Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.108012
Fellipe Ferreira Lemos de Medeiros, Natasha Nogueira Ferreira, Cecília Ribeiro Castañon, T. Maués, C. F. F. Lancetta, V. Degani, M. L. G. Ferreira
Complex abdominal wall defects might be challenging for human and veterinary surgeons worldwide. Defects from trauma or congenital causes may lead to hernias development. The introduction of meshes to reinforce hernia repairs has improved surgical outcomes and several synthetic and biologic materials have been used. In this context, biomaterial prosthesis seems to be a satisfactory solution when managing great abdominal wall defects. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the bovine tunica albuginea (BTA) preserved in honey as graft material for rats’ abdominal wall reinforcement in incisional herniorrhaphy surgery as well as its viability, cicatrization and integration into the host tissue. Wistar rats were assigned to two main groups: 1) animals (n = 20) underwent median longitudinal laparotomy followed by laparorraphy with suture of the bovine tunica albuginea (BTA) graft as abdominal wall reinforcement; and 2) animals (n = 20) underwent only laparotomy and subsequent laparorrhaphy. Rats were clinically evaluated until euthanasia at post-surgical day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Necropsy and histopathological analysis of abdominal wall fragments were performed to compare groups and subgroups findings. BTA promoted abundant fibrosis, providing resistance and low postoperative complication rates. Besides, animals did not show rejection signs to the implant. In conclusion, BTA preserved in honey is an affordable, easy collection and handling biomaterial for graft, demanding simple surgical implantation technique for abdominal wall repair in rats.
{"title":"Heterologous Bovine Tunica Albuginea Graft Conserved in Honey as Abdominal Wall Reinforcement in Rats","authors":"Fellipe Ferreira Lemos de Medeiros, Natasha Nogueira Ferreira, Cecília Ribeiro Castañon, T. Maués, C. F. F. Lancetta, V. Degani, M. L. G. Ferreira","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.108012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.108012","url":null,"abstract":"Complex abdominal wall defects might be challenging for human and veterinary surgeons worldwide. Defects from trauma or congenital causes may lead to hernias development. The introduction of meshes to reinforce hernia repairs has improved surgical outcomes and several synthetic and biologic materials have been used. In this context, biomaterial prosthesis seems to be a satisfactory solution when managing great abdominal wall defects. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the bovine tunica albuginea (BTA) preserved in honey as graft material for rats’ abdominal wall reinforcement in incisional herniorrhaphy surgery as well as its viability, cicatrization and integration into the host tissue. Wistar rats were assigned to two main groups: 1) animals (n = 20) underwent median longitudinal laparotomy followed by laparorraphy with suture of the bovine tunica albuginea (BTA) graft as abdominal wall reinforcement; and 2) animals (n = 20) underwent only laparotomy and subsequent laparorrhaphy. Rats were clinically evaluated until euthanasia at post-surgical day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Necropsy and histopathological analysis of abdominal wall fragments were performed to compare groups and subgroups findings. BTA promoted abundant fibrosis, providing resistance and low postoperative complication rates. Besides, animals did not show rejection signs to the implant. In conclusion, BTA preserved in honey is an affordable, easy collection and handling biomaterial for graft, demanding simple surgical implantation technique for abdominal wall repair in rats.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47142112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-30DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.107009
Severin Loul, A. Wade, A. N. Nlôga
The present study was carried out between April 2015 and January 2016 to estimate the sero-prevalence and identify the risk factors of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Cameroon. A total of 269 herds randomly sampled across the country have been studied and 1622 samples of serum have been levied on the sheep and goat. The c-ELISA has been studied in order to detect the presence of antibodies in small ruminants like an indicator of exposition to PPRV. The results revealed the circulation of PPRV in the country with a total sero-prevalence of 39% [95%CI; 37 - 41] and a sero-prevalence of 63.2% [95%CI; 57.2 - 69.2] at the herd level. Sero-prevalence was variable in the ten regions ranging from 7% [95% CI; 6.2 - 8.4] to 73% [95% CI; 62 - 84] with the northern zone (Adamawa, North and Far-North) having 52.3% [95% CI; 37 - 60] and southern zone (including the remaining seven regions) recording 29% [95% CI; 11 - 57]. Similarly, it was higher in animals found in urban/peri-urban areas than in rural areas with prevalence ratio of 2.9 [95% CI 2.54 - 3.4; p i.e. 3 times more, 1.6 [95% CI 1.36 - 1.90; p i.e. 1.6 times more, and 5.02 [95% CI 3.91 - 6.85; p i.e. 5 times more at national level, in the northern zone and in the southern area, respectively. Five risk factors have been identified: the breeding environment, introduction of new animals into the herds, gathering of animals for pasture and watering, wandering and transhumance. The breeding area appeared to be the most important risk factor associated with disease exposure. The control measures for the eradication of this disease must take into account the epidemiological situation, the breeding environment, animal transhumance and breeding system.
