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Centenary Workshop on the Bifurcation of Acidity -Protonism vs. Electronism 酸度分岔百年纪念研讨会--质子论与电子论
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09490-x
Klaus Ruthenberg
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引用次数: 0
Are acids natural kinds? 酸是天然的吗?
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09485-8
Pieter Thyssen

Are acids natural kinds? Or are they merely relevant kinds? Although acidity has been one of the oldest and most important concepts in chemistry, surprisingly little ink has been spilled on the natural kind question. I approach the question from the perspective of microstructural essentialism. After explaining why both Brønsted acids and Lewis acids are considered functional kinds, I address the challenges of multiple realization and multiple determination. Contra Manafu and Hendry, I argue that the stereotypical properties of acids are not multiply realized. Instead, given the equivalence between the proton-donating and electron-accepting mechanisms of Brønsted and Lewis, respectively, I show that acidity as a property type can be identified with a unique microstructural property, namely the presence of a LUMO or other low energy empty orbital. In doing so, I defend the view that the Lewis theory encompasses Brønsted–Lowry, and that all Brønsted acids are also Lewis acids. Contra Hacking and Chang, I thus maintain that the different concepts of acidity do not crosscut, and that the hierarchy requirement is met. Finally, by characterizing natural kinds as powerful objects and by adopting a dispositional view of functions, I illustrate how the microessentialist can make sense of the latent and relational character of most acids. In sum, I contend that acids are genuine natural kinds, even for the microstructural essentialist.

酸是自然种类吗?或者它们只是相关种类?尽管酸性一直是化学中最古老、最重要的概念之一,但令人惊讶的是,关于自然种类问题的论述却少之又少。我从微结构本质论的角度来探讨这个问题。在解释了为什么布伦氏酸和路易斯酸都被认为是功能种类之后,我探讨了多重实现和多重确定所带来的挑战。与马纳富(Manafu)和亨德利(Hendry)的观点相反,我认为酸的定型属性不是多重实现的。相反,鉴于布伦司特酸和路易斯酸分别具有等价的质子捐赠和电子接受机制,我证明酸性作为一种性质类型可以与一种独特的微结构性质相鉴别,即 LUMO 或其他低能空轨道的存在。在此过程中,我捍卫了刘易斯理论包含布氏-刘易斯理论的观点,即所有布氏酸也是刘易斯酸。与哈金和张(Chang)的观点相反,我坚持认为不同的酸性概念之间没有交叉,符合层次要求。最后,通过将自然种类描述为强大的对象,并采用处置功能观,我说明了微观本质论者如何理解大多数酸的潜在和关系特性。总之,我认为即使对于微观结构本质论者来说,酸也是真正的自然种类。
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引用次数: 0
Bifurcations 分岔
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09484-9
Klaus Ruthenberg

In this short essay I address the central topic of the Centenary Workshop on Acidity, that is the relations of the classical protonist acid–base theory by Brønsted and the electronist approach by Lewis. Emphasis is laid on the empirical background of both approaches and the over-theoretization of chemical phenomena (essentialism) is criticized.

在这篇短文中,我探讨了 "酸度百年研讨会 "的中心议题,即布伦斯泰德的经典质子主义酸碱理论与刘易斯的电子主义酸碱理论之间的关系。文章强调了这两种方法的经验背景,并对化学现象的过度理论化(本质主义)进行了批评。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 75 编辑75
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09489-4
Eric R. Scerri
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引用次数: 0
Usanovich and Nernst colliding: inconsistencies in the all-in-one acid–base concept? 乌萨诺维奇与奈恩斯特的碰撞:一体化酸碱概念的不一致性?
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09482-x
Gerd-Uwe Flechsig

Among the many acid-base concepts, the theory of Usanovich is one of the least known despite the most general scope including almost all chemical reaction types and even redox chemistry. Published 1939 in a Soviet journal in Russian language, it gained little immediate attention, and was later criticized mainly as being too broad in scope. Although several articles recently remembered Usanovich and his acid–base theory, one major inconsistency again was overseen: the electron is put in a row along with anions. Chemical history probably correctly puts this concept aside, also because it added little explanation capabilities beyond the elaborated considerations of the simultaneously published acid–base theory of Gilbert N. Lewis which was later refined by Pearson (hard and soft acids and bases, “HSAB”). A modified version of the core of Usanovich' concept is finally discussed. It combines the classic protic and aprotic acid–base concepts on the foundations of Lewis’ and Pearsons ideas.

