MXene-based conductive hydrogels (MCHs) have emerged as highly promising materials for next-generation wearable electrochemical sensors, owing to their exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent advances in the development of wearable sensors that incorporate Ti3C2TX MXene hydrogels for the detection of a wide range of analytes in various biofluids. Diverse hydrogel matrices have been integrated with MXenes to fabricate highly sensitive platforms capable of monitoring key biomarkers such as glucose, dopamine, uric acid, lactate, norepinephrine, sodium, creatinine, and pH. These sensors have been successfully deployed at various locations in the body, including the forearm, chest, wrist, and head, using flexible formats such as skin patches, microfluidic devices, pantyliners, wearable caps, and attachable body accessories. Notably, several configurations demonstrate ultralow detection limits, reaching the nanomolar level, enabling real-time, noninvasive analysis of sweat, urine, and other physiological fluids. The wide range of functional additives and customizable design approaches underscores the modularity and tunability of MCH-based systems for specific applications. This review critically evaluates the design principles, sensing mechanisms, performance metrics, and practical limitations of current MCH-based wearable platforms, providing insights that can guide future innovations in smart wearable healthcare technologies.
{"title":"Recent Progress in Wearable Electrochemical Sensors Based on MXene-Conductive Hydrogels","authors":"Hanieh Golshahi, Kheibar Dashtian, Rouholah Zare-Dorabei, Kagan Kerman","doi":"10.1039/d5an01118c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an01118c","url":null,"abstract":"MXene-based conductive hydrogels (MCHs) have emerged as highly promising materials for next-generation wearable electrochemical sensors, owing to their exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent advances in the development of wearable sensors that incorporate Ti3C2TX MXene hydrogels for the detection of a wide range of analytes in various biofluids. Diverse hydrogel matrices have been integrated with MXenes to fabricate highly sensitive platforms capable of monitoring key biomarkers such as glucose, dopamine, uric acid, lactate, norepinephrine, sodium, creatinine, and pH. These sensors have been successfully deployed at various locations in the body, including the forearm, chest, wrist, and head, using flexible formats such as skin patches, microfluidic devices, pantyliners, wearable caps, and attachable body accessories. Notably, several configurations demonstrate ultralow detection limits, reaching the nanomolar level, enabling real-time, noninvasive analysis of sweat, urine, and other physiological fluids. The wide range of functional additives and customizable design approaches underscores the modularity and tunability of MCH-based systems for specific applications. This review critically evaluates the design principles, sensing mechanisms, performance metrics, and practical limitations of current MCH-based wearable platforms, providing insights that can guide future innovations in smart wearable healthcare technologies.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147319887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Songül Ulusoy, Şule İrem Altunbaş, Aslıhan Gürbüzer, Ümmügülsüm Polat, Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy
A highly selective and sensitive analytical strategy was established for the trace quantification of two oral antidiabetic drugs, gliclazide (GLZ) and glimepiride (GLM). The procedure integrates magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). In this approach, a newly engineered Magnetic-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-sulfanilamide (Fe₃O₄@APTES– Sulfanilamide), was synthesized and utilized as an innovative adsorbent. Sulfanilamide as functional molecule on the surface has been used for the first time in this study. The hybrid structure, consisting of a Fe₃O₄ magnetic core and a sulfanilamide-functionalized silane shell, provides strong binding affinity toward sulfonylurea compounds through synergistic hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. Optimization studies were carried out to achieve the best extraction efficiency by adjusting experimental variables such as solution pH, adsorption and desorption times, and solvent composition. Under the final working conditions (pH 6.0; desorption with acetonitrile–methanol mixture), both target analytes were effectively preconcentrated prior to chromatographic determination. Separation was accomplished using an isocratic elution system containing 10 % methanol, 40 % phosphate buffer (pH 3.0), and 50 % acetonitrile, with UV detection at 219 and 256 nm. The developed protocol demonstrated excellent linearity, remarkable enrichment factors, and very low detection limits. Precision studies yielded RSD values below 3.5% (n = 3, 100 ng·mL⁻¹). The reliability of the proposed method was further validated by its successful application to both synthetic and human urine samples, giving satisfactory recovery results. This newly designed Fe₃O₄@APTES–Sulfanilamide -based MSPE coupled with HPLC-DAD provides a robust, time-efficient, and eco-friendly platform for the determination of trace oral antidiabetic drugs in complex biological matrices.
