Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.4236/OJVM.2018.812019
Wanderema S. N. Wesonga, Bosco Madasi, Esther Nambo
Organized veterinary services in Uganda were established in year 1908 and successfully controlled animal diseases nationally through a centralized chain of veterinary command. Such services were of public good, mandatory by regulations and also referred to as the “veterinary regulatory services”. However, from 1993; policy reforms were introduced coincidentally at the same time with a national animal health passive surveillance system. Despite reforms, continued losses in livestock were observed necessitating a longitudinal survey based on the above surveillance system. Study findings were to serve as an indicator of performance for the reforms as regards animal disease control. Overall aim of the study was to: Confirm the assumed increase of disease after reforms; identify predisposing factors; gauge their impact and make recommendations to improve service delivery. Results confirmed that: Local government veterinary personnel reduced by 90.61% after the first year of decentralization; national animal health report submissions reduced from average of 81% to only 47.06% with a correlation or association of negative (-) 27.3% albeit at p-value > 0.05. Further, correlation at p-value < 0.05 confirmed that: Contagious and other major animal disease cases increased by 46.1%; roundworm infestation in pigs increased by 69.4%; field animal vaccine availability decreased by (-) 64.3% with time and a positive correlation of 65.3% was confirmed between human deaths and the number of bites by suspected rabid animals. Regression confirmed that with other factors held constant; on average: 69.5% of all Foot and Mouth Disease outbreaks in other areas of the country originated or depended on the same disease found in the cattle corridor while 42.7% human deaths from rabies was attributed to bites from suspected rabid animals. Conclusion was that: Increased animal disease prevalence was primarily attributed to the reform policies but confounded by other veterinary institution internal and external/shock factors. This requires further policy reforms and a review of the national animal health passive surveillance system by all stakeholders to be done through and implemented by an efficient quality management system which is: staff-management-client focused.
{"title":"Factors Associated with a Low Veterinary Regulatory Compliance in Uganda, Their Impact and Quality Management Approaches to Improve Performance","authors":"Wanderema S. N. Wesonga, Bosco Madasi, Esther Nambo","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2018.812019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2018.812019","url":null,"abstract":"Organized veterinary services in Uganda were established in year 1908 and successfully controlled animal diseases nationally through a centralized chain of veterinary command. Such services were of public good, mandatory by regulations and also referred to as the “veterinary regulatory services”. However, from 1993; policy reforms were introduced coincidentally at the same time with a national animal health passive surveillance system. Despite reforms, continued losses in livestock were observed necessitating a longitudinal survey based on the above surveillance system. Study findings were to serve as an indicator of performance for the reforms as regards animal disease control. Overall aim of the study was to: Confirm the assumed increase of disease after reforms; identify predisposing factors; gauge their impact and make recommendations to improve service delivery. Results confirmed that: Local government veterinary personnel reduced by 90.61% after the first year of decentralization; national animal health report submissions reduced from average of 81% to only 47.06% with a correlation or association of negative (-) 27.3% albeit at p-value > 0.05. Further, correlation at p-value < 0.05 confirmed that: Contagious and other major animal disease cases increased by 46.1%; roundworm infestation in pigs increased by 69.4%; field animal vaccine availability decreased by (-) 64.3% with time and a positive correlation of 65.3% was confirmed between human deaths and the number of bites by suspected rabid animals. Regression confirmed that with other factors held constant; on average: 69.5% of all Foot and Mouth Disease outbreaks in other areas of the country originated or depended on the same disease found in the cattle corridor while 42.7% human deaths from rabies was attributed to bites from suspected rabid animals. Conclusion was that: Increased animal disease prevalence was primarily attributed to the reform policies but confounded by other veterinary institution internal and external/shock factors. This requires further policy reforms and a review of the national animal health passive surveillance system by all stakeholders to be done through and implemented by an efficient quality management system which is: staff-management-client focused.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43547291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.4236/OJVM.2018.812022
S. Rehbein, C. D. Vos, F. Beugnet, D. Carithers, J. Fourie
