered resolved and their territories were clarified, chemistry and physics resumed autonomous projects, yet remained bound by newly accepted explanatory relations. It is an episode of scientific collaboration and partial integration without simple, wholesale gestalt switches or chemical revolutions.

我们提供了在质子和中子发现之前原子序数和同位素概念的详细历史,这些概念引起了人们对化学和物理研究中多种目标和标准不断发展的相互作用的关注。关注弗雷德里克·索迪和欧内斯特·卢瑟福的研究,我们表明,在不同学科项目的背景下,采用复杂和不断变化的元素同一性概念和元素周期表的排序作用导致了相对连贯的原子序数概念。随后对二级文献中仍被忽视的价电子和核电荷的关注导致了元素同一性和重量概念的解耦,并使同位素的概念得以连贯。这个概念从放射性元素分解系列及其不稳定的化学特性的实证研究中得到了动机。化学秩序的新模式是化学和物理研究项目之间不断合作的结果,其目标和标准不断发展。在关键概念得到解决,它们的领域得到澄清之后,化学和物理恢复了独立的研究项目,但仍然受到新接受的解释关系的约束。这是一个科学合作和部分整合的插曲,没有简单的、大规模的格式塔转换或化学革命。
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引用次数: 2
From complexity to systems 从复杂到系统
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09455-6
Hrvoj Vančik

The interrelation between two theories, theory of complexity and theory of systems, is analyzed by using the chemical graph-theoretical concept. The idea of complexity is systemized through three components: diachronic, synchronic, and combinatorial complexity. The relationships between entropy and complexity, as well as the problem of function are also discussed.

用化学图论的概念分析了复杂性理论和系统理论两种理论之间的相互关系。复杂性的概念通过三个组成部分系统化:历时性、共时性和组合性复杂性。讨论了熵与复杂度的关系以及函数问题。
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引用次数: 1
Interview with Olimpia Lombardi 采访Olimpia Lombardi
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09453-8
Eric R. Scerri
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引用次数: 0
A commentary on Weisberg’s critique of the ‘structural conception’ of chemical bonding 对韦斯伯格对化学键的“结构概念”的批判的评论
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09454-7
Eric R. Scerri

Robin Hendry has presented an account of two equally valid ways of understanding the nature of chemical bonding, consisting of what the terms the structural and the energetic views respectively. In response, Weisberg has issued a “challenge to the structural view”, thus implying that the energetic view is the more correct of the two conceptions. In doing so Weisberg identifies the delocalization of electrons as the one robust feature that underlies the increasingly accurate quantum mechanical calculations starting with the Heitler-London method and moving on to such approaches as the valence bond and molecular orbital theories of chemical bonding. The present article provides a critical evaluation of Weisberg’s article and concludes that he fails to characterize the nature of chemical bonding in several respects. I claim that Hendry’s structural and energetic views remain as equally viable ways of understanding chemical bonding. Whereas the structural view is more appropriate for chemists, the energetic view is preferable to physicists. Neither view is more correct unless one subscribes to the naively reductionist view of considering that the more physical energetic view is the more correct one.

罗宾·亨德利提出了理解化学键本质的两种同样有效的方法,分别由结构观点和能量观点组成。对此,韦斯伯格提出了“对结构观的挑战”,暗示两种观点中能量观更为正确。在此过程中,Weisberg认为电子的离域是一个强大的特征,它奠定了越来越精确的量子力学计算的基础,从Heitler-London方法开始,到诸如价键和化学键的分子轨道理论等方法。本文对Weisberg的文章进行了批判性的评价,并得出结论,他未能在几个方面描述化学键的性质。我认为亨德利的结构和能量观点仍然是理解化学键的同样可行的方法。结构观点更适合于化学家,而能量观点更适合于物理学家。这两种观点都不是更正确的,除非一个人赞同天真的简化论者的观点,认为更多的物理能量的观点是更正确的。
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引用次数: 0
Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 3—rivalry of scientists in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries 命名游戏:化学元素的命名史——第三部分——20世纪和21世纪科学家的竞争
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09452-9
Paweł Miśkowiec

The third article of the “Naming game…” series presents the issues of naming elements discovered and synthesized in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Based on the source data, the publication time of the names of the last 35 chemical elements was identified. In the case of discoveries from the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, the principle was adopted of the priority of information about the synthesis of a new chemical element in scientific journals or conference reports. However, when the same information was published earlier in the news sections of scientific journals, in articles in popular science journals, and (in modern times) on the websites of interested research institutes, such an info is presented as well. It turned out that in some cases this information is very complex as the names of some elements were changed several times and published in different media in the same period. Therefore, this article is an attempt to sort out the issue of first publishing of the names of the last known 35 chemical elements.

