Wiwit Suttithumsatid, Jiraporn Kara, Luelak Lomlim, Charassri Nualsri
Background: Since cannabis has been legally allowed for medicinal purposes in many countries, it has become the most interesting issue, particularly in neurologic disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the mechanisms for the treatment of AD. Objectives: The present study aimed to establish a method for the preparation of cannabinoid-rich extracts and determine their AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: The cannabinoid-rich extracts were prepared through a green extraction process using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) followed by hydrophobic column separation. The contents of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro AChE inhibitory activity was determined via the photometric method using AChE from Electrophorus electricus. Results: Three cannabinoids-rich fractions were obtained with different concentrations of CBD and THC, namely Fractions I (CBD of 8.1% w/w; THC of 52.2% w/w), II (CBD of 9.2% w/w; THC of 8.0% w/w), and III (CBD 1.3% w/w, THC 33.5% w/w). These cannabinoid-rich extracts exhibited AChE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 52.3, 59.8, and 71.2 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This finding suggests that CBD, but not THC, might be an active compound contributing to AChE inhibitory effect.
背景:由于大麻在许多国家被合法允许用于医疗目的，它已成为最令人感兴趣的问题，特别是在阿尔茨海默病(AD)等神经系统疾病方面。抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)是治疗AD的机制之一。目的:建立富大麻素提取物的制备方法，并测定其乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。方法:采用微波辅助提取(MAE) -疏水柱分离绿色提取工艺制备富含大麻素的提取物。采用高效液相色谱法测定大麻二酚(CBD)和Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)的含量。以电鳗乙酰胆碱酯为原料，采用光度法测定其体外抑酶活性。结果:不同浓度CBD和四氢大麻酚得到3个富含大麻素的组分，即ⅰ组分(CBD为8.1% w/w;THC为52.2% w/w)， II (CBD为9.2% w/w;THC为8.0% w/w)， III (CBD 1.3% w/w, THC 33.5% w/w)。这些富含大麻素的提取物具有AChE抑制活性，IC50值分别为52.3、59.8和71.2µg/mL。结论:该发现提示CBD可能是抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性化合物，而非四氢大麻酚。
{"title":"Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Standardized Cannabinoids-rich Fractions","authors":"Wiwit Suttithumsatid, Jiraporn Kara, Luelak Lomlim, Charassri Nualsri","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1054.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1054.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Since cannabis has been legally allowed for medicinal purposes in many countries, it has become the most interesting issue, particularly in neurologic disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the mechanisms for the treatment of AD. Objectives: The present study aimed to establish a method for the preparation of cannabinoid-rich extracts and determine their AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: The cannabinoid-rich extracts were prepared through a green extraction process using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) followed by hydrophobic column separation. The contents of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro AChE inhibitory activity was determined via the photometric method using AChE from Electrophorus electricus. Results: Three cannabinoids-rich fractions were obtained with different concentrations of CBD and THC, namely Fractions I (CBD of 8.1% w/w; THC of 52.2% w/w), II (CBD of 9.2% w/w; THC of 8.0% w/w), and III (CBD 1.3% w/w, THC 33.5% w/w). These cannabinoid-rich extracts exhibited AChE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 52.3, 59.8, and 71.2 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This finding suggests that CBD, but not THC, might be an active compound contributing to AChE inhibitory effect.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foroogh Faridi, Nima Bahador, Saeed Shoja, Sahar Abbasi
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is one of the problems in antibiotic treatment of infections. Nanomedicines, such as chitosan (CS) can carry multiple drugs and improve the therapeutic effects of antibiotics. Objectives: This study aimed at the synthesis and characterization of ciprofloxacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for eradication of P. aeroginosa biofilm. Methods: Cipro-CS microparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and their size, zeta potential, and drug release pattern were determined. MBEC and MBIC of different groups of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin-PAβN, CS ciprofloxacin, and CS ciprofloxacin-PAβN) were performed on biofilm samples of P. aeroginosa. Results: Ciprofloxacin loading efficiency was 35.51%, and encapsulation efficiency was 55.06%. Released ciprofloxacin from CS nanoparticles was 80% after 24 hours. Biofilm production was positive in 96.7% of the isolates while 30.1% of the samples had strong biofilm. The best result for MBIC was CS ciprofloxacin, CS ciprofloxacin-PAβN, ciprofloxacin- PAβN, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. For MBEC the result was slightly different and from the best to better CS Ciprofloxacin-PAβN, CS Ciprofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin-PAβN, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Today, with increasing antibiotic resistance, there are many challenges in treating infections. Due to the role of biofilm in antibiotic resistance, researchers are looking for new antibiotics to treat infections.