The efficacy of oral treatment with chewable tablets containing afoxolaner 2.27% w/w (NexGard®, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) or 1.875% w/w of afoxolaner and 0.375% w/w milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra®, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) was each assessed in eight dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis in this parallel group designed, blinded, randomized, single center negative controlled, efficacy study. Afoxolaner at the therapeutic dose (as close as possible to 2.5 mg/kg) was administered to Group 2 dogs, and afoxolaner (as close as possible to 2.5 mg/kg) with milbemycin oxime at 0.5 mg/kg was administered to Group 3 dogs on Days 0, 28 and 56. All dogs were observed once daily for general health starting on Day -7 until Day 84. All dogs were clinically examined on Days -7, -2, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84. Dogs were weighed on Days -7, -2, 27, 55, and 84. Live mite counts (based on five scrapings per dog and occasion) and clinical assessments, including photographic documentation, were performed on Days -2, 28, 56 and 84. Three monthly treatments with NexGard or NexGard Spectra against generalized demodicosis in dogs were highly effective resulting in a 99.9% and 100% efficacy against mites, respectively. After treatment with NexGard, only three live mites were recovered in five scrapings in one dog on Day 84. After treatment with NexGard Spectra, no mites were recovered in any scraping on any dogs in this group by Day 84. Both treatments resulted in a marked reduction of skin lesions and >90% hair-regrowth at three months after the initial treatment. Reduction of live mite counts was consistent with reduction in the extent and severity of the skin changes. Although the arithmetic mean mite numbers in the negative control group decreased slightly during the study, infection persisted in 7 of the 8 control dogs until Day 84. Both treatment groups of dogs showed a marked improvement of the associated dermatologic signs with steady improvement over the three-month treatment period.
{"title":"Efficacy of Once-Monthly Doses of Oral Afoxolaner and Afoxolaner/Milbemycin Oxime in a Well-Controlled Study for the Treatment of Canine Generalized Demodicosis","authors":"S. Rehbein, C. D. Vos, F. Beugnet, D. Carithers, J. Fourie","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2018.812022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2018.812022","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of oral treatment with chewable tablets containing afoxolaner 2.27% w/w (NexGard®, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) or 1.875% w/w of afoxolaner and 0.375% w/w milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra®, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) was each assessed in eight dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis in this parallel group designed, blinded, randomized, single center negative controlled, efficacy study. Afoxolaner at the therapeutic dose (as close as possible to 2.5 mg/kg) was administered to Group 2 dogs, and afoxolaner (as close as possible to 2.5 mg/kg) with milbemycin oxime at 0.5 mg/kg was administered to Group 3 dogs on Days 0, 28 and 56. All dogs were observed once daily for general health starting on Day -7 until Day 84. All dogs were clinically examined on Days -7, -2, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84. Dogs were weighed on Days -7, -2, 27, 55, and 84. Live mite counts (based on five scrapings per dog and occasion) and clinical assessments, including photographic documentation, were performed on Days -2, 28, 56 and 84. Three monthly treatments with NexGard or NexGard Spectra against generalized demodicosis in dogs were highly effective resulting in a 99.9% and 100% efficacy against mites, respectively. After treatment with NexGard, only three live mites were recovered in five scrapings in one dog on Day 84. After treatment with NexGard Spectra, no mites were recovered in any scraping on any dogs in this group by Day 84. Both treatments resulted in a marked reduction of skin lesions and >90% hair-regrowth at three months after the initial treatment. Reduction of live mite counts was consistent with reduction in the extent and severity of the skin changes. Although the arithmetic mean mite numbers in the negative control group decreased slightly during the study, infection persisted in 7 of the 8 control dogs until Day 84. Both treatment groups of dogs showed a marked improvement of the associated dermatologic signs with steady improvement over the three-month treatment period.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42352877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.4236/OJVM.2018.811018
J. R. Calesso, M. C. D. Souza, G. Cecci, M. Zanutto, A. Z. Júnior, Luciana Holsback, R. Fagnani, P. Marchi, M. Cardoso
Blood pressure is currently a very important tool for clinical and veterinary surgery, especially in monitoring patients under anesthesia and in emergency situations. Hypertension can cause a number of changes in the body of dogs and cats, especially those who are middle-aged and elderly. In veterinary medicine, the blood pressure can be measured non-invasively and invasively. The non-invasive, or indirect technique, is frequently used during routine examinations since it presents convenience as it can be carried out quickly, although it is less accurate. For this research 245 dogs were selected, with one to ten years of age, of both sexes, castrated and uncastrated of different breeds and body scores. The dogs were weighed and had the body condition score determined using the system of 9 points, being categorized into: Control group, overweight group or obese group. Systolic blood pressure was obtained by non-invasive method using the Doppler flowmeter and the oscillometric method. 48 animals were excluded due to the high variability of values, with systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm•Hg, as well as uncooperative and/or aggressive patients. There was agreement between both methods in 197 dogs conscious and asymptomatic and, therefore, this study showed that oscillometric method can be used in normotensive patients as the study was conducted in patients of different sizes, breeds, ages, body scores and sexual status.