在众多酸碱概念中,乌萨诺维奇的理论是最不为人所知的理论之一,尽管其范围最广,几乎包括所有化学反应类型,甚至氧化还原化学。乌萨诺维奇的理论于 1939 年发表在苏联的俄文杂志上,但没有立即引起人们的注意,后来主要被批评为范围太广。尽管最近有几篇文章回忆了乌萨诺维奇和他的酸碱理论,但其中一个主要的不一致之处又被忽略了:电子与阴离子被放在了一起。化学史可能正确地将这一概念搁置一边,这也是因为除了吉尔伯特-N-刘易斯(Gilbert N. Lewis)同时发表的酸碱理论的详细考虑之外,它几乎没有增加任何解释能力,而这一理论后来被皮尔逊(Hard and Soft acids and bases,"HSAB")完善。最后讨论的是乌萨诺维奇概念核心的修正版。它在刘易斯和皮尔逊思想的基础上结合了经典的原生酸和钝化酸-碱概念。
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引用次数: 0
“Sharp of taste”: the concept of acidity in the Greek system of natural explanation "尖锐的味道":希腊自然解释体系中的酸度概念
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09483-w
Apostolos K. Gerontas

Acidic substances were known for thousands of years, and their macroscopic-sensory characteristics were reflected by words in most ancient languages. In the Western canon, the history of the concept of acidity goes back to Ancient Greece. In Greek, the word associated with acidity from its early literary references was ὀξύς (“sharp”), and still in contemporary Greek the words “sour” and “acidic” have the same root. This paper makes a short presentation of the appearance of the abstract concept in the works of Plato and Aristotle and relates it, on one side to the already existing theological-philosophical tradition, starting with Hesiod´s Theogony and on the other, to the then available to the Greeks organoleptic experiences of sourness-vinegar and sour milk.

人们对酸性物质的认识已有数千年,大多数古代语言中的词汇都反映了酸性物质的宏观感官特征。在西方,酸性概念的历史可以追溯到古希腊。在希腊语中,早期文学作品中与酸有关的词是ὀξύς("尖锐"),而在当代希腊语中,"酸 "和 "酸性 "也是同根词。本文简要介绍了柏拉图和亚里士多德作品中出现的抽象概念,并将其与赫西俄德《神谱》开始的已有神学-哲学传统以及当时希腊人对酸味-醋和酸牛奶的感官体验联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Bond order and bond energies 键序和键能
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09486-7
Peter F. Lang

This work describes the concept of bond order. It shows that covalent bond energy is correlated to bond order. Simple expressions which included bond order are introduced to calculate bond energies of homo-nuclear and hetero-nuclear bonds. Calculated values of bond energies are compared with literature values and show there is very good agreement between and calculated and experimental values in the vast majority of cases. Bond order reveals the strength of a bond and shows the number of bonds in both homo-nuclear and hetero-nuclear covalent bonds.

这项工作描述了键序的概念。它表明共价键能与键序相关。引入了包含键序的简单表达式来计算同核键和异核键的键能。将计算出的键能值与文献值进行比较,结果表明,在绝大多数情况下,计算值与实验值非常一致。键序揭示了键的强度,并显示了同核和异核共价键中的键数。
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引用次数: 0
Reactivity in chemistry: the propensity view 化学中的反应性:倾向观点
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09477-8
Mauricio Suárez, Pedro J. Sánchez Gómez

We argue for an account of chemical reactivities as chancy propensities, in accordance with the ‘complex nexus of chance’ defended by one of us in the past. Reactivities are typically quantified as proportions, and an expression such as “A + B → C” does not entail that under the right conditions some given amounts of A and B react to give the mass of C that theoretically corresponds to the stoichiometry of the reaction. Instead, what is produced is a fraction α < 1 of this theoretical amount, and the corresponding percentage is usually known as the yield, which expresses the relative preponderance of its reaction. This is then routinely tested in a laboratory against the observed actual yields for the different reactions. Thus, on our account, reactivities ambiguously refer to three quantities at once. They first refer to the underlying propensities effectively acting in the reaction mechanisms, which in ‘chemical chemistry’ (Schummer in Hyle 4:129–162, 1998) are commonly represented by means of Lewis structures. Besides, reactivities represent the probabilities that these propensities give rise to, for any amount of the reactants to combine as prescribed. This last notion is hence best understood as a single case chance and corresponds to a theoretical stoichiometric yield. Finally, reactivities represent the actual yields observed in experimental runs, which account for and provide the requisite evidence for/against both the mechanisms and single case chances ascribed.