{"title":"Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diffusion of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Cameroon","authors":"Severin Loul, A. Wade, A. N. Nlôga","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.107009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.107009","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out between April 2015 and January 2016 to estimate the sero-prevalence and identify the risk factors of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Cameroon. A total of 269 herds randomly sampled across the country have been studied and 1622 samples of serum have been levied on the sheep and goat. The c-ELISA has been studied in order to detect the presence of antibodies in small ruminants like an indicator of exposition to PPRV. The results revealed the circulation of PPRV in the country with a total sero-prevalence of 39% [95%CI; 37 - 41] and a sero-prevalence of 63.2% [95%CI; 57.2 - 69.2] at the herd level. Sero-prevalence was variable in the ten regions ranging from 7% [95% CI; 6.2 - 8.4] to 73% [95% CI; 62 - 84] with the northern zone (Adamawa, North and Far-North) having 52.3% [95% CI; 37 - 60] and southern zone (including the remaining seven regions) recording 29% [95% CI; 11 - 57]. Similarly, it was higher in animals found in urban/peri-urban areas than in rural areas with prevalence ratio of 2.9 [95% CI 2.54 - 3.4; p i.e. 3 times more, 1.6 [95% CI 1.36 - 1.90; p i.e. 1.6 times more, and 5.02 [95% CI 3.91 - 6.85; p i.e. 5 times more at national level, in the northern zone and in the southern area, respectively. Five risk factors have been identified: the breeding environment, introduction of new animals into the herds, gathering of animals for pasture and watering, wandering and transhumance. The breeding area appeared to be the most important risk factor associated with disease exposure. The control measures for the eradication of this disease must take into account the epidemiological situation, the breeding environment, animal transhumance and breeding system.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41797389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.106007
G. Barros, P. Bricarello
Myiasis is the lesion resulting from the parasitism of diptera larval form in the living tissues of vertebrate animals. These are bloody conditions, causing severe damage to the welfare and the health of humans and animals. In Brazil, Cochliomyia hominivorax is the main responsible species for causing myiasis in humans and animals. The conventional treatment of these lesions in animals massively uses chemosynthetic products. The irrational use of these molecules has led to environmental degradation and has affected human health. The standard treatment of human myiasis is based only on larvae removal, surgically or not, supported by the use of antiparasitic drugs. Human myiasis is an important zoonosis, given its close relation with animal myiasis. However, this zoonosis has currently been neglected in Brazil and other developing countries in America. The One Health approach makes it possible to realize that the occurrence of myiasis in humans is directly related to the maintenance of stocks of this diptera in nature. Recognizing the direct relation that domestic and wild animals have as reservoirs in the human myiasis cycle is essential, in order to formulate strategies to control this ancient and important disease that still affects the population in Brazil.