{"title":"Blood Pressure Evaluation in Dogs by the Method Doppler and Oscillometric","authors":"J. R. Calesso, M. C. D. Souza, G. Cecci, M. Zanutto, A. Z. Júnior, Luciana Holsback, R. Fagnani, P. Marchi, M. Cardoso","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2018.811018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2018.811018","url":null,"abstract":"Blood pressure is currently a very important tool for clinical and veterinary surgery, especially in monitoring patients under anesthesia and in emergency situations. Hypertension can cause a number of changes in the body of dogs and cats, especially those who are middle-aged and elderly. In veterinary medicine, the blood pressure can be measured non-invasively and invasively. The non-invasive, or indirect technique, is frequently used during routine examinations since it presents convenience as it can be carried out quickly, although it is less accurate. For this research 245 dogs were selected, with one to ten years of age, of both sexes, castrated and uncastrated of different breeds and body scores. The dogs were weighed and had the body condition score determined using the system of 9 points, being categorized into: Control group, overweight group or obese group. Systolic blood pressure was obtained by non-invasive method using the Doppler flowmeter and the oscillometric method. 48 animals were excluded due to the high variability of values, with systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm•Hg, as well as uncooperative and/or aggressive patients. There was agreement between both methods in 197 dogs conscious and asymptomatic and, therefore, this study showed that oscillometric method can be used in normotensive patients as the study was conducted in patients of different sizes, breeds, ages, body scores and sexual status.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44010367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-12DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2018.811017
C. Oguejiofor, I. Ochiogu, Vitalis U. Ogbu, Okechi L. Okoro
The failure of testicular descent (cryptorchidism) is known to cause abnormal testicular development and function. Unilateral cryptorchidism is prevalent in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats particularly in some areas where affected bucks are presumed to have better libido and reproductive efficiency by farmers. Androgens produced by the testes can influence libido and other hormonal and metabolic processes in the body. The study investigated the influence of natural unilateral cryptorchidism on serum reproductive hormones, total protein, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and haematology and libido in WAD bucks. Ten WAD bucks (aged 12 - 14 months) comprising 5 bucks with normal descended testes (N group) and 5 unilaterally-cryptorchid bucks (UC group) were studied. Blood and sera were collected and evaluated for haematology, serum total proteins and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins) concentrations, serum oxidative stress (catalase and lipid peroxidation activity), and serum levels of reproductive hormones (testosterone, FSH and LH). Libido testing of bucks was also performed by randomly isolating and confining each individual male with a doe on standing heat and recording the number of mountings made by the male within a period of 5 minutes as the libido score. The evaluated haematological indices and serum levels of proteins, lipids, oxidative stress indicators and reproductive hormones were not significantly different between the N and UC groups (p > 0.05). Although a higher mean libido score was recorded in N bucks compared to the UC group, this difference was not significant. Whereas no negative effects were observed in the evaluated physiologic indices in UC bucks, these findings do not support the presumption by farmers that UC bucks have better libido than bucks with fully descended testes. Therefore, these animals should not be selected for breeding to avoid increasing the prevalence of unilateral cryptorchidism due to its genetic attribute.