背景:铜绿假单胞菌生物膜是抗生素治疗感染的难题之一。壳聚糖(CS)等纳米药物可以携带多种药物，提高抗生素的治疗效果。目的:制备环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米颗粒，并对其进行表征。方法:采用离子凝胶法制备环丙沙星微颗粒，测定其粒径、zeta电位和药物释放模式。对不同组抗生素(环丙沙星、环丙沙星- pa β n、CS环丙沙星、CS环丙沙星- pa β n)对肺绿假单胞菌生物膜样品进行MBEC和MBIC检测。结果:环丙沙星装药效率为35.51%，包封效率为55.06%。24h后，CS纳米颗粒环丙沙星的释放率为80%。96.7%的分离菌生膜阳性，30.1%的分离菌生膜强。MBIC的最佳效果分别为CS环丙沙星、CS环丙沙星-PAβN、CS环丙沙星-PAβN、环丙沙星。对于MBEC, CS环丙沙星- pa β n、CS环丙沙星、环丙沙星- pa β n、环丙沙星的效果由优到优。结论:今天，随着抗生素耐药性的增加，治疗感染面临许多挑战。由于生物膜在抗生素耐药性中的作用，研究人员正在寻找新的抗生素来治疗感染。
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Ciprofloxacin-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Eradication of Pseudomonas aeroginosa Biofilm","authors":"Foroogh Faridi, Nima Bahador, Saeed Shoja, Sahar Abbasi","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1112.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1112.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is one of the problems in antibiotic treatment of infections. Nanomedicines, such as chitosan (CS) can carry multiple drugs and improve the therapeutic effects of antibiotics. Objectives: This study aimed at the synthesis and characterization of ciprofloxacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for eradication of P. aeroginosa biofilm. Methods: Cipro-CS microparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and their size, zeta potential, and drug release pattern were determined. MBEC and MBIC of different groups of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin-PAβN, CS ciprofloxacin, and CS ciprofloxacin-PAβN) were performed on biofilm samples of P. aeroginosa. Results: Ciprofloxacin loading efficiency was 35.51%, and encapsulation efficiency was 55.06%. Released ciprofloxacin from CS nanoparticles was 80% after 24 hours. Biofilm production was positive in 96.7% of the isolates while 30.1% of the samples had strong biofilm. The best result for MBIC was CS ciprofloxacin, CS ciprofloxacin-PAβN, ciprofloxacin- PAβN, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. For MBEC the result was slightly different and from the best to better CS Ciprofloxacin-PAβN, CS Ciprofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin-PAβN, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Today, with increasing antibiotic resistance, there are many challenges in treating infections. Due to the role of biofilm in antibiotic resistance, researchers are looking for new antibiotics to treat infections.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the mitochondria metabolite produced from glycine and succinyl-CoA, which is converted to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) by the conjugation of eight itself molecules forming the “heme” group in the porphyrin ring (Figure 1) [1]. The PpIX is used as a photosensitizer (PS) with an absorption wavelength of 410 nm, and 5-ALA acts as a precursor or prodrug for PpIX in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Exogenous administration of excessive amounts of 5-ALA increases the production of PpIX during heme biosynthesis. It is eliminated after 24-48 h with a lower risk of long-term photosensitivity [2]. However, ALA/PDT has several disadvantages. For instance, the concentration of ALA is affected by its absorption and pharmacokinetics that do not fully cover the treatment area [3-5]. It also limits the depth of tumor penetration and causes pain [6].