摘要:我们主张将化学反应解释为偶然倾向,根据我们中的一个人在过去捍卫的“复杂的机会关系”。反应性通常用比例来量化,像“A + B→C”这样的表达式并不意味着在适当的条件下,一定数量的A和B反应得到理论上与反应的化学计量相对应的C的质量。相反,产生的是一个分数α <这个理论量的1,而相应的百分比通常称为产率,它表示其反应的相对优势。然后在实验室中根据观察到的不同反应的实际产率进行常规测试。因此,在我们看来,反应性含糊地同时指三个量。他们首先指的是在“化学化学”(Schummer in Hyle 4:29 - 162, 1998)中有效作用于反应机制的潜在倾向,通常用路易斯结构来表示。此外,反应性代表了这些倾向所产生的可能性,对于任何数量的反应物按规定结合。因此,最后一个概念最好理解为单一情况的机会,并对应于理论的化学计量产率。最后,反应性代表了在实验运行中观察到的实际产率,它解释并提供了支持/反对机制和单一情况的必要证据。
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引用次数: 0
Scientific representation and science identity: the case of chemistry 科学表征与科学认同:以化学为例
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09481-y
Pedro J. Sánchez Gómez

I put forward an inferentialist account of Lewis structures (LSs). In this view, the role of LSs is not to realistically depict molecules, but instead to allow surrogate reasoning and inference in chemistry. I also show that the usage of LSs is a central part of a person’s identity as a chemist, as it is defined within educational identity theory. Taking these conclusions together, I argue that the inferentialist approach to LSs and chemistry identity theory can be studied in parallel, as two complementary sides of the same research programme.

我提出了路易斯结构(LSs)的推理主义解释。在这种观点中,LSs的作用不是真实地描绘分子,而是允许化学中的替代推理和推理。我还表明,使用LSs是一个人作为化学家身份的核心部分,正如教育身份理论所定义的那样。综上所述,我认为LSs的推理方法和化学同一性理论可以作为同一研究计划的两个互补方面并行研究。
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引用次数: 0
A defense of placeholder essentialism 对占位符本质主义的辩护
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09478-7
Safia Bano

Kripke-Putnam argument for natural kind essentialism can be said to depend on placeholder essentialist intuitions. But some argue that such philosophical intuitions are merely preschooler cognitive biases which are not supported by scientific knowledge of natural kinds. Chemical substances, for instance, whether elements or compounds do not have such privileged set of underlying properties (‘same substance’ relation) which are present in all members of the kind and which provide necessary and sufficient condition for kind membership. In this paper, I argue that placeholder essentialism works for at least some of the scientific natural kinds especially for the basic chemical natural kind, i.e., element. I argue that the dual sense of the element (the basic substance and the simple substance) along with microstructuralism helps explain the essence of an element not only at the abstract level but also at the more concrete level. Based on this essentialist account of element, I conclude that placeholder essentialism is not completely without merit, and it fits nicely with at least some of our scientific natural kinds.

Kripke-Putnam关于自然类本质主义的论证可以说依赖于占位符本质主义直觉。但有些人认为,这种哲学直觉仅仅是学龄前儿童的认知偏见,没有自然科学知识的支持。例如,化学物质,无论是元素还是化合物,都没有这样一套特权的潜在属性(“同一物质”关系),这些属性存在于所有种类的成员中,并为类别成员提供必要和充分条件。在本文中,我认为占位符本质论至少适用于一些科学的自然种类,特别是对基本的化学自然种类,即元素。我认为,元素的双重意义(基本物质和简单物质)以及微观结构主义有助于解释元素的本质,不仅在抽象层面上,而且在更具体的层面上。基于这种对元素的本质主义的描述,我得出结论,占位符本质主义并非完全没有价值,它至少与我们的一些科学自然类型非常吻合。
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Foundations of Chemistry
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