{"title":"Influence of Unilateral Cryptorchidism on Libido, Haematology and Serum Reproductive Hormones, Total Protein, Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in West African Dwarf Goats","authors":"C. Oguejiofor, I. Ochiogu, Vitalis U. Ogbu, Okechi L. Okoro","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2018.811017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2018.811017","url":null,"abstract":"The failure of testicular descent (cryptorchidism) is known to cause abnormal testicular development and function. Unilateral cryptorchidism is prevalent in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats particularly in some areas where affected bucks are presumed to have better libido and reproductive efficiency by farmers. Androgens produced by the testes can influence libido and other hormonal and metabolic processes in the body. The study investigated the influence of natural unilateral cryptorchidism on serum reproductive hormones, total protein, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and haematology and libido in WAD bucks. Ten WAD bucks (aged 12 - 14 months) comprising 5 bucks with normal descended testes (N group) and 5 unilaterally-cryptorchid bucks (UC group) were studied. Blood and sera were collected and evaluated for haematology, serum total proteins and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins) concentrations, serum oxidative stress (catalase and lipid peroxidation activity), and serum levels of reproductive hormones (testosterone, FSH and LH). Libido testing of bucks was also performed by randomly isolating and confining each individual male with a doe on standing heat and recording the number of mountings made by the male within a period of 5 minutes as the libido score. The evaluated haematological indices and serum levels of proteins, lipids, oxidative stress indicators and reproductive hormones were not significantly different between the N and UC groups (p > 0.05). Although a higher mean libido score was recorded in N bucks compared to the UC group, this difference was not significant. Whereas no negative effects were observed in the evaluated physiologic indices in UC bucks, these findings do not support the presumption by farmers that UC bucks have better libido than bucks with fully descended testes. Therefore, these animals should not be selected for breeding to avoid increasing the prevalence of unilateral cryptorchidism due to its genetic attribute.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45473902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-29DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2018.810016
M. Al-Hassan
Heat stress is identified as a major cause of lower productive and reproductive performance in animal farming. This situation is more common in Saudi Arabia than in other countries because of extremely high ambient temperatures experienced during the summers. The evaporative cooling cow group had significantly increased serum E2 concentrations on days 7 and 14 - 19 of their estrous cycles, and significantly decreased serum P4 concentrations on days 7 - 18 of their estrous cycles. Evaporative cooling plus shade lowered ambient temperatures (41.80 ± 0.74 versus 47.40˚C ± 0.84˚C) have increased the relative humidity (0.33 ± 0.01 versus 0.24 ± 0.01) and decreased the temperature humidity index (80.24 ± 0.60 versus 84.77 ± 0.68) when compared with shade alone. However, cows under shade alone, compared to cows under evaporative cooling with shade, had a larger number of small (10.04 ± 0.54 versus 4.72 ± 0.58), medium (2.80 ± 0.21 versus 1.79 ± 0.17), and large follicles (6.82 ± 0.28 versus 5.66 ± 0.22). These results demonstrated that while evaporative cooling had positive effects on dairy cows in this experiment, changes could have been more profound, if installations of curtains and fans were implemented, which might need further investigation.
