A. Alshahrani, N. Namazi, Majed Abdouli, A. Alghamdi
The particularities of Wireless Sensor Networks require specially designed protocols. Nodes in these networks often possess limited access to energy (usually supplied by batteries), which imposes energy constraints. Additionally, WSNs are commonly deployed in monitoring applications, which may intend to cover large areas. Several techniques have been proposed to improve energy-balance, coverage area or both at the same time. In this paper, an alternative solution is presented. It consists of three main components: Fuzzy C-Means for network clustering, a cluster head rotation mechanism and a sleep scheduling algorithm based on a modified version of Particle Swarm Optimization. Results show that this solution is able to provide a configurable routing protocol that offers reduced energy consumption, while keeping highcoverage area.
{"title":"A Configurable Routing Protocol for Improving Lifetime and Coverage Area in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"A. Alshahrani, N. Namazi, Majed Abdouli, A. Alghamdi","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.99018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.99018","url":null,"abstract":"The particularities of Wireless Sensor Networks require specially designed \u0000protocols. Nodes in these networks often possess limited access to energy \u0000(usually supplied by batteries), which imposes energy constraints. Additionally, \u0000WSNs are commonly deployed in monitoring applications, which may intend \u0000to cover large areas. Several techniques have been proposed to improve \u0000energy-balance, coverage area or both at the same time. In this paper, an alternative \u0000solution is presented. It consists of three main components: Fuzzy \u0000C-Means for network clustering, a cluster head rotation mechanism and a \u0000sleep scheduling algorithm based on a modified version of Particle Swarm \u0000Optimization. Results show that this solution is able to provide a configurable \u0000routing protocol that offers reduced energy consumption, while keeping highcoverage \u0000area.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"311-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43062032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a prototype of an Integrated Cloud-Based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) developed to monitor pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen parameters from wastewater discharged into water sources. To provide realtime online monitoring and Internet of Things (IoT) capability, the system collects and uploads sensor data to ThingSpeak cloud via GPRS internet connectivity with the help of AT commands in combination with HTTP GET method. Moreover, the system sends message alert to the responsible organ through GSM/GPRS network and an SMS gateway service implemented by Telerivet mobile messaging platform. In this prototype, Telerivet messaging platform gives surrounding communities a means of reporting observed or identified water pollution events via SMS notifications.
{"title":"An Integrated Cloud-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring Industrial Wastewater Discharged into Water Sources","authors":"Y. Zakaria, Kisangiri Michael","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.98016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.98016","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a prototype of an Integrated Cloud-Based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) developed to monitor pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen parameters from wastewater discharged into water sources. To provide realtime online monitoring and Internet of Things (IoT) capability, the system collects and uploads sensor data to ThingSpeak cloud via GPRS internet connectivity with the help of AT commands in combination with HTTP GET method. Moreover, the system sends message alert to the responsible organ through GSM/GPRS network and an SMS gateway service implemented by Telerivet mobile messaging platform. In this prototype, Telerivet messaging platform gives surrounding communities a means of reporting observed or identified water pollution events via SMS notifications.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"290-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41773399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) receivers are used for outdoor navigation, which are the part of recent smartphones and tablet devices. However, GPS is not suitable for indoor navigations due to its signal limitations which are blocked by ceiling and walls. Indoor navigation can be achieved through a mobile phone using a recent technology that utilizes Bluetooth, namely beacons. Beacons are small transmitters, run on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, used as a point of reference for mobile devices and they can detect a Bluetooth enabled device once it enters its transmission range. In this paper, we present BeaLib: a beacon assisted indoor navigation technique for smart libraries. The proposed indoor navigation technique can also be used for other applications such as offices, retails, airports, hospitality, and education. For experimentation, beacons are placed in a library and a Bluetooth enabled smartphone is used to install a digital library application (App) which communicates with the beacons. The result shows that when the smartphone comes in the range of a beacon, it shows the information related to the book on the smartphone screen.