{"title":"Effectiveness of 5-aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Therapy Combined With Curcumin","authors":"Siu Kan Law","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1057.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1057.2","url":null,"abstract":"5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the mitochondria metabolite produced from glycine and succinyl-CoA, which is converted to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) by the conjugation of eight itself molecules forming the “heme” group in the porphyrin ring (Figure 1) [1]. The PpIX is used as a photosensitizer (PS) with an absorption wavelength of 410 nm, and 5-ALA acts as a precursor or prodrug for PpIX in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Exogenous administration of excessive amounts of 5-ALA increases the production of PpIX during heme biosynthesis. It is eliminated after 24-48 h with a lower risk of long-term photosensitivity [2]. However, ALA/PDT has several disadvantages. For instance, the concentration of ALA is affected by its absorption and pharmacokinetics that do not fully cover the treatment area [3-5]. It also limits the depth of tumor penetration and causes pain [6].","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georges Hatem, Aya Awarkeh, Lynne H Jaffal, Dalia Khachman, Amal Al-Hajje, Salam Zein
Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) often have other associated comorbidities, making them susceptible to drug-related problems (DRPs) which can adversely affect their quality of life. Understanding these problems can provide baseline data to allow informed health decisions and effective management of patients. Objectives: This study aims to investigate DRPs in T2D patients with hypertension and find the predictors of these problems. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for six months in the internal medicine department of a tertiary care hospital in Lebanon. Participants were 135 adult T2D patients with hypertension who were receiving one or more anti-diabetes drugs, and at least one medication for hypertension. Pharmaceutical care network europe classification system was used to classify the DRPs. Data were collected by two clinical pharmacists using a self-report tool. Results: Most of patients were female. Most of them (94.1%) had at least one DRP (1.43±0.72 per patient). “Non-optimal drug treatment effect” was the most frequent problem (48.2%). Achieving the HbA1C target reduced the odds of this problem by 66.6%, while the increased serum creatinine level caused a two-fold increase in this problem. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers reduced the odds of DRPs by 86.2% and 83.3%, respectively, while lipid-lowering and anti-anginal drug use caused a four-fold increase in DRPs. Conclusion: Early identification of DRPs in diabetic patients with hypertension and their associated factors can help improve their management and reduce the associated mortality and morbidity rates.
{"title":"Drug-related Problems Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Hypertension in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lebanon: A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Georges Hatem, Aya Awarkeh, Lynne H Jaffal, Dalia Khachman, Amal Al-Hajje, Salam Zein","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1155.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1155.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) often have other associated comorbidities, making them susceptible to drug-related problems (DRPs) which can adversely affect their quality of life. Understanding these problems can provide baseline data to allow informed health decisions and effective management of patients. Objectives: This study aims to investigate DRPs in T2D patients with hypertension and find the predictors of these problems. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for six months in the internal medicine department of a tertiary care hospital in Lebanon. Participants were 135 adult T2D patients with hypertension who were receiving one or more anti-diabetes drugs, and at least one medication for hypertension. Pharmaceutical care network europe classification system was used to classify the DRPs. Data were collected by two clinical pharmacists using a self-report tool. Results: Most of patients were female. Most of them (94.1%) had at least one DRP (1.43±0.72 per patient). “Non-optimal drug treatment effect” was the most frequent problem (48.2%). Achieving the HbA1C target reduced the odds of this problem by 66.6%, while the increased serum creatinine level caused a two-fold increase in this problem. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers reduced the odds of DRPs by 86.2% and 83.3%, respectively, while lipid-lowering and anti-anginal drug use caused a four-fold increase in DRPs. Conclusion: Early identification of DRPs in diabetic patients with hypertension and their associated factors can help improve their management and reduce the associated mortality and morbidity rates.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In animal studies, minocycline (Mcy) has been proven to have antidepressant effects. In addition to modulating peripheral and central pro-inflammatory pathways, Mcy may regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This study aims to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of Mcy in mice following injection of dexamethasone (Dex) or cyclosporine-A (CsA). Methods: Male NMRI mice were randomly divided into eight groups of 6, including control, Dex 0.25 mg/kg, CsA 20 mg/kg, Mcy 40 mg/kg, Dex+Mcy, Dex+fluoxetine 20 mg/kg, CsA+Mcy, and CsA+fluoxetine. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally (except for Dex, which was subcutaneous injection) once daily for 3 days. The locomotor activity, forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference (SP) test were performed on day 4. Results: Mcy alone reduced immobility time in the FST (27.0±6.4 s) compared to the control group (104±3.9 s) (P<0.001). After the co-administration of Mcy and Dex, the immobility time significantly decreased (79.5±6.5 s) compared to the Dex group (P<0.001). It also decreased following the co-administration of Mcy and CsA (67.5±20.8 s) compared to the CsA group (P<0.001). Results were similar in the groups treated with fluoxetine plus Dex or CsA. Significant differences were not observed in the locomotor activity test. Conclusion: Mcy prevents depression-like behavior in mice during the FST when it is co-administrated with CsA or Dex. The possibility of the positive effect of Mcy on the HPA axis and the mTOR signaling pathway should be examined in further studies.