{"title":"The Effects of Evaporative Cooling on Folliculogenesis and Ovarian Hormones during the Estrous Cycle of Dairy Holstein Cows during the Summer Months in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Al-Hassan","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2018.810016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2018.810016","url":null,"abstract":"Heat stress is identified as a major cause of lower productive and reproductive performance in animal farming. This situation is more common in Saudi Arabia than in other countries because of extremely high ambient temperatures experienced during the summers. The evaporative cooling cow group had significantly increased serum E2 concentrations on days 7 and 14 - 19 of their estrous cycles, and significantly decreased serum P4 concentrations on days 7 - 18 of their estrous cycles. Evaporative cooling plus shade lowered ambient temperatures (41.80 ± 0.74 versus 47.40˚C ± 0.84˚C) have increased the relative humidity (0.33 ± 0.01 versus 0.24 ± 0.01) and decreased the temperature humidity index (80.24 ± 0.60 versus 84.77 ± 0.68) when compared with shade alone. However, cows under shade alone, compared to cows under evaporative cooling with shade, had a larger number of small (10.04 ± 0.54 versus 4.72 ± 0.58), medium (2.80 ± 0.21 versus 1.79 ± 0.17), and large follicles (6.82 ± 0.28 versus 5.66 ± 0.22). These results demonstrated that while evaporative cooling had positive effects on dairy cows in this experiment, changes could have been more profound, if installations of curtains and fans were implemented, which might need further investigation.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44700214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. I. Musa, I. Bitto, J. Ayoade, Olugbenga Emmanuel Oyedipe
Effects of vitamin E and Selenium administration on fertility and lamb performance of Yankasa sheep were evaluated. Thirty post pubertal ewes (1-1 1/2 years of age) and nine rams (2-2 1/2 years of age) were used for the study. The ewes were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n = 10). Animals in group 1 served as control and were administered 1 ml normal saline. Animals in group 2 were administered 90 mg Tocopherol acetate (Vitamin E), while group 3 received injection containing a combination of 100 mg tocopherol acetate and 1.97 mg sodium selenite. Two doses of the injections were administered 14 days apart (subcutaneously). Estrus was synchronized in the ewes using controlled internal drug release device (CIDR). Rams were used for estrus detection and mating starting 24 hours following withdrawal of CIDR. Ewes were allowed to carry the pregnancy to term. The results indicate higher (p < 0.05) estrus response (80.00, 100.00, 100.00), pregnancy rate (75.00, 100.00, 100.00) and lambing rate (66.6, 100.00, 100.00) in ewes following administration of vitamin E and a combination of vitamin E and selenium. Average daily weight gain of lambs was also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) by treatment. It can be concluded that administration of Vitamin E alone and in combination with selenium resulted in improved reproductive performance on Yankasa sheep.
{"title":"Effects of Vitamin E and Selenium on Fertility and Lamb Performance of Yankasa Sheep","authors":"S. I. Musa, I. Bitto, J. Ayoade, Olugbenga Emmanuel Oyedipe","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2018.89015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2018.89015","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of vitamin E and Selenium administration on fertility and lamb performance of Yankasa sheep were evaluated. Thirty post pubertal ewes (1-1 1/2 years of age) and nine rams (2-2 1/2 years of age) were used for the study. The ewes were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n = 10). Animals in group 1 served as control and were administered 1 ml normal saline. Animals in group 2 were administered 90 mg Tocopherol acetate (Vitamin E), while group 3 received injection containing a combination of 100 mg tocopherol acetate and 1.97 mg sodium selenite. Two doses of the injections were administered 14 days apart (subcutaneously). Estrus was synchronized in the ewes using controlled internal drug release device (CIDR). Rams were used for estrus detection and mating starting 24 hours following withdrawal of CIDR. Ewes were allowed to carry the pregnancy to term. The results indicate higher (p < 0.05) estrus response (80.00, 100.00, 100.00), pregnancy rate (75.00, 100.00, 100.00) and lambing rate (66.6, 100.00, 100.00) in ewes following administration of vitamin E and a combination of vitamin E and selenium. Average daily weight gain of lambs was also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) by treatment. It can be concluded that administration of Vitamin E alone and in combination with selenium resulted in improved reproductive performance on Yankasa sheep.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46710187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle M. Aleo, S. Ross, C. Becskei, E. Coscarelli, V. King, M. Darling, Julie K. Lorenz
For veterinary medications administered per os, animal health companies strive to develop highly palatable dosage forms that are voluntarily accepted by animals to improve compliance and convenience. Achieving high palatability is often complex and difficult even without the presence of an active ingredient. This work compared acceptance and preference studies, as standardized methods are not established for informing formulation development or for more routine testing. Formulation development was followed by an acceptance study completed with laboratory Beagle dogs. One acceptance study and one preference study were completed in mixed breed dogs, also laboratory-housed, to gain wider representation of dog breed and age. Through these studies, we have evaluated both formulation parameters and palatability study conduct. In general, more complex palatants that have appealing taste, smell, and mouth feel enhance voluntary uptake. However, dosage forms that are too chewy may not be freely consumed even with complex palatants. The addition of aroma can entice dogs to prehend the tablet, as observed in one preference study. Preference studies in the veterinary pharmaceutical field identify the preferred first choice or first prehend, but not which product will be routinely voluntarily and fully consumed. Acceptance studies with cross-over treatment groups are used to quantify the full consumption of a dosage form when a dog is not given two choices at once. Since all dogs in acceptance studies are offered all treatment groups throughout the study, a comparison between degrees of consumption could suggest that one formulation might be preferred over another.