{"title":"Magnetic-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-sulfanilamide: A New Functional Sorbent for Selective Preconcentration of Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Drugs in Biological Samples","authors":"Songül Ulusoy, Şule İrem Altunbaş, Aslıhan Gürbüzer, Ümmügülsüm Polat, Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy","doi":"10.1039/d5an01377a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an01377a","url":null,"abstract":"A highly selective and sensitive analytical strategy was established for the trace quantification of two oral antidiabetic drugs, gliclazide (GLZ) and glimepiride (GLM). The procedure integrates magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). In this approach, a newly engineered Magnetic-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-sulfanilamide (Fe₃O₄@APTES– Sulfanilamide), was synthesized and utilized as an innovative adsorbent. Sulfanilamide as functional molecule on the surface has been used for the first time in this study. The hybrid structure, consisting of a Fe₃O₄ magnetic core and a sulfanilamide-functionalized silane shell, provides strong binding affinity toward sulfonylurea compounds through synergistic hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. Optimization studies were carried out to achieve the best extraction efficiency by adjusting experimental variables such as solution pH, adsorption and desorption times, and solvent composition. Under the final working conditions (pH 6.0; desorption with acetonitrile–methanol mixture), both target analytes were effectively preconcentrated prior to chromatographic determination. Separation was accomplished using an isocratic elution system containing 10 % methanol, 40 % phosphate buffer (pH 3.0), and 50 % acetonitrile, with UV detection at 219 and 256 nm. The developed protocol demonstrated excellent linearity, remarkable enrichment factors, and very low detection limits. Precision studies yielded RSD values below 3.5% (n = 3, 100 ng·mL⁻¹). The reliability of the proposed method was further validated by its successful application to both synthetic and human urine samples, giving satisfactory recovery results. This newly designed Fe₃O₄@APTES–Sulfanilamide -based MSPE coupled with HPLC-DAD provides a robust, time-efficient, and eco-friendly platform for the determination of trace oral antidiabetic drugs in complex biological matrices.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To investigate the characteristics of changes in human urine metabolites of meclofenoxate by using metabolomics technology based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap MS) and to search for the identification of biomarkers related to drug effects. Seventeen healthy college students were selected as experimental subjects, and urine samples were collected from the subjects before and after taking the drug, respectively. The data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis after format conversion, peak detection, and normalization, and screening of differential metabolites and database search were performed to identify potential biomarkers and metabolic pathway analysis. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) demonstrated significant intergroup differences in the metabolites of urine samples before and after the administration of meclofenoxate, and further screened for eight major potential biomarkers (VIP > 1 and P < 0.01), and the main metabolic pathways involve histidine metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, etc. The results of the study can help to provide a theoretical basis for the application and diagnosis of meclofenoxate.
{"title":"Urinary Metabolomic Characterization of Meclofenoxate Based on UHPLC-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap MS Technology","authors":"Bing Liu, Wennuo Xu, Tingyuan Zheng, Quan Zhong Li, Jingjing Zhao","doi":"10.1039/d5an01344e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an01344e","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the characteristics of changes in human urine metabolites of meclofenoxate by using metabolomics technology based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap MS) and to search for the identification of biomarkers related to drug effects. Seventeen healthy college students were selected as experimental subjects, and urine samples were collected from the subjects before and after taking the drug, respectively. The data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis after format conversion, peak detection, and normalization, and screening of differential metabolites and database search were performed to identify potential biomarkers and metabolic pathway analysis. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) demonstrated significant intergroup differences in the metabolites of urine samples before and after the administration of meclofenoxate, and further screened for eight major potential biomarkers (VIP > 1 and P < 0.01), and the main metabolic pathways involve histidine metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, etc. The results of the study can help to provide a theoretical basis for the application and diagnosis of meclofenoxate.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147287465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaojing Zhang, Hongyang Guo, Li Sin Wong, Hangming Xiong, Liubing Kong, Li Zhang, Yanjie Hu, Yong Zhou, Hao Wan, Ping Wang