{"title":"BeaLib: A Beacon Enabled Smart Library System","authors":"M. Uttarwar, Arun K. Kumar, P. Chong","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.98017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.98017","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) receivers are used for outdoor navigation, which are the part of recent smartphones and tablet devices. However, GPS is not suitable for indoor navigations due to its signal limitations which are blocked by ceiling and walls. Indoor navigation can be achieved through a mobile phone using a recent technology that utilizes Bluetooth, namely beacons. Beacons are small transmitters, run on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, used as a point of reference for mobile devices and they can detect a Bluetooth enabled device once it enters its transmission range. In this paper, we present BeaLib: a beacon assisted indoor navigation technique for smart libraries. The proposed indoor navigation technique can also be used for other applications such as offices, retails, airports, hospitality, and education. For experimentation, beacons are placed in a library and a Bluetooth enabled smartphone is used to install a digital library application (App) which communicates with the beacons. The result shows that when the smartphone comes in the range of a beacon, it shows the information related to the book on the smartphone screen.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"302-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47582633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RFID technology is one of the important technologies to determine the object locations. Distances are calculated with respect to calibration curves of RSSI amplitudes. The aim of this study is to determine the 2D position of mobile objects in the indoor environment. The importance of the work is to show that localization by using Artificial Neural Network plus Kalman Filtering is more accurate than using classical KNN method. An indoor wireless sensing network is established with strategically stationed RFID transmitter nodes and a mobile object with a RFID receiver node. A fingerprint map is generated and K-Nearest Neighbourhood algorithm (KNN) is deployed to calculate the object locations. Fingerprint coordinates and RSS values received at these coordinates are deployed to set up an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This network is used to determine the unknown object locations by using RSS values received at these locations. The accuracy of object localization is found to be better with ANN technique than KNN technique. Object coordinates, determined with ANN technique, are subjected to Kalman filtering. The results show that localization accuracies are improved and localization error distances are reduced by 46% with the deployment of ANN + Kalman Filtering.
{"title":"An Application of Kalman Filtering and Artificial Neural Network with K-NN Position Detection Technique","authors":"Hakan Koyuncu, B. Koyuncu","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.98013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.98013","url":null,"abstract":"RFID technology is one of the important technologies to determine the object locations. Distances are calculated with respect to calibration curves of RSSI amplitudes. The aim of this study is to determine the 2D position of mobile objects in the indoor environment. The importance of the work is to show that localization by using Artificial Neural Network plus Kalman Filtering is more accurate than using classical KNN method. An indoor wireless sensing network is established with strategically stationed RFID transmitter nodes and a mobile object with a RFID receiver node. A fingerprint map is generated and K-Nearest Neighbourhood algorithm (KNN) is deployed to calculate the object locations. Fingerprint coordinates and RSS values received at these coordinates are deployed to set up an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This network is used to determine the unknown object locations by using RSS values received at these locations. The accuracy of object localization is found to be better with ANN technique than KNN technique. Object coordinates, determined with ANN technique, are subjected to Kalman filtering. The results show that localization accuracies are improved and localization error distances are reduced by 46% with the deployment of ANN + Kalman Filtering.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"9 1","pages":"239-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44782461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a wildfire monitoring and detection system based on wireless sensor network. This system detects fire by monitoring surrounding temperature, humidity and smoke. Once fire is detected, a warning message containing probable location of that fire is immediately sent to the responsible authority over cellular network. In order for the system to be more effective, communities living near forests or national parks can send warning messages through the same system to the responsible authority using their mobile handsets once they witness wildfire or illegal activities. For the system to be fully functional, the only requirement is the availability of cellular network coverage in forests or national parks to enable short message services to take place. The system prototype is developed using Arduino microcontroller, several sensors to detect temperature, relative humidity and smoke as well as wireless network connection modules. At the control center Telerivet messaging platform is used to design the messaging service. The experimental results justify the capability of the proposed system in detecting wildfire in real time.
{"title":"Wildfire Monitoring and Detection System Using Wireless Sensor Network: A Case Study of Tanzania","authors":"A. S. Lutakamale, S. Kaijage","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.98015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.98015","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a wildfire monitoring and detection system based on wireless sensor network. This system detects fire by monitoring surrounding temperature, humidity and smoke. Once fire is detected, a warning message containing probable location of that fire is immediately sent to the responsible authority over cellular network. In order for the system to be more effective, communities living near forests or national parks can send warning messages through the same system to the responsible authority using their mobile handsets once they witness wildfire or illegal activities. For the system to be fully functional, the only requirement is the availability of cellular network coverage in forests or national parks to enable short message services to take place. The system prototype is developed using Arduino microcontroller, several sensors to detect temperature, relative humidity and smoke as well as wireless network connection modules. At the control center Telerivet messaging platform is used to design the messaging service. The experimental results justify the capability of the proposed system in detecting wildfire in real time.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"274-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41469838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing interest for wireless communication services and scarcity of radio spectrum resources have created the need for a more flexible and efficient usage of the radio frequency bands. Cognitive Radio (CR) emerges as an important trend for a solution to this problem. Spectrum sensing is a crucial function in a CR system. Cooperative spectrum sensing can overcome fading and shadowing effects, and hence increase the reliability of primary user detection. In this paper we consider a system model of a dedicated detect-andforward wireless sensor network (DetF WSN) for cooperative spectrum sensing with k-out-of-n decision fusion in the presence of reporting channels errors. Using this model we consider the design of a spatial reuse media access control (MAC) protocol based on TDMA/OFDMA to resolve conflicts and conserve resources for intra-WSN communication. The influence of the MAC protocol on spectrum sensing performance of the WSN is a key consideration. Two design approaches, using greedy and adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) algorithms, are considered in detail. Performance results assuming a grid network in a Rician fading environment are presented for the two design approaches.