{"title":"Palatability Testing of Oral Chewables in Veterinary Medicine for Dogs","authors":"Michelle M. Aleo, S. Ross, C. Becskei, E. Coscarelli, V. King, M. Darling, Julie K. Lorenz","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2018.88011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2018.88011","url":null,"abstract":"For veterinary medications administered per os, animal health companies strive to develop highly palatable dosage forms that are voluntarily accepted by animals to improve compliance and convenience. Achieving high palatability is often complex and difficult even without the presence of an active ingredient. This work compared acceptance and preference studies, as standardized methods are not established for informing formulation development or for more routine testing. Formulation development was followed by an acceptance study completed with laboratory Beagle dogs. One acceptance study and one preference study were completed in mixed breed dogs, also laboratory-housed, to gain wider representation of dog breed and age. Through these studies, we have evaluated both formulation parameters and palatability study conduct. In general, more complex palatants that have appealing taste, smell, and mouth feel enhance voluntary uptake. However, dosage forms that are too chewy may not be freely consumed even with complex palatants. The addition of aroma can entice dogs to prehend the tablet, as observed in one preference study. Preference studies in the veterinary pharmaceutical field identify the preferred first choice or first prehend, but not which product will be routinely voluntarily and fully consumed. Acceptance studies with cross-over treatment groups are used to quantify the full consumption of a dosage form when a dog is not given two choices at once. Since all dogs in acceptance studies are offered all treatment groups throughout the study, a comparison between degrees of consumption could suggest that one formulation might be preferred over another.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46460301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Ruknuzzaman, A. G. Miah, Sabbir Hosen Sobuz, Mohammadiazarm Hamid, M. Asaduzzaman, U. Salma
Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supple-mentation of urea molasses multi-nutrient cake (UMMC) on productive and reproductive performances of rabbit. In Experiment-I, 80 rabbit does (age 24 weeks) were randomly assigned into four dietary treatment groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) to investigate the effect of UMMC on the reproductive performances whereas in Experiment-II, 112 young rabbits (age 5 weeks) were also randomly assigned into another four dietary treatment groups to investigate the effect of UMMC on the productive performance. The rabbits of four dietary treatment groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) in both experiments were fed 0%, 4%, 6% and 8% urea containing UMMC, respectively. The results revealed that the dietary supplementation of UMMC increased (P < 0.05) live weight of pregnant does, conception rate, litter size, and litter weight and individual kit weight at weaning. On the other hand, UMMC supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the kit mortality, though it did not affect the gestation period, litter size, litter weight and individual kit weight at birth. Dietary UMMC supplementation also improved (P < 0.05) the productive performances of growing rabbits in terms of live weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index by almost same amount of feed intake. On the contrary, blood parameters (Hb, PCV and ESR) were not affected by the UMMC except for red blood cell and white blood cell counts, but were within their normal range indicating the safe use of UMMC. UMMC also increased (P < 0.05) the fecal bacterial population. Production cost of UMMC was around 0.19 USD less in each kg of feed than the commercial pellet. In both of the experiments rabbits fed 6% urea containing UMMC showed best result than control and other treatment groups as well.