{"title":"Myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858): A Neglected Zoonosis in Brazil","authors":"G. Barros, P. Bricarello","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.106007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.106007","url":null,"abstract":"Myiasis is the lesion resulting from the parasitism of diptera larval form in the living tissues of vertebrate animals. These are bloody conditions, causing severe damage to the welfare and the health of humans and animals. In Brazil, Cochliomyia hominivorax is the main responsible species for causing myiasis in humans and animals. The conventional treatment of these lesions in animals massively uses chemosynthetic products. The irrational use of these molecules has led to environmental degradation and has affected human health. The standard treatment of human myiasis is based only on larvae removal, surgically or not, supported by the use of antiparasitic drugs. Human myiasis is an important zoonosis, given its close relation with animal myiasis. However, this zoonosis has currently been neglected in Brazil and other developing countries in America. The One Health approach makes it possible to realize that the occurrence of myiasis in humans is directly related to the maintenance of stocks of this diptera in nature. Recognizing the direct relation that domestic and wild animals have as reservoirs in the human myiasis cycle is essential, in order to formulate strategies to control this ancient and important disease that still affects the population in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41758415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.106006
E. Gertz, Katia Gebara, V. Elbrønd, A. Harrison
Badly designed and fitted tack induces physiological stress responses in horses, and may compromise animal welfare. Moreover, horses, just like humans, comprise a series of interconnected myofascial lines. However, to date there are no measurements of the effects of horse tack, such as bridles on muscle parameters. This study used acoustic myography to test whether two commercial anatomically designed and fitted bridles, have a measurable and positive effect on both equine muscle-function and performance. A Quantum bridle was tested on 12 Icelandic horses, whilst a Finesse bridle was tested on 8 Icelandic horses, and results compared with data from a standard bridle (n = 12) tested at the same time and under identical conditions. Sensors were placed on M. Brachiocephalicus and M. Splenius, and the horses exercised following a set protocol at three speeds. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in muscle performance as assessed by both the regularity of the recording at each speed, and the number of transient powerful contractions (spikes) for the anatomically designed and fitted bridles, compared with the standard bridle. It is concluded that the effect of anatomically designed bridles can not only be measured in the neck muscles of exercising horses, but that they appear to have a positive effect on muscle performance.
{"title":"The Effects of the Quantum and Finesse Bridles on Equine M. Brachiocephalicus and M. Splenius Function at Three Different Speeds","authors":"E. Gertz, Katia Gebara, V. Elbrønd, A. Harrison","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.106006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.106006","url":null,"abstract":"Badly designed and fitted tack induces physiological stress responses in horses, and may compromise animal welfare. Moreover, horses, just like humans, comprise a series of interconnected myofascial lines. However, to date there are no measurements of the effects of horse tack, such as bridles on muscle parameters. This study used acoustic myography to test whether two commercial anatomically designed and fitted bridles, have a measurable and positive effect on both equine muscle-function and performance. A Quantum bridle was tested on 12 Icelandic horses, whilst a Finesse bridle was tested on 8 Icelandic horses, and results compared with data from a standard bridle (n = 12) tested at the same time and under identical conditions. Sensors were placed on M. Brachiocephalicus and M. Splenius, and the horses exercised following a set protocol at three speeds. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in muscle performance as assessed by both the regularity of the recording at each speed, and the number of transient powerful contractions (spikes) for the anatomically designed and fitted bridles, compared with the standard bridle. It is concluded that the effect of anatomically designed bridles can not only be measured in the neck muscles of exercising horses, but that they appear to have a positive effect on muscle performance.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47457938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.106008
G. F. N. Jantes, J. González, E. Lara, J. I. Á. Solis, C. C. Verde, G. V. Anda
An experimental inoculation of canine Herpesvirus (HVC), strain H17, was performed in rabbits previously and simultaneously treated with dexamethasone, the behavior of the leukocyte count was followed prior and during the experimental phase. Upon death or euthanasia of the animals, a necropsy and evaluation of various organs was performed by histopathology and by nested PCR against the Herpesvirus Polymerase gene. All animals inoculated with dexamethasone showed leukopenia (p < 0.05), animals inoculated with HVC and treated with dexamethasone did not show significant histological lesions, but showed amplification of the Herpesvirus Polymerase gene in various organs despite not showing clinical signs of the illness. A dolphin Herpesvirus isolate was used as a positive control as rabbits developed fatal systemic disease and lesions typical of active (lytic) infection in various organs within 72 hours post-inoculation. The absence of clinical signs, significant histological lesions, and the presence of viral DNA in some organs suggested a state of latency due to canine Herpesvirus. Dexamethasone allowed HVC infection, but did not promote viral reactivation in rabbits contrary to that observed in canines experimentally induced to the lytic cycle by HVC.