Decentralized biomarker testing is pivotal for cancer screening, risk evaluation, and longitudinal surveillance, yet most established assays remain laboratory-centric that are not suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Saliva has attracted extensive attentions owing to its redundant bioinformation, non-invasive collection and easy sampling for disease screening. Herein, we developed a highly sensitive Love-wave surface acoustic wave (Love-SAW) immunosensor for the quantification of Cyfra21-1 in saliva, a clinically established cytokeratin-19 fragment widely used in epithelial cancer management, and advanced it toward a chip-scale sensing platform that can be readily integrated into portable POCT devices. The immunosensor employs a sandwich immunoassay, with signal amplification by gold nanoparticle–labeled antibodies. The sensing interface is engineered via cysteamine self-assembly on gold through Au–S coupling, followed by glutaraldehyde activation to enable covalent immobilization of the Cyfra21-1 coating antibody. Cyfra21-1 was measured in both PBS and artificial saliva samples, with a total assay time of approximately 20 min per sample. The Love-SAW immunosensor provided a dynamic detection range of 7.81–62.5 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 4.9 ng/mL for Cyfra21-1 detection in PBS, and demonstrated matrix-tolerant detection in spiked artificial saliva (15.62–125 ng/mL, LOD: 13.9 ng/mL). Quantification in spiked artificial saliva agreed well with ELISA, yielding good recoveries of 82.36%–106.60%. These results demonstrate that the gold-enhanced Love-SAW immunosensor enables highly sensitive, rapid and portable quantification of salivary biomarkers, providing a promising foundation for the development of compact and non-invasive POCT systems for disease screening.
{"title":"Highly sensitive Love-wave surface acoustic wave immunosensor for point-of-care detection of Cyfra21-1 in saliva","authors":"Xiaojing Zhang, Hongyang Guo, Li Sin Wong, Hangming Xiong, Liubing Kong, Li Zhang, Yanjie Hu, Yong Zhou, Hao Wan, Ping Wang","doi":"10.1039/d6an00023a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an00023a","url":null,"abstract":"Decentralized biomarker testing is pivotal for cancer screening, risk evaluation, and longitudinal surveillance, yet most established assays remain laboratory-centric that are not suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Saliva has attracted extensive attentions owing to its redundant bioinformation, non-invasive collection and easy sampling for disease screening. Herein, we developed a highly sensitive Love-wave surface acoustic wave (Love-SAW) immunosensor for the quantification of Cyfra21-1 in saliva, a clinically established cytokeratin-19 fragment widely used in epithelial cancer management, and advanced it toward a chip-scale sensing platform that can be readily integrated into portable POCT devices. The immunosensor employs a sandwich immunoassay, with signal amplification by gold nanoparticle–labeled antibodies. The sensing interface is engineered via cysteamine self-assembly on gold through Au–S coupling, followed by glutaraldehyde activation to enable covalent immobilization of the Cyfra21-1 coating antibody. Cyfra21-1 was measured in both PBS and artificial saliva samples, with a total assay time of approximately 20 min per sample. The Love-SAW immunosensor provided a dynamic detection range of 7.81–62.5 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 4.9 ng/mL for Cyfra21-1 detection in PBS, and demonstrated matrix-tolerant detection in spiked artificial saliva (15.62–125 ng/mL, LOD: 13.9 ng/mL). Quantification in spiked artificial saliva agreed well with ELISA, yielding good recoveries of 82.36%–106.60%. These results demonstrate that the gold-enhanced Love-SAW immunosensor enables highly sensitive, rapid and portable quantification of salivary biomarkers, providing a promising foundation for the development of compact and non-invasive POCT systems for disease screening.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarita Devi, Shivangi Goel, Sonia Rani, Rudolf J. Schneider, Rishika Rohilla, Surbhi Kumari, Nirmal Prabhakar
Cancer underscores the severity of a disease characterized by high mortality and complex pathophysiology; however, its early and accurate diagnosis remains insufficient. Conventional diagnostic approaches often fall short, particularly in dense tissue, being invasive, costly, and less availability. It reinforces the need for a compact, economical, and ultrasensitive assay that is operationally simple and interpretable. We present an efficient electrochemical detection platform for the cancer biomarker, Mucin 1 (MUC1). The fluorine tin oxide (FTO) surface was modified with the Iron-based metal-organic Framework (FeMOF), as-intercalated with palladium nanorods (PdNR). FeMOF was prepared using the Fe3+/Fe2+ precursors at a 1.2/1 mmol ratio and dual ligands, i.e., tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. The antiMUC1 antibodies were immobilized on a modified electrode via p-phenylenediamine (PDA) (FTO/FeMOF@PdNR/PDA/antiMUC1Ab) and evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltammetry. The designed sensor delivered an excellent binding affinity for the MUC1 antigen. Among these techniques, the EIS method stands out for its technical performance, as evidenced by the high sensitivity (detection limit 0.074 fg/ml), quantification limit 0.24 fg/ml, and high analytical sensitivity (1.39x103 Ω/fgml-1cm-2). The negligible cross-reactivity with interferent biomolecules, rapid response (10-minute equilibrium), regenerability up to 5 cycles, high reproducibility (RSD ~1-3%), and long-term stability (up to 35 days) further validate the suitability of the proposed MUC1 immunosensor. This study presents an ultrasensitive biosensor that is compact, cost-effective, and easy for individuals at home to use after further development into a kit-based end product. Moreover, its excellent functionality in serum-spiked samples promises for next-generation clinical diagnostics.