{"title":"Minocycline Prevents Depression-like Behavior After Co-administration With Dexamethasone or Cyclosporine-A in Mice","authors":"Azadeh Mesripour, Sara Pezeshki","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1116.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1116.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In animal studies, minocycline (Mcy) has been proven to have antidepressant effects. In addition to modulating peripheral and central pro-inflammatory pathways, Mcy may regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This study aims to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of Mcy in mice following injection of dexamethasone (Dex) or cyclosporine-A (CsA). Methods: Male NMRI mice were randomly divided into eight groups of 6, including control, Dex 0.25 mg/kg, CsA 20 mg/kg, Mcy 40 mg/kg, Dex+Mcy, Dex+fluoxetine 20 mg/kg, CsA+Mcy, and CsA+fluoxetine. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally (except for Dex, which was subcutaneous injection) once daily for 3 days. The locomotor activity, forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference (SP) test were performed on day 4. Results: Mcy alone reduced immobility time in the FST (27.0±6.4 s) compared to the control group (104±3.9 s) (P<0.001). After the co-administration of Mcy and Dex, the immobility time significantly decreased (79.5±6.5 s) compared to the Dex group (P<0.001). It also decreased following the co-administration of Mcy and CsA (67.5±20.8 s) compared to the CsA group (P<0.001). Results were similar in the groups treated with fluoxetine plus Dex or CsA. Significant differences were not observed in the locomotor activity test. Conclusion: Mcy prevents depression-like behavior in mice during the FST when it is co-administrated with CsA or Dex. The possibility of the positive effect of Mcy on the HPA axis and the mTOR signaling pathway should be examined in further studies.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi, Khadijeh Bagheri, Ali Sharafi
Background: Plantago lanceolata L. (ribwort plantain) and Plantago major L. (broadleaf plantain) are widely used in ethnobotanical studies and for treating various diseases. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity and chemical compounds of these plants. Methods: The leaf extracts of P. lanceolata and P. major were fractioned using different solvents. The phytochemical screening was carried out by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The antibacterial activity of extracts was assessed using the disc diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were measured by microtiter-broth dilution method. Results: The dichloromethane leaf extract of P. lanceolata and P. major showed the highest antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi (diameter of the inhibition zone: 18.83 and 20.00 mm, respectively) at 100 mg/mL concentration. The lowest MIC was related to dichloromethane extracts of both plants against S. paratyphi (500 µg/mL). The lowest MBC (1000 µg/mL) was related to the dichloromethane extract of P. major against S. paratyphi. The main compounds of P. lanceolata leaf extracts were bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (41.96%), 1-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)nonane (32.69%), bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl- (1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)- (10.45%), and cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl- (27.96% and 31.33%). The main compounds of P. major leaf extracts were eicosane (23.62%), cyclohexasiloxane dodecamethyl- (18.21%), 1-methyl-3-n-propyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (18.08%), cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl- (33.85%), and 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-acetic acid, methyl ester (34.26%). Conclusion: Fractionation of the methanolic leaf extract of P. lanceolata and P. major can help better isolate active components from these plants. The antibacterial properties of the extracts of two plants may be due to the presence of antibacterial compounds detected in GC-MS.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activities and Chemical Compounds of Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort Plantain) and Plantago major (Broadleaf Plantain) Leaf Extracts","authors":"Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi, Khadijeh Bagheri, Ali Sharafi","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1061.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1061.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plantago lanceolata L. (ribwort plantain) and Plantago major L. (broadleaf plantain) are widely used in ethnobotanical studies and for treating various diseases. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity and chemical compounds of these plants. Methods: The leaf extracts of P. lanceolata and P. major were fractioned using different solvents. The phytochemical screening was carried out by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The antibacterial activity of extracts was assessed using the disc diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were measured by microtiter-broth dilution method. Results: The dichloromethane leaf extract of P. lanceolata and P. major showed the highest antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi (diameter of the inhibition zone: 18.83 and 20.00 mm, respectively) at 100 mg/mL concentration. The lowest MIC was related to dichloromethane extracts of both plants against S. paratyphi (500 µg/mL). The lowest MBC (1000 µg/mL) was related to the dichloromethane extract of P. major against S. paratyphi. The main compounds of P. lanceolata leaf extracts were bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (41.96%), 1-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)nonane (32.69%), bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl- (1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)- (10.45%), and cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl- (27.96% and 31.33%). The main compounds of P. major leaf extracts were eicosane (23.62%), cyclohexasiloxane dodecamethyl- (18.21%), 1-methyl-3-n-propyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (18.08%), cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl- (33.85%), and 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-acetic acid, methyl ester (34.26%). Conclusion: Fractionation of the methanolic leaf extract of P. lanceolata and P. major can help better isolate active components from these plants. The antibacterial properties of the extracts of two plants may be due to the presence of antibacterial compounds detected in GC-MS.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: According to COVID-19 mutation and no defined treatment, it is necessary to find effective treatment. Chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine antipsychotic drug, has been shown in animal studies to have antiviral effects by inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding chlorpromazine to the atazanavir/ritonavir regimen in the treatment of moderate COVID-19 patients. Methods: In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, sixty hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19 confirmed by CT findings or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were enrolled. All patients received atazanavir/ritonavir 300mg/100mg once daily. In two parallel groups, chlorpromazine 25 mg three times a day or a placebo was administered for up to 14 days. Complete blood count with differential, C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzymes, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. The primary outcome was the improvement of oxygen saturation and the secondary outcome was the duration of hospitalization and conversion of PCR test results. Results: Oxygen saturation during the hospitalization was not different among the two groups. The mean duration of hospitalization in the chlorpromazine group was 7.4±2.7 days and in the placebo was 8.2±3 days (P=0.2). Compared to baseline, both groups showed an increase in white blood cell count (P=0.04) and polymorphonuclear cells (P=0.04) but lymphocyte count decreased. At the end of the study, the PCR test was negative in 100% of patients in the chlorpromazine group and 95% of patients in the placebo group. Conclusion: In adult hospitalized patients with moderate symptomatic COVID-19, adding chlorpromazine to the atazanavir/ritonavir regimen did not improve outcomes.
{"title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Adding Chlorpromazine to Atazanavir/Ritonavir Regimen in the Treatment of Moderate COVID-19 Patients, a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial","authors":"Sima Ramezaninejad, Hamid Reza Namvar, Masoumeh Sohrabi, David Darvishnia, Nematollah Ahangar, Ahmad Alikhani, Hamideh Abbaspour, Reza Valadan, Zahra Akbari, Jafar Akbari, Roya Ghasemian, Ebrahim Salehifar","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1084.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1084.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: According to COVID-19 mutation and no defined treatment, it is necessary to find effective treatment. Chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine antipsychotic drug, has been shown in animal studies to have antiviral effects by inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding chlorpromazine to the atazanavir/ritonavir regimen in the treatment of moderate COVID-19 patients. Methods: In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, sixty hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19 confirmed by CT findings or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were enrolled. All patients received atazanavir/ritonavir 300mg/100mg once daily. In two parallel groups, chlorpromazine 25 mg three times a day or a placebo was administered for up to 14 days. Complete blood count with differential, C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzymes, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. The primary outcome was the improvement of oxygen saturation and the secondary outcome was the duration of hospitalization and conversion of PCR test results. Results: Oxygen saturation during the hospitalization was not different among the two groups. The mean duration of hospitalization in the chlorpromazine group was 7.4±2.7 days and in the placebo was 8.2±3 days (P=0.2). Compared to baseline, both groups showed an increase in white blood cell count (P=0.04) and polymorphonuclear cells (P=0.04) but lymphocyte count decreased. At the end of the study, the PCR test was negative in 100% of patients in the chlorpromazine group and 95% of patients in the placebo group. Conclusion: In adult hospitalized patients with moderate symptomatic COVID-19, adding chlorpromazine to the atazanavir/ritonavir regimen did not improve outcomes.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inna Muhammad Fannami, Sani Hyedima Garba, Wilson Oliver Hamman, Samaila Musa Chiroma