{"title":"Canine Herpesvirus Latent Infection in Experimentally Infected Rabbits","authors":"G. F. N. Jantes, J. González, E. Lara, J. I. Á. Solis, C. C. Verde, G. V. Anda","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.106008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.106008","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental inoculation of canine Herpesvirus (HVC), strain H17, was performed in rabbits previously and simultaneously treated with dexamethasone, the behavior of the leukocyte count was followed prior and during the experimental phase. Upon death or euthanasia of the animals, a necropsy and evaluation of various organs was performed by histopathology and by nested PCR against the Herpesvirus Polymerase gene. All animals inoculated with dexamethasone showed leukopenia (p < 0.05), animals inoculated with HVC and treated with dexamethasone did not show significant histological lesions, but showed amplification of the Herpesvirus Polymerase gene in various organs despite not showing clinical signs of the illness. A dolphin Herpesvirus isolate was used as a positive control as rabbits developed fatal systemic disease and lesions typical of active (lytic) infection in various organs within 72 hours post-inoculation. The absence of clinical signs, significant histological lesions, and the presence of viral DNA in some organs suggested a state of latency due to canine Herpesvirus. Dexamethasone allowed HVC infection, but did not promote viral reactivation in rabbits contrary to that observed in canines experimentally induced to the lytic cycle by HVC.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41764481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-28DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.105005
K. Anya, C. Oguejiofor, T. Nnaji, I. J. Udeani
Canine reproductive problems constitute some of the most challenging cases encountered in small animal veterinary practice. This is usually complicated in breeding dogs by the unwillingness of clients to give consent for surgical interventions, due to the fear of loss of reproductive function. In this case, a two-year-old Bullmastiff bitch was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a mass protrusion from the vulva. Clinical examination revealed an eversion of a tongue-shaped vaginal tissue from the floor of the vaginal wall which subsequently progressed to an eversion of the complete vaginal circumference forming a doughnut-shaped mass. Investigations carried out included ultrasonography, hematology, hormonal assay, vaginal cytology, vaginal swab microbial culture and antimicrobial sensitivity test. A diagnosis of vaginal fold prolapse (type III) which progressed from a type II prolapse was made. Due to the client’s initial disinclination to a surgical intervention, the approach to the case evolved from a conservative management to an eventual surgical correction. There was a request to preserve the reproductive function of the bitch, therefore ovariohysterectomy was declined and the case was managed by surgical excision of the prolapsed vaginal mass under general anesthesia. A peri-vulvar purse string suture was placed temporarily to restrict any further prolapse. Histopathological evaluation of the excised vaginal tissue confirmed marked hyperplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium with intracellular edema and spongiosis. There was focal ulceration of vaginal mucosa with neutrophilic infiltration. The lamina propria showed reduced cellular density with loose and edematous connective tissue. Post-surgical care included daily care of surgical wound and the administration of analgesic, antibiotic and vitamin supplements. Subsequently, there was no recurrence of the condition in the bitch which came into estrus 27 weeks post-surgery, and was bred with successful conception.