{"title":"MOF-metal nanohybrid-assisted charge transfer amplification for electrochemical biosensing of MUC1 Cancer Biomarker","authors":"Sarita Devi, Shivangi Goel, Sonia Rani, Rudolf J. Schneider, Rishika Rohilla, Surbhi Kumari, Nirmal Prabhakar","doi":"10.1039/d6an00018e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an00018e","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer underscores the severity of a disease characterized by high mortality and complex pathophysiology; however, its early and accurate diagnosis remains insufficient. Conventional diagnostic approaches often fall short, particularly in dense tissue, being invasive, costly, and less availability. It reinforces the need for a compact, economical, and ultrasensitive assay that is operationally simple and interpretable. We present an efficient electrochemical detection platform for the cancer biomarker, Mucin 1 (MUC1). The fluorine tin oxide (FTO) surface was modified with the Iron-based metal-organic Framework (FeMOF), as-intercalated with palladium nanorods (PdNR). FeMOF was prepared using the Fe3+/Fe2+ precursors at a 1.2/1 mmol ratio and dual ligands, i.e., tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. The antiMUC1 antibodies were immobilized on a modified electrode via p-phenylenediamine (PDA) (FTO/FeMOF@PdNR/PDA/antiMUC1Ab) and evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltammetry. The designed sensor delivered an excellent binding affinity for the MUC1 antigen. Among these techniques, the EIS method stands out for its technical performance, as evidenced by the high sensitivity (detection limit 0.074 fg/ml), quantification limit 0.24 fg/ml, and high analytical sensitivity (1.39x103 Ω/fgml-1cm-2). The negligible cross-reactivity with interferent biomolecules, rapid response (10-minute equilibrium), regenerability up to 5 cycles, high reproducibility (RSD ~1-3%), and long-term stability (up to 35 days) further validate the suitability of the proposed MUC1 immunosensor. This study presents an ultrasensitive biosensor that is compact, cost-effective, and easy for individuals at home to use after further development into a kit-based end product. Moreover, its excellent functionality in serum-spiked samples promises for next-generation clinical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147287469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lauren McDonnell, Christopher O'Rourke, Michaella Watson, Andrew Mills
A novel colourimetric H2 indicator is described, comprising an intimate mixture of methylene blue, MB, and colloidal Pt particles, encapsulated in a polymer film and laminated between two thin sheets of low density polyethylene. Upon exposure to H2, the blue coloured indicator turns colourless, as the MB is reduced to leuco methylene blue, but is restored to its original blue colour by air. The indicator is easy to make, stable and reproducible and is used to detect the presence of both gaseous and dissolved H2. The H2 indicator is used to screen for H2-generating bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, and Clostridium bifermentans, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Here, the indicator is set in the bottom of a well plate containing the bacterium under test and its colour assessed by eye, or photographically. A value for the apparent absorbance, A’, of the indicator is obtained by digital colour analysis of its photograph and, for each bacterium, a series of reverse ‘S’ shaped A’ vs incubation time, t, profiles are generated using different inoculated growth medium samples, covering a wide total viable count (TVC) range, 108 -101 CFU/mL. Each profile has at its half-way colour change point, an associated incubation time, t50 and, for all the H2 generating bacteria tested, the plot of log(TVC) vs t50, is a straight line. This calibration graph is the basis of a new microrespirometry method, H2 μR-TVC, which compliments O2 μR-TVC. The potential applications of the H2 indicator are discussed briefly.