Background: The natural origin of medicinal plants does not guarantee their safety, as there are no sufficient studies on the safety, efficacy, and toxicity to support their benefit claims. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the oral acute toxicity of Adansonia digitata L. (A. digitata) fruit shell extract in mice. Methods: The maceration method was employed for the extraction of the A. digitata fruit shell using methanol. The extract was then screened for its phytochemical constituents both qualitatively and quantitatively. Lorke’s method was followed for the toxicity study, and the mice were observed for clinical signs of toxicity and mortality. Further, serum was analyzed for liver and kidney function biomarkers besides the histology of the liver, kidney, and cerebellum. Results: No single death was recorded and no sign of toxicity persisted for more than 2 hours post-administration to the extracts up to 5000 mg/kg. Therefore, the - of A. digitata fruit shell is above 5000 mg/kg. Additionally, no changes were observed in the weights as well as the relative organ weight of the mice. Further, no statistically significant changes were seen in their liver and kidney function biomarkers, besides the relatively intact histological appearance of their liver, kidney, and cerebellum. Conclusion: The oral acute toxicity of methanol extract of A. digitata fruit shell is above 5000 mg/kg; hence, it is relatively safe to use it for medicinal purposes. However, a longer study duration is recommended to evaluate its toxic effects on fertility, teratogenicity, and carcinogenic potentials.
{"title":"Acute Toxicity Study of Methanol Extract of Baobab (Adansonia digitata Linn) Fruit Shell Extract in Mice","authors":"Inna Muhammad Fannami, Sani Hyedima Garba, Wilson Oliver Hamman, Samaila Musa Chiroma","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.3.1073.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1073.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The natural origin of medicinal plants does not guarantee their safety, as there are no sufficient studies on the safety, efficacy, and toxicity to support their benefit claims. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the oral acute toxicity of Adansonia digitata L. (A. digitata) fruit shell extract in mice. Methods: The maceration method was employed for the extraction of the A. digitata fruit shell using methanol. The extract was then screened for its phytochemical constituents both qualitatively and quantitatively. Lorke’s method was followed for the toxicity study, and the mice were observed for clinical signs of toxicity and mortality. Further, serum was analyzed for liver and kidney function biomarkers besides the histology of the liver, kidney, and cerebellum. Results: No single death was recorded and no sign of toxicity persisted for more than 2 hours post-administration to the extracts up to 5000 mg/kg. Therefore, the - of A. digitata fruit shell is above 5000 mg/kg. Additionally, no changes were observed in the weights as well as the relative organ weight of the mice. Further, no statistically significant changes were seen in their liver and kidney function biomarkers, besides the relatively intact histological appearance of their liver, kidney, and cerebellum. Conclusion: The oral acute toxicity of methanol extract of A. digitata fruit shell is above 5000 mg/kg; hence, it is relatively safe to use it for medicinal purposes. However, a longer study duration is recommended to evaluate its toxic effects on fertility, teratogenicity, and carcinogenic potentials.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Plantago species contain aucubin and catalpol iridoid glycosides used in traditional medicine for many purposes. Objectives: To accelerate the utilization of aucubin and catalpol in Plantago species, research should be focused on introducing advanced purification and detection methods. In this regard, the therapeutic activities of aucubin and catalpol compounds are mentioned to confirm their effectiveness in medicinal uses. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the keywords “Aucubin and Catalpol + Plantago” in the public domains of Google scholar. Results: The iridoid patterns exhibited a significant correlation with morphological and other chemical specifications of the representatives of the genus Plantago. Commonly, iridoid glycosides are detected with gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and capillary electrophoresis techniques. The most common methods are HPLC and HPTLC. Aucubin and catalpol are active compounds possessing biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, osteoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Conclusion: This review article comprehensively summarizes cytotoxic activities and detection methods of aucubin and catalpol in Plantago species. The results suggest that Plantago species and their metabolites may benefit human health beyond their traditional uses.