{"title":"Vaginal Hyperplasia and Progressive Vaginal Fold Prolapse in a Bullmastiff Bitch","authors":"K. Anya, C. Oguejiofor, T. Nnaji, I. J. Udeani","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.105005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.105005","url":null,"abstract":"Canine reproductive problems constitute some of the most challenging cases encountered in small animal veterinary practice. This is usually complicated in breeding dogs by the unwillingness of clients to give consent for surgical interventions, due to the fear of loss of reproductive function. In this case, a two-year-old Bullmastiff bitch was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a mass protrusion from the vulva. Clinical examination revealed an eversion of a tongue-shaped vaginal tissue from the floor of the vaginal wall which subsequently progressed to an eversion of the complete vaginal circumference forming a doughnut-shaped mass. Investigations carried out included ultrasonography, hematology, hormonal assay, vaginal cytology, vaginal swab microbial culture and antimicrobial sensitivity test. A diagnosis of vaginal fold prolapse (type III) which progressed from a type II prolapse was made. Due to the client’s initial disinclination to a surgical intervention, the approach to the case evolved from a conservative management to an eventual surgical correction. There was a request to preserve the reproductive function of the bitch, therefore ovariohysterectomy was declined and the case was managed by surgical excision of the prolapsed vaginal mass under general anesthesia. A peri-vulvar purse string suture was placed temporarily to restrict any further prolapse. Histopathological evaluation of the excised vaginal tissue confirmed marked hyperplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium with intracellular edema and spongiosis. There was focal ulceration of vaginal mucosa with neutrophilic infiltration. The lamina propria showed reduced cellular density with loose and edematous connective tissue. Post-surgical care included daily care of surgical wound and the administration of analgesic, antibiotic and vitamin supplements. Subsequently, there was no recurrence of the condition in the bitch which came into estrus 27 weeks post-surgery, and was bred with successful conception.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46803299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.102002
L. T. Ikpa, Dauda Garba Bwala, P. Ankeli, A. A. Kaikabo, Mugla Salma Maichibi, Issa Atanda Maurina, J. Abenga, N. Nwankpa, M. Adah
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides, a transboundary animal disease causing serious devastation to cattle producers in Africa. The study was designed to identify and characterize the pathogenic member of mycoplasma cluster the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides (Mmm) isolated from cattle infected with the disease. Three hundred (300) samples of nasal swabs and pleural fluid from cattle showing signs of CBPP were analyzed using culture and biochemical identification techniques and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers to determine the prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Isolation recorded a prevalence of 4% and PCR recorded a prevalence of 67.7%. Isolates subjected to PCR analysis produced an amplicon size of 548 bp and 1.1 k bp respectively for the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides. Sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene blast search revealed 96% to 99% sequence homology of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides compared with 14 available sequences in the gen bank at NCBI. Based on this investigation mass vaccination of cattle is recommended, isolation and PCR techniques could be used as diagnostic tools for CBPP disease in three agro ecological zones of Nasarawa state, Nigeria.
传染性牛胸膜肺炎是由分枝杆菌支原体亚种引起的一种疾病，这是一种跨界动物疾病，对非洲的畜牧业造成严重破坏。本研究旨在鉴定和鉴定支原体簇的致病成员——从感染该病的牛身上分离的支原体亚种（Mmm）。使用培养和生物化学鉴定技术以及使用特异性引物的聚合酶链式反应（PCR）分析了来自显示CBPP迹象的牛的三百（300）份鼻拭子和胸膜液样本，以确定尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州传染性牛胸膜肺炎的流行率。分离记录的流行率为4%，PCR记录的流行度为67.7%。经过PCR分析的分离物产生的支原体簇和支原体亚种的扩增子大小分别为548 bp和1.1 k bp。16S rRNA基因blast搜索的测序显示，与NCBI基因库中的14个可用序列相比，分枝杆菌支原体亚种分枝杆菌的序列同源性为96%至99%。根据这项调查，建议在尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州的三个农业生态区对牛进行大规模疫苗接种，分离和PCR技术可作为CBPP疾病的诊断工具。