{"title":"Novel H2 colourimetric indicator for screening the activity of H2-generating bacteria and measuring their total viable count (TVC)","authors":"Lauren McDonnell, Christopher O'Rourke, Michaella Watson, Andrew Mills","doi":"10.1039/d5an01221j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an01221j","url":null,"abstract":"A novel colourimetric H2 indicator is described, comprising an intimate mixture of methylene blue, MB, and colloidal Pt particles, encapsulated in a polymer film and laminated between two thin sheets of low density polyethylene. Upon exposure to H2, the blue coloured indicator turns colourless, as the MB is reduced to leuco methylene blue, but is restored to its original blue colour by air. The indicator is easy to make, stable and reproducible and is used to detect the presence of both gaseous and dissolved H2. The H2 indicator is used to screen for H2-generating bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, and Clostridium bifermentans, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Here, the indicator is set in the bottom of a well plate containing the bacterium under test and its colour assessed by eye, or photographically. A value for the apparent absorbance, A’, of the indicator is obtained by digital colour analysis of its photograph and, for each bacterium, a series of reverse ‘S’ shaped A’ vs incubation time, t, profiles are generated using different inoculated growth medium samples, covering a wide total viable count (TVC) range, 108 -101 CFU/mL. Each profile has at its half-way colour change point, an associated incubation time, t50 and, for all the H2 generating bacteria tested, the plot of log(TVC) vs t50, is a straight line. This calibration graph is the basis of a new microrespirometry method, H2 μR-TVC, which compliments O2 μR-TVC. The potential applications of the H2 indicator are discussed briefly.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanja Mutić, Sandra Petrović, Dalibor M Stanković, Jasmina Anojčić
The electrocatalytic properties of anionic dye-based sensors were demonstrated by their strong influence on the oxidation signal of piperine (PIP), a widely used alkaloid usually found in food and pharmaceutical samples. The purpose of this study was to improve recent advancements on the design and sensing ability of modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) prepared by electropolymerization of dyes for PIP determination. The important variables were the choice of dye for electropolymerization and polymer dye film thickness when incorporated onto the CPE surface, which was evaluated using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) methods. The performance of the two anionic dye-based sensors, poly(murexide)- (PMUX/CPE) and poly(bromocresol green)-modified CPE (PBCG/CPE) was compared and PMUX/CPE proved to have the most favorable electrocatalytic behavior. CV studies revealed that PIP undergoes an irreversible electrooxidation at the PMUX/CPE and exhibits an adsorptive behavior. Consequently, the sensitivity of the PMUX/CPE was greatly improved when polarized at -0.3 V for 60 s due to the higher accumulation ability of PIP at pH 8.0, as determined during the optimization of the square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SW-AdSV) method. Achieved analytical response of PIP found to be linear in the range of 0.067–3.47 µmol L-1 PIP, and a limit of detection was 21 nmol L-1 PIP. Ultimately, the PIP concentration in a black pepper sample was determined using the designed PMUX/CPE and SW-AdSV method, which demonstrated great sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. The obtained results were confirmed by a comparative spectrophotometric method.