“命名游戏”系列的第三篇文章介绍了在20世纪和21世纪发现和合成的命名元素的问题。根据源数据,确定了最后35个化学元素名称的发表时间。对于20世纪末和21世纪初的发现,采用的原则是在科学期刊或会议报告中优先提供有关新化学元素合成的信息。然而,当同样的信息早些时候在科学期刊的新闻版块、大众科学期刊的文章以及(在现代)感兴趣的研究机构的网站上发表时,这样的信息也会被呈现出来。事实证明,在某些情况下,这些信息非常复杂,因为一些元素的名称在同一时期多次更改,并在不同的媒体上发布。因此,本文试图对首次发表的最后已知的35种化学元素的名称问题进行梳理。
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引用次数: 4
Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century 命名游戏:化学元素的命名历史-第一部分-从古代到18世纪末
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5
Paweł Miśkowiec

The aim of the series of the three articles entitled “Name game…” is to present the historical information about nomenclature history of every known chemical element. The process of naming each chemical element is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the first publication with a given name. It turned out that in many cases this information is not obvious and unambiguous, and the published data are even contradictory. In a few cases, the names of the elements were changed even several times. Moreover, even when the author of a given element name is known, it is sometimes not entirely clear in which publication he/she first used it. Therefore, the series of three articles are an attempt to sort out the issue of first publishing of the names of all 118 chemical elements known so far, based on original source texts, available thanks to the digitization of a number of collections of scientific literature. The articles are divided according to the time of discoveries: (1) research till the end of the 18th century, (2) discoveries in the 19th century, (3) discoveries and syntheses of elements in the 20th and 21st centuries. This particular article presents the history of naming of the first 37 elements: known from antiquity, discovered in nature and named in 17th and 18th century.

三篇题为“命名游戏”的系列文章的目的是介绍有关每种已知化学元素的命名历史的历史信息。分析了每种化学元素的命名过程,特别强调了首次发表的给定名称。事实证明,在很多情况下,这些信息并不明显和明确,公布的数据甚至是矛盾的。在少数情况下,元素的名称甚至更改了几次。此外,即使已知给定元素名称的作者,有时也不完全清楚他/她是在哪个出版物中首次使用该名称的。因此,这三篇系列文章是试图根据原始来源文本,整理出迄今为止已知的所有118种化学元素名称首次出版的问题,这些原始来源文本得益于许多科学文献的数字化。文章按发现时间划分:(1)18世纪末的研究,(2)19世纪的发现,(3)20世纪和21世纪元素的发现和合成。这篇特别的文章介绍了前37种元素的命名历史:从古代就知道,在自然界中发现,并在17世纪和18世纪命名。
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引用次数: 3
Electronegativity provides the relationship between formal charge, oxidation state, and actual charge 电负性提供了形式电荷、氧化态和实际电荷之间的关系
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-022-09447-6
Balakrishnan Viswanathan, M. Shajahan Gulam Razul

Formal charge and oxidation state are two means of estimating the charge of an atom in a molecule. Though these concepts have very different origins—formal charge is derived from the ball-and-hook model of bonding and oxidation state is based on the ionic approximation of molecules—they are used to predict reactivity and other molecular properties through their properties as charges. In this submission, it is shown that formal charge and oxidation state are two extreme descriptions of bonding: formal charge represents zero charge transfer between atoms while oxidation state represents complete charge transfer in each bond. These ‘localised electron approximations’ form an incomplete picture of atomic charge. Electronegativity measures the extent of polarity in real bonds; this concept can be introduced to polarise bonds relative to the ‘equal sharing model’. It is shown that the various electronegativity models are fundamentally related. We chose two models to demonstrate numerically that polar bonds yield charges intermediate between the localised electron approximations: Pauling and Mulliken. It is shown that probabilistic interpretation of the Pauling scale (‘scaled Pauling’ method) and use of asymmetric chemical potential (‘modified Mulliken’ method) lead to atomic charges that closely approximate experimental values using simple ‘back of the envelope’ calculations. It is seen that formal charge, oxidation state, and electronegativity-interpolated charge lie on a continuum and are mathematically related. It is therefore concluded that electronegativity introduces (quantum) delocalisation to the localised (classical) picture of electron bonding.

形式电荷和氧化态是估计分子中原子电荷的两种方法。虽然这两个概念有着非常不同的起源——形式电荷来源于键合的球钩模型,而氧化态是基于分子的离子近似——但它们都被用来通过它们作为电荷的性质来预测反应性和其他分子性质。本文表明,形式电荷和氧化态是键的两种极端描述:形式电荷表示原子之间的零电荷转移,而氧化态表示每个键中完全的电荷转移。这些“局域电子近似”形成了原子电荷的不完整图像。电负性衡量的是真实键的极性程度;这个概念可以被引入到相对于“相等共享模型”的键极化中。结果表明,各种电负性模型是基本相关的。我们选择了两个模型来数值证明极性键产生的电荷介于局域电子近似之间:鲍林和穆里肯。结果表明,鲍林尺度的概率解释(“缩放鲍林”方法)和不对称化学势的使用(“改进的Mulliken”方法)导致原子电荷非常接近使用简单的“信封背面”计算的实验值。可见形式电荷、氧化态和电负性内插电荷在一个连续体上,并且在数学上是相关的。因此可以得出结论,电负性引入(量子)离域到局域(经典)电子成键图。
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引用次数: 0
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Foundations of Chemistry
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