{"title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma mycoides Subspecie mycoides in 3 Agro Ecological Zones of Nasarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"L. T. Ikpa, Dauda Garba Bwala, P. Ankeli, A. A. Kaikabo, Mugla Salma Maichibi, Issa Atanda Maurina, J. Abenga, N. Nwankpa, M. Adah","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.102002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.102002","url":null,"abstract":"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides, a transboundary animal disease causing serious devastation to cattle producers in Africa. The study was designed to identify and characterize the pathogenic member of mycoplasma cluster the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides (Mmm) isolated from cattle infected with the disease. Three hundred (300) samples of nasal swabs and pleural fluid from cattle showing signs of CBPP were analyzed using culture and biochemical identification techniques and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers to determine the prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Isolation recorded a prevalence of 4% and PCR recorded a prevalence of 67.7%. Isolates subjected to PCR analysis produced an amplicon size of 548 bp and 1.1 k bp respectively for the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides. Sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene blast search revealed 96% to 99% sequence homology of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides compared with 14 available sequences in the gen bank at NCBI. Based on this investigation mass vaccination of cattle is recommended, isolation and PCR techniques could be used as diagnostic tools for CBPP disease in three agro ecological zones of Nasarawa state, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48719309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-27DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.103003
D. Shock, S. Roche, D. Nagel, M. Olson
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam is commonly used as adjunct therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea to control pain and inflammation. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in diarrheic pre-ruminant dairy calves dosed either orally or subcutaneously. Twelve pre-ruminant male dairy calves with mild to moderate diarrhea were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments (three per group): subcutaneous meloxicam (SM, 0.5 mg/kg body weight); an oral bolus meloxicam suspension (OM, 1 mg/kg body weight); an oral meloxicam suspension added to a feeding of oral electrolytes (EM, 1 mg/kg body weight); and an oral meloxicam suspension added to a feeding of milk replacer (MM, 1 mg/kg body weight). The predicted pharmacokinetic parameters for OM, MM, EM, and SM groups were: half-life (56.8 ± 21.7 vs. 136.0 ± 26.6 vs. 85.2 ± 21.7 vs. 36.3 ± 21.7 h), Cmax (4.3 ± 0.4 vs. 3.7 ± 0.4 vs. 3.9 ± 0.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.4 μg/mL), Tmax (13.3 ± 4.0 vs. 10.7 ± 4.0 vs. 13.3 ± 4.0 vs. 2.7 ± 4.0 h), and AUC0-∞ (383.4 ± 126.8 vs. 877.8 ± 155.3 vs. 457.1 ± 126.8 vs. 126.4 ± 126.8 h * μg/mL). Oral meloxicam, especially MM, had extended elimination phases relative to SM. All meloxicam therapies provided effective therapeutic levels but all oral therapies (1 mg/kg) provided longer durations of activity than injectable meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg).
{"title":"The Effect of Delivery Method on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Meloxicam in Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves with Diarrhea","authors":"D. Shock, S. Roche, D. Nagel, M. Olson","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.103003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.103003","url":null,"abstract":"The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam is commonly used as adjunct therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea to control pain and inflammation. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in diarrheic pre-ruminant dairy calves dosed either orally or subcutaneously. Twelve pre-ruminant male dairy calves with mild to moderate diarrhea were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments (three per group): subcutaneous meloxicam (SM, 0.5 mg/kg body weight); an oral bolus meloxicam suspension (OM, 1 mg/kg body weight); an oral meloxicam suspension added to a feeding of oral electrolytes (EM, 1 mg/kg body weight); and an oral meloxicam suspension added to a feeding of milk replacer (MM, 1 mg/kg body weight). The predicted pharmacokinetic parameters for OM, MM, EM, and SM groups were: half-life (56.8 ± 21.7 vs. 136.0 ± 26.6 vs. 85.2 ± 21.7 vs. 36.3 ± 21.7 h), Cmax (4.3 ± 0.4 vs. 3.7 ± 0.4 vs. 3.9 ± 0.