{"title":"Catalytic effect of conductive dyes for an improved analytical performance of electrochemical sensor for piperine determination in black pepper","authors":"Sanja Mutić, Sandra Petrović, Dalibor M Stanković, Jasmina Anojčić","doi":"10.1039/d6an00068a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an00068a","url":null,"abstract":"The electrocatalytic properties of anionic dye-based sensors were demonstrated by their strong influence on the oxidation signal of piperine (PIP), a widely used alkaloid usually found in food and pharmaceutical samples. The purpose of this study was to improve recent advancements on the design and sensing ability of modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) prepared by electropolymerization of dyes for PIP determination. The important variables were the choice of dye for electropolymerization and polymer dye film thickness when incorporated onto the CPE surface, which was evaluated using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) methods. The performance of the two anionic dye-based sensors, poly(murexide)- (PMUX/CPE) and poly(bromocresol green)-modified CPE (PBCG/CPE) was compared and PMUX/CPE proved to have the most favorable electrocatalytic behavior. CV studies revealed that PIP undergoes an irreversible electrooxidation at the PMUX/CPE and exhibits an adsorptive behavior. Consequently, the sensitivity of the PMUX/CPE was greatly improved when polarized at -0.3 V for 60 s due to the higher accumulation ability of PIP at pH 8.0, as determined during the optimization of the square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SW-AdSV) method. Achieved analytical response of PIP found to be linear in the range of 0.067–3.47 µmol L-1<small><sup></sup></small> PIP, and a limit of detection was 21 nmol L-1<small><sup></sup></small> PIP. Ultimately, the PIP concentration in a black pepper sample was determined using the designed PMUX/CPE and SW-AdSV method, which demonstrated great sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. The obtained results were confirmed by a comparative spectrophotometric method.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Detecting multiple metal ions, especially those from the same periodic group, is quite challenging with a single fluorophore-based sensing method because of their similar chemical properties. We introduce a unique fluorescent probe that can identify Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ simultaneously from their mixture, even in the presence of other metal ions, with the first two being in the same group of the periodic table. The design of the probe (L1) is based on the selective binding of Zn2+ or Cd2+, which triggers the fluorescence response of the phenolic aldehyde chromophore moiety, changing it from off- to on-mode due to its linkage with 2-((pyridin-2-yl)methylamino)methyl)phenol, which restricts the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process upon metal ion binding. Pb2+ acts as an unique metal ion, replacing Cd(II) but not Zn(II) from their respective complexes with L1. Using Pb2+'s preferential interaction with the Cd(II)-complex, we were able to quantify not only Zn2+ and Cd2+, but also the presence of Pb2+ in their mixture with detection limit below 0.01 micro-M. This can be achieved by formulating suitable analytical equations to determine the intensity value related to Cd(II)/L1 from the total intensity affected by all three metal ions, as well as the intensity reduction caused by Pb2+ for Cd(II)/L1. We measured Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ contents in nearby industrial wastewater. Fluorescence bio-imaging studies indicate that the probe is very effective in identifying elevated level of Zn2+ and Cd2+ in cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that L1's reversible fluorescence responses in the presence of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ are suitable for the application of molecular logic gates.
{"title":"A single fluorescent probe for simultaneous detection of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ in industrial wastewater with application in bio-imaging and molecular logic gates","authors":"Chandicharan Ghosh, Snigdha Roy, Sowmadeep Das, Sanju Das, Ambarish Ray, Partha Pratim Parui","doi":"10.1039/d5an01239b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an01239b","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting multiple metal ions, especially those from the same periodic group, is quite challenging with a single fluorophore-based sensing method because of their similar chemical properties. We introduce a unique fluorescent probe that can identify Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ simultaneously from their mixture, even in the presence of other metal ions, with the first two being in the same group of the periodic table. The design of the probe (L1) is based on the selective binding of Zn2+ or Cd2+, which triggers the fluorescence response of the phenolic aldehyde chromophore moiety, changing it from off- to on-mode due to its linkage with 2-((pyridin-2-yl)methylamino)methyl)phenol, which restricts the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process upon metal ion binding. Pb2+ acts as an unique metal ion, replacing Cd(II) but not Zn(II) from their respective complexes with L1. Using Pb2+'s preferential interaction with the Cd(II)-complex, we were able to quantify not only Zn2+ and Cd2+, but also the presence of Pb2+ in their mixture with detection limit below 0.01 micro-M. This can be achieved by formulating suitable analytical equations to determine the intensity value related to Cd(II)/L1 from the total intensity affected by all three metal ions, as well as the intensity reduction caused by Pb2+ for Cd(II)/L1. We measured Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ contents in nearby industrial wastewater. Fluorescence bio-imaging studies indicate that the probe is very effective in identifying elevated level of Zn2+ and Cd2+ in cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that L1's reversible fluorescence responses in the presence of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ are suitable for the application of molecular logic gates.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estrogenic compounds, including both natural estrogens such as estrone (E1), 17β estradiol (E2), and synthetic 17α ethinylestradiol (EE2), are widely recognized for their endocrine disrupting effects in the environment. EE2 is a main ingredient in oral contraceptives, and it poses environmental challenges due to its resistance to biodegradation and bioaccumulation in aquatic systems. In this work, EE2 was used as a target to select DNA aptamers, and extensive negative selections were employed using E2 as a counter target to obtain highly selective aptamers. After 18 rounds of selections, two families of aptamers were obtained. Among them, a sequence named EE2-1 has a predicted secondary structure containing a highly conserved loop region connecting two duplex stems. EE2-1 has a Kd of 200 nM based on thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence spectroscopy and 138 nM based on isothermal titration calorimetry. Using this ThT fluorescence assay, a limit of detection of 40 nM was determined, and its binding to E2 was much weaker. This aptamer provides a promising molecular recognition element for development of biosensors and assays capable of detecting trace levels of EE2.