{"title":"Effect of Dietary Urea Molasses Multi-Nutrient Cake (UMMC) on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Rabbit","authors":"Mohammad Ruknuzzaman, A. G. Miah, Sabbir Hosen Sobuz, Mohammadiazarm Hamid, M. Asaduzzaman, U. Salma","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2018.88014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2018.88014","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supple-mentation of urea molasses multi-nutrient cake (UMMC) on productive and reproductive performances of rabbit. In Experiment-I, 80 rabbit does (age 24 weeks) were randomly assigned into four dietary treatment groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) to investigate the effect of UMMC on the reproductive performances whereas in Experiment-II, 112 young rabbits (age 5 weeks) were also randomly assigned into another four dietary treatment groups to investigate the effect of UMMC on the productive performance. The rabbits of four dietary treatment groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) in both experiments were fed 0%, 4%, 6% and 8% urea containing UMMC, respectively. The results revealed that the dietary supplementation of UMMC increased (P < 0.05) live weight of pregnant does, conception rate, litter size, and litter weight and individual kit weight at weaning. On the other hand, UMMC supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the kit mortality, though it did not affect the gestation period, litter size, litter weight and individual kit weight at birth. Dietary UMMC supplementation also improved (P < 0.05) the productive performances of growing rabbits in terms of live weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index by almost same amount of feed intake. On the contrary, blood parameters (Hb, PCV and ESR) were not affected by the UMMC except for red blood cell and white blood cell counts, but were within their normal range indicating the safe use of UMMC. UMMC also increased (P < 0.05) the fecal bacterial population. Production cost of UMMC was around 0.19 USD less in each kg of feed than the commercial pellet. In both of the experiments rabbits fed 6% urea containing UMMC showed best result than control and other treatment groups as well.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48525948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is a critical parameter in cellular homeostasis, including articular chondrocytes. Perturbed [Ca2+]i of chondrocytes may be associated with joint disease. The objective of the study was to compare large animal models for investigating Ca2+ homeostasis in chondrocytes. Materials and Methods: The gross anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of cattle and sheep was compared, along with the effect of various manoeuvres used to study the mechanisms of Ca2+ homeostasis in chondrocytes from load-bearing areas. The gross anatomy was observed before and after dissection, and internal architecture was examined after sectioning. Cartilage thickness was measured with a digital micrometer. Chondrocyte yield was determined after isolation. Chondrocytes were incubated with Fura-2 and Ca2+i followed in different extracellular conditions. A hypotonic shock (HTS) was used to mimic removal of a load. Results: The results showed that ovids and bovids were skeletally immature and aspects of Ca2+ homeostasis were similar. Ovine chondrocytes had higher resting fluorescence, consistent with elevated resting Ca2+ levels. Results from ion substitution experiments were consistent with a role for Na+/Ca2+ exchange, and swelling-induced Ca2+ enters into the cytoplasm via the plasma membrane and intracellular stores. Conclusions: Ca2+ homeostasis in chondrocytes from both species behaved in a similar manner to HTS and ion substitutions. Differences in resting [Ca2+]i could be associated with species, stage of maturation, or Fura-2 itself and require further investigation. These findings contribute to our understanding of the physiology of articular cartilage in different species, and their potential use as models for studying joint disease in humans.