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.4 μg/mL), Tmax (13.3 ± 4.0 vs. 10.7 ± 4.0 vs. 13.3 ± 4.0 vs. 2.7 ± 4.0 h), and AUC0-∞ (383.4 ± 126.8 vs. 877.8 ± 155.3 vs. 457.1 ± 126.8 vs. 126.4 ± 126.8 h * μg/mL). Oral meloxicam, especially MM, had extended elimination phases relative to SM. All meloxicam therapies provided effective therapeutic levels but all oral therapies (1 mg/kg) provided longer durations of activity than injectable meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg).","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47294042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-31DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.101001
M. Babalola
Rotaviruses have been widely reported to be associated with diarrhea in humans but fewer studies abound on other mammalian species. This prospective study was conducted to detect and characterize Rotaviruses from freely ranged migratory herds of cattle in Ekiti and Ondo states, Nigeria with a view to further expanding knowledge on rotaviruses, possible animal-human interspecies transmission and impacts on vaccine efficiency. By convenience sampling, between September 2014 and February 2015, stool samples from 120 calves, comprising settled and migratory herds of cattle were obtained and examined for group A rotaviruses using Certest® Quadruple Enzyme Immuno Assay. Rotavirus genomes were isolated by extraction from the positive samples, reverse transcribed and amplified by One-Step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and genotyped by semi-nested multiplex PCR. Representative PCR products of the genotyped samples were purified and sequenced using Sanger method. The generated query sequences were queried to the GenBank to retrieve similar sequences for pairwise alignment by ClustalW. Phylogenetic analyses by Neighbour-joining method were conducted at 1000 bootstrap replicates to obtain phylograms using MEGA 6 software. Fifteen samples (15/120: 12.5%) were positive for rotavirus. No statistically significant association existed between rotavirus infection and gender of the calves (χ2 = 0, df = 1, p = 1). Eight samples (8/15: 53.3%) were successfully genotyped where the G1, G5, G9, G10, G12, and P[6] were detected. Nucleotide Sequencing of the VP7 and VP4 genes of the genotyped samples confirmed strains G1P[6], G10P[6], and G12P[6] with 58% - 100% nucleotide identity within these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 2 possible transmissions from India and Honduras. Bovine rotaviruses were detected in freely ranged and settled calf herds in southwestern Nigeria at a rate of 12.5%. The strains identified were analysed to be group A rotavirus strains with potential interspecies transmission from human to calves and from bovine to humans. The detected mixed strains could eventually impact negatively on the effectiveness of available rotavirus vaccines over the prevailing serotypes in human infections.
{"title":"Group A Rotavirus Genotypes among Calf Herds in Southwest Nigeria and Implications for Human Rotavirus Vaccines’ Efficiency","authors":"M. Babalola","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.101001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.101001","url":null,"abstract":"Rotaviruses have been widely reported to be associated with diarrhea in humans but fewer studies abound on other mammalian species. This prospective study was conducted to detect and characterize Rotaviruses from freely ranged migratory herds of cattle in Ekiti and Ondo states, Nigeria with a view to further expanding knowledge on rotaviruses, possible animal-human interspecies transmission and impacts on vaccine efficiency. By convenience sampling, between September 2014 and February 2015, stool samples from 120 calves, comprising settled and migratory herds of cattle were obtained and examined for group A rotaviruses using Certest® Quadruple Enzyme Immuno Assay. Rotavirus genomes were isolated by extraction from the positive samples, reverse transcribed and amplified by One-Step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and genotyped by semi-nested multiplex PCR. Representative PCR products of the genotyped samples were purified and sequenced using Sanger method. The generated query sequences were queried to the GenBank to retrieve similar sequences for pairwise alignment by ClustalW. Phylogenetic analyses by Neighbour-joining method were conducted at 1000 bootstrap replicates to obtain phylograms using MEGA 6 software. Fifteen samples (15/120: 12.5%) were positive for rotavirus. No