{"title":"Negative selection assisted isolation of a highly selective DNA aptamer for the detection of 17α-ethinylestradiol","authors":"Nathania Lui, Qiushi Liu, Juewen Liu","doi":"10.1039/d5an01374g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an01374g","url":null,"abstract":"Estrogenic compounds, including both natural estrogens such as estrone (E1), 17β estradiol (E2), and synthetic 17α ethinylestradiol (EE2), are widely recognized for their endocrine disrupting effects in the environment. EE2 is a main ingredient in oral contraceptives, and it poses environmental challenges due to its resistance to biodegradation and bioaccumulation in aquatic systems. In this work, EE2 was used as a target to select DNA aptamers, and extensive negative selections were employed using E2 as a counter target to obtain highly selective aptamers. After 18 rounds of selections, two families of aptamers were obtained. Among them, a sequence named EE2-1 has a predicted secondary structure containing a highly conserved loop region connecting two duplex stems. EE2-1 has a Kd of 200 nM based on thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence spectroscopy and 138 nM based on isothermal titration calorimetry. Using this ThT fluorescence assay, a limit of detection of 40 nM was determined, and its binding to E2 was much weaker. This aptamer provides a promising molecular recognition element for development of biosensors and assays capable of detecting trace levels of EE2.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of DNA molecular electronics, driven by DNA's unique molecular structure and inherent electrical properties, has evolved from fundamental charge transport studies into a multidisciplinary domain that bridges biophysics, materials science, and genomics. Based on the structural features of DNA molecules, this review organizes the field through a directional classification of electron transport into longitudinal versus transverse configurations (along versus across the DNA strand). In this framework, longitudinal transport supports the development of DNA-based electronic devices through the integrated conductance of the entire molecular chain, whereas transverse transport enables direct base recognition by probing local electronic properties. Accordingly, we discuss the integration of DNA into molecular electronic devices and strategies for modulating its electrical properties, and assess the progress and challenges toward quantum sequencing as a next-generation DNA sequencing technology. Finally, we outline prevailing challenges and potential future directions that may accelerate the transition of DNA-based molecular electronics from principle to practical application.
{"title":"DNA molecular electronics - from molecular devices to quantum sequencing","authors":"Yiqun Wu, Aoxing Sun, Daifen Yu, Lei Yu","doi":"10.1039/d5an01107h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an01107h","url":null,"abstract":"The field of DNA molecular electronics, driven by DNA's unique molecular structure and inherent electrical properties, has evolved from fundamental charge transport studies into a multidisciplinary domain that bridges biophysics, materials science, and genomics. Based on the structural features of DNA molecules, this review organizes the field through a directional classification of electron transport into longitudinal versus transverse configurations (along versus across the DNA strand). In this framework, longitudinal transport supports the development of DNA-based electronic devices through the integrated conductance of the entire molecular chain, whereas transverse transport enables direct base recognition by probing local electronic properties. Accordingly, we discuss the integration of DNA into molecular electronic devices and strategies for modulating its electrical properties, and assess the progress and challenges toward quantum sequencing as a next-generation DNA sequencing technology. Finally, we outline prevailing challenges and potential future directions that may accelerate the transition of DNA-based molecular electronics from principle to practical application.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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