{"title":"Calcium Homeostasis in Articular Chondrocytes of Two Different Animal Species","authors":"R. White, J. Gibson","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2018.88012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2018.88012","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is a critical parameter in cellular homeostasis, including articular chondrocytes. Perturbed [Ca2+]i of chondrocytes may be associated with joint disease. The objective of the study was to compare large animal models for investigating Ca2+ homeostasis in chondrocytes. Materials and Methods: The gross anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of cattle and sheep was compared, along with the effect of various manoeuvres used to study the mechanisms of Ca2+ homeostasis in chondrocytes from load-bearing areas. The gross anatomy was observed before and after dissection, and internal architecture was examined after sectioning. Cartilage thickness was measured with a digital micrometer. Chondrocyte yield was determined after isolation. Chondrocytes were incubated with Fura-2 and Ca2+i followed in different extracellular conditions. A hypotonic shock (HTS) was used to mimic removal of a load. Results: The results showed that ovids and bovids were skeletally immature and aspects of Ca2+ homeostasis were similar. Ovine chondrocytes had higher resting fluorescence, consistent with elevated resting Ca2+ levels. Results from ion substitution experiments were consistent with a role for Na+/Ca2+ exchange, and swelling-induced Ca2+ enters into the cytoplasm via the plasma membrane and intracellular stores. Conclusions: Ca2+ homeostasis in chondrocytes from both species behaved in a similar manner to HTS and ion substitutions. Differences in resting [Ca2+]i could be associated with species, stage of maturation, or Fura-2 itself and require further investigation. These findings contribute to our understanding of the physiology of articular cartilage in different species, and their potential use as models for studying joint disease in humans.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43254182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Omeiza, M. Mwanza, S. Enem, E. Godwin, M. A. Adeiza, C. E. Okoli
The reducing efficiencies of the commonly used heat treatment methods and fermentation processes on aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Nigeria were investigated. Seventy samples of fresh cow milk from both conventional and traditional dairy cattle herds were collected and analyzed for the determination of AFM1 using Cobra-cell incorporated high performance liquid chromatography. Of these analyzed samples, 56 (80.0%) tested positive for AFM1 out of which 3 milk samples with high AFM1 concentrations were selectively pooled and subjected to varied conditions of heat treatments and fermentation processes using both indigenized and exotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Streptococcus thermophilus and L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) as starter cultures respectively. Both processes used either singly or combined, demonstrated high degrees of reducing effects on AFM1 levels. Sterilization of the milk at 121˚C and 80˚C under the same condition of time (15 - 20) min showed significant reduction of up to 58.8% (p 0.05) in the level of AFM1 when compared with the initial mean AFM1 concentration of the untreated fresh milk. The situation was however different around the boiling temperature of 100˚C at which point the level of AFM1 reduction was found to be inconsistent. The indigenized combined strains showed some slight margins of AFM1 reduction in the proportions of (20.5, 30.8 and 43.9)% over and above that of the exotic strains (17.4, 30.0 and 41.1)% in 12 h, 48 h and 72 h of fermentation respectively. Generally, fermentation alone showed lower reduction of AFM1 in milk from 24.5% to 43.9% compared with the reducing activities of (35.4 to 58.8)% when heat-treated milk samples were subsequently subjected to varied fermentation conditions.
{"title":"Reducing Efficiencies of the Commonly Used Heat Treatment Methods and Fermentation Processes on Aflatoxin M1 in Naturally Contaminated Fresh Cow Milk","authors":"G. Omeiza, M. Mwanza, S. Enem, E. Godwin, M. A. Adeiza, C. E. Okoli","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2018.88013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2018.88013","url":null,"abstract":"The reducing efficiencies of the commonly used heat treatment methods and fermentation processes on aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Nigeria were investigated. Seventy samples of fresh cow milk from both conventional and traditional dairy cattle herds were collected and analyzed for the determination of AFM1 using Cobra-cell incorporated high performance liquid chromatography. Of these analyzed samples, 56 (80.0%) tested positive for AFM1 out of which 3 milk samples with high AFM1 concentrations were selectively pooled and subjected to varied conditions of heat treatments and fermentation processes using both indigenized and exotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Streptococcus thermophilus and L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) as starter cultures respectively. Both processes used either singly or combined, demonstrated high degrees of reducing effects on AFM1 levels. Sterilization of the milk at 121˚C and 80˚C under the same condition of time (15 - 20) min showed significant reduction of up to 58.8% (p 0.05) in the level of AFM1 when compared with the initial mean AFM1 concentration of the untreated fresh milk. The situation was however different around the boiling temperature of 100˚C at which point the level of AFM1 reduction was found to be inconsistent. The indigenized combined strains showed some slight margins of AFM1 reduction in the proportions of (20.5, 30.8 and 43.9)% over and above that of the exotic strains (17.4, 30.0 and 41.1)% in 12 h, 48 h and 72 h of fermentation respectively. Generally, fermentation alone showed lower reduction of AFM1 in milk from 24.5% to 43.9% compared with the reducing activities of (35.4 to 58.8)% when heat-treated milk samples were subsequently subjected to varied fermentation conditions.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42955771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：