背景:车前草属植物含有桃红素和梓醇环烯醚萜类苷，在传统医学中用途广泛。目的:为加快车前草中桃红素和梓醇的利用，应重点研究引进先进的纯化和检测方法。在这方面，提到了山茱萸素和梓醇化合物的治疗活性，以证实其在药用上的有效性。方法:在谷歌学者的公共领域中以“Aucubin and Catalpol + Plantago”为关键词进行广泛的文献检索。结果:环烯醚萜类化合物与车前草属代表性植物的形态特征和其他化学特征具有显著的相关性。通常，环烯醚萜苷的检测方法包括气相色谱法、液相色谱法、薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱法、高效薄层色谱法和毛细管电泳技术。最常用的方法是HPLC和HPTLC。桃苦素和梓醇是具有抗癌、抗衰老、抗炎、抗氧化、保肝、保骨、保神经等生物活性的活性化合物。结论:本文对车前草中桃红素和梓醇的细胞毒活性及检测方法进行了综述。结果表明，车前草及其代谢物可能对人类健康有益，而不仅仅是它们的传统用途。
{"title":"Biological Activities and Analytical Methods for Detecting Aucubin and Catalpol Iridoid Glycosides in Plantago Species: A Review Study","authors":"S. Rahamouz-Haghighi","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.2.1061.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.2.1061.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plantago species contain aucubin and catalpol iridoid glycosides used in traditional medicine for many purposes. Objectives: To accelerate the utilization of aucubin and catalpol in Plantago species, research should be focused on introducing advanced purification and detection methods. In this regard, the therapeutic activities of aucubin and catalpol compounds are mentioned to confirm their effectiveness in medicinal uses. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the keywords “Aucubin and Catalpol + Plantago” in the public domains of Google scholar. Results: The iridoid patterns exhibited a significant correlation with morphological and other chemical specifications of the representatives of the genus Plantago. Commonly, iridoid glycosides are detected with gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and capillary electrophoresis techniques. The most common methods are HPLC and HPTLC. Aucubin and catalpol are active compounds possessing biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, osteoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Conclusion: This review article comprehensively summarizes cytotoxic activities and detection methods of aucubin and catalpol in Plantago species. The results suggest that Plantago species and their metabolites may benefit human health beyond their traditional uses.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73485987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seyyed Javad Boskabadi, Saeed Kargar-soleimanabad, S. Khosravi, Mohammad Parsa-kondelaji, F. Gholami
Background: The effects of vitamin D on the skeletal system, biological metabolism, and immune system function are well shown. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D2) and ergocalciferol (vitamin) are 2 major types of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 deficiency is worldwide and the intoxication induced by it is very rare. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 is involved in calcium hemostasis. The effects of acute hypercalcemia on blood pressure were established. Hypercalcemia can elevate the blood pressure, and renal failure may predispose the individual to a hypertensive response. The clinical symptoms often associated with vitamin D3 intoxication are related to acute renal failure. Hypertension without acute renal failure symptoms can emphasize the relationship between acute hypercalcemia and hypertension.
{"title":"Secondary Hypertension Induced by Vitamin D3: A Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"Seyyed Javad Boskabadi, Saeed Kargar-soleimanabad, S. Khosravi, Mohammad Parsa-kondelaji, F. Gholami","doi":"10.32598/pbr.9.2.1043.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.2.1043.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The effects of vitamin D on the skeletal system, biological metabolism, and immune system function are well shown. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D2) and ergocalciferol (vitamin) are 2 major types of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 deficiency is worldwide and the intoxication induced by it is very rare. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 is involved in calcium hemostasis. The effects of acute hypercalcemia on blood pressure were established. Hypercalcemia can elevate the blood pressure, and renal failure may predispose the individual to a hypertensive response. The clinical symptoms often associated with vitamin D3 intoxication are related to acute renal failure. Hypertension without acute renal failure symptoms can emphasize the relationship between acute hypercalcemia and hypertension.","PeriodicalId":6323,"journal":{"name":"2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85981453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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