{"title":"Media Access with Spatial Reuse for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing","authors":"Xiaofei Shao, H. Leib","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.97012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.97012","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing interest for wireless communication services and scarcity of radio spectrum resources have created the need for a more flexible and efficient usage of the radio frequency bands. Cognitive Radio (CR) emerges as an important trend for a solution to this problem. Spectrum sensing is a crucial function in a CR system. Cooperative spectrum sensing can overcome fading and shadowing effects, and hence increase the reliability of primary user detection. In this paper we consider a system model of a dedicated detect-andforward wireless sensor network (DetF WSN) for cooperative spectrum sensing with k-out-of-n decision fusion in the presence of reporting channels errors. Using this model we consider the design of a spatial reuse media access control (MAC) protocol based on TDMA/OFDMA to resolve conflicts and conserve resources for intra-WSN communication. The influence of the MAC protocol on spectrum sensing performance of the WSN is a key consideration. Two design approaches, using greedy and adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) algorithms, are considered in detail. Performance results assuming a grid network in a Rician fading environment are presented for the two design approaches.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"205-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48999694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider the extension of network lifetime of battery driven wireless sensor networks by splitting the sensing area into uniform clusters and implementing heterogeneous modulation schemes at different members of the clusters. A cross-layer optimization has been proposed to reduce total energy expenditure of the network; at network layer, routing is done through uniform clusters; at MAC layer, each sensor node of the cluster is assigned fixed or variable time slots and at physical layer different member of the clusters is assigned different modulation techniques. MATLAB simulation proved substantial network lifetime gains.
{"title":"A Cross-Layer Optimization Framework for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Karuna Babber, Rajneesh Randhawa","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.96011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.96011","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the extension of network lifetime of battery driven wireless sensor networks by splitting the sensing area into uniform clusters and implementing heterogeneous modulation schemes at different members of the clusters. A cross-layer optimization has been proposed to reduce total energy expenditure of the network; at network layer, routing is done through uniform clusters; at MAC layer, each sensor node of the cluster is assigned fixed or variable time slots and at physical layer different member of the clusters is assigned different modulation techniques. MATLAB simulation proved substantial network lifetime gains.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"189-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44634457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the ever-increasing range of video and audio applications in portable handheld devices, demand for high throughput in Wi-Fi networks is escalating. In this paper we introduce several novel features defined in next generation WLAN, termed as IEEE 802.11ax standard, and compare between the maximum throughputs received in IEEE 802.11ax and IEEE 802.11ac in a scenario where the AP continuously transmits to one station in the Single User mode. The comparison is done as a function of the modulation/coding schemes in use. In IEEE 802.11ax we consider two levels of frame aggregation. IEEE 802.11ax outperforms IEEE 802.11ac by about 29% and 48% in reliable and unreliable channels respectively.
{"title":"Single User MAC Level Throughput Comparision: IEEE 802.11ax vs. IEEE 802.11ac","authors":"O. Sharon, Yaron Alpert","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.95009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.95009","url":null,"abstract":"With the ever-increasing range of video and audio applications in portable handheld devices, demand for high throughput in Wi-Fi networks is escalating. In this paper we introduce several novel features defined in next generation WLAN, termed as IEEE 802.11ax standard, and compare between the maximum throughputs received in IEEE 802.11ax and IEEE 802.11ac in a scenario where the AP continuously transmits to one station in the Single User mode. The comparison is done as a function of the modulation/coding schemes in use. In IEEE 802.11ax we consider two levels of frame aggregation. IEEE 802.11ax outperforms IEEE 802.11ac by about 29% and 48% in reliable and unreliable channels respectively.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"166-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46105606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Time synchronization is one of the important aspects in wireless sensor networks. Time synchronization assures that all the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network have the same clock time. There are various applications such as seismic study, military applications, pollution monitoring where sensor nodes require synchronized time. Time synchronization is mandatory for many wireless sensor networks protocols such as MAC protocols and also important for TDMA scheduling for proper duty cycle coordination. Time synchronization is a stimulating problem in wireless sensor networks because each node has its own local clock which keeps on varying due to variation in the oscillator frequency. The oscillator frequency is time varying due to ambient conditions which leads to re-synchronization of nodes time and again. This re-synchronization process is energy consuming whereas energy is constraints in WSN. This paper proposes a novel cluster based time synchronization technique for wireless sensor networks in which cluster head rotation is based on minimum clock offset. Simulation results based on energy analysis of the proposed model demonstrate that proposed novel cluster based time synchronization technique reduces the energy consumption and also the synchronization error compared with other existing protocols.