statistically significant association existed between rotavirus infection and gender of the calves (χ2 = 0, df = 1, p = 1). Eight samples (8/15: 53.3%) were successfully genotyped where the G1, G5, G9, G10, G12, and P[6] were detected. Nucleotide Sequencing of the VP7 and VP4 genes of the genotyped samples confirmed strains G1P[6], G10P[6], and G12P[6] with 58% - 100% nucleotide identity within these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 2 possible transmissions from India and Honduras. Bovine rotaviruses were detected in freely ranged and settled calf herds in southwestern Nigeria at a rate of 12.5%. The strains identified were analysed to be group A rotavirus strains with potential interspecies transmission from human to calves and from bovine to humans. The detected mixed strains could eventually impact negatively on the effectiveness of available rotavirus vaccines over the prevailing serotypes in human infections.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47913969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.1012019
Syed Sher Shah Sadaat, Nasrin Stankzi, M. Tawfeeq, Farid Ahmad Tanin, Amanullah Aziz, Kazuki Sasaki
In this study, the effects of several fluoroquinolones (FQs), such as Ciprofloxacin (CPFX); Orbifloxacin (OBFX); Norfloxacin (NFX); Ofloxacin (OFX); and Enerofloxacin (EFX) on activities of both Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) of feline microsomes by in vitro tests were studied. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) and Midazolam 1' hydroxylation and 4-hydroxylation (MDZ1'H and MDZ4H) were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All the FQs inhibited the reactions by a competitive or noncompetitive and irreversible manner. The inhibitory constants (K i ) were as followings: CYP1A; ranged from 0.12 to 1.23 mM for NFX, OBFX, EFX, CPFX, OFX and CYP3A, for MDZ1'H; ranged from 5.8 to 35 and MDZ4H; 9 to 29 mM, respectively. As these values are higher by 24 to 200-times of given single clinical dose of serum levels after application of FQs. It indicates that if co-administrated with these FQs by reversible inhibitory manner, the inhibition of CYP1A and CYP3A effect on CYP1A and 3A actions is not very significant to cause drug interaction with above mentioned enzyme substrates. Out of the FQs tested, CPFX and NFX for CYP1A, and CPFX for CYP3A showed irreversible inhibitory effects (time-dependent), so it has been concluded that these drugs may cause drug-drug interaction by accumulation, when they are repeatedly admini-strated. Since EFX is biotransformed to CPFX by the liver, it could have the identical risk too.
{"title":"Inhibitory Effects of Several Fluoroquinolones on Feline CYP1A and 3A in Hepatic Microsomes","authors":"Syed Sher Shah Sadaat, Nasrin Stankzi, M. Tawfeeq, Farid Ahmad Tanin, Amanullah Aziz, Kazuki Sasaki","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2020.1012019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.1012019","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of several fluoroquinolones (FQs), such as Ciprofloxacin (CPFX); Orbifloxacin (OBFX); Norfloxacin (NFX); Ofloxacin (OFX); and Enerofloxacin (EFX) on activities of both Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) of feline microsomes by in vitro tests were studied. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) and Midazolam 1' hydroxylation and 4-hydroxylation (MDZ1'H and MDZ4H) were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All the FQs inhibited the reactions by a competitive or noncompetitive and irreversible manner. The inhibitory constants (K i ) were as followings: CYP1A; ranged from 0.12 to 1.23 mM for NFX, OBFX, EFX, CPFX, OFX and CYP3A, for MDZ1'H; ranged from 5.8 to 35 and MDZ4H; 9 to 29 mM, respectively. As these values are higher by 24 to 200-times of given single clinical dose of serum levels after application of FQs. It indicates that if co-administrated with these FQs by reversible inhibitory manner, the inhibition of CYP1A and CYP3A effect on CYP1A and 3A actions is not very significant to cause drug interaction with above mentioned enzyme substrates. Out of the FQs tested, CPFX and NFX for CYP1A, and CPFX for CYP3A showed irreversible inhibitory effects (time-dependent), so it has been concluded that these drugs may cause drug-drug interaction by accumulation, when they are repeatedly admini-strated. Since EFX is biotransformed to CPFX by the liver, it could have the identical risk too.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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