{"title":"A Novel Cluster Based Time Synchronization Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Gopal Chand Gautam, N. Chand","doi":"10.4236/wsn.2017.95008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2017.95008","url":null,"abstract":"Time synchronization is one of the important aspects in wireless sensor networks. Time synchronization assures that all the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network have the same clock time. There are various applications such as seismic study, military applications, pollution monitoring where sensor nodes require synchronized time. Time synchronization is mandatory for many wireless sensor networks protocols such as MAC protocols and also important for TDMA scheduling for proper duty cycle coordination. Time synchronization is a stimulating problem in wireless sensor networks because each node has its own local clock which keeps on varying due to variation in the oscillator frequency. The oscillator frequency is time varying due to ambient conditions which leads to re-synchronization of nodes time and again. This re-synchronization process is energy consuming whereas energy is constraints in WSN. This paper proposes a novel cluster based time synchronization technique for wireless sensor networks in which cluster head rotation is based on minimum clock offset. Simulation results based on energy analysis of the proposed model demonstrate that proposed novel cluster based time synchronization technique reduces the energy consumption and also the synchronization error compared with other existing protocols.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"145-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42808543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the exponential rise in communication system demands has motivated global academia-industry to develop efficient communication technologies to fulfill energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) demands. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) being one of the most efficient technologies possesses immense potential to serve major communication purposes including civil, defense and industrial purposes etc. The inclusion of sensor-mobility with WSN has broadened application horizon. The effectiveness of WSNs can be characterized by its ability to perform efficient data gathering and transmission to the base station for decision process. Clustering based routing scheme has been one of the dominating techniques for WSN systems; however key issues like, cluster formation, selection of the number of clusters and cluster heads, and data transmission decision from sensors to the mobile sink have always been an open research area. In this paper, a robust and energy efficient single mobile sink based WSN data gathering protocol is proposed. Unlike existing approaches, an enhanced centralized clustering model is developed on the basis of expectation-maximization (EEM) concept. Further, it is strengthened by using an optimal cluster count estimation technique that ensures that the number of clusters in the network region doesn’t introduce unwanted energy exhaustion. Meanwhile, the relative distance between sensor node and cluster head as well as mobile sink is used to make transmission (path) decision. Results exhibit that the proposed EEM based clustering with optimal cluster selection and optimal dynamic transmission decision enables higher throughput, fast data gathering, minima delay and energy consumption, and higher efficiency
{"title":"Single Mobile Sink Based Energy Efficiency and Fast Data Gathering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Shivkumar S. Jawaligi, G. Biradar","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2017.94007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2017.94007","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the exponential rise in communication system demands has motivated global academia-industry to develop efficient communication technologies to fulfill energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) demands. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) being one of the most efficient technologies possesses immense potential to serve major communication purposes including civil, defense and industrial purposes etc. The inclusion of sensor-mobility with WSN has broadened application horizon. The effectiveness of WSNs can be characterized by its ability to perform efficient data gathering and transmission to the base station for decision process. Clustering based routing scheme has been one of the dominating techniques for WSN systems; however key issues like, cluster formation, selection of the number of clusters and cluster heads, and data transmission decision from sensors to the mobile sink have always been an open research area. In this paper, a robust and energy efficient single mobile sink based WSN data gathering protocol is proposed. Unlike existing approaches, an enhanced centralized clustering model is developed on the basis of expectation-maximization (EEM) concept. Further, it is strengthened by using an optimal cluster count estimation technique that ensures that the number of clusters in the network region doesn’t introduce unwanted energy exhaustion. Meanwhile, the relative distance between sensor node and cluster head as well as mobile sink is used to make transmission (path) decision. Results exhibit that the proposed EEM based clustering with optimal cluster selection and optimal dynamic transmission decision enables higher throughput, fast data gathering, minima delay and energy consumption, and higher efficiency","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"09 1","pages":"117-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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