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Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent modality of regulated cell death mediated by lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a central regulator of diverse pathologies, including tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration. The Golgi apparatus, which governs lipid metabolism, ion homeostasis, and oxidative stress responses, undergoes structural and functional perturbations during ferroptosis, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Recent advances in Golgi-targeted fluorescent probes now enable real-time, subcellular-resolution mapping of microenvironmental dynamics, offering unprecedented opportunities to dissect Golgi-mediated ferroptosis signaling. This Review systematically examines the design principles and recent progress of Golgi-directed fluorescent probes, critically assesses their current limitations, and outlines future directions for developing next-generation probes to interrogate key molecular and microenvironmental alterations underlying ferroptosis.

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Acute recreational drug toxicity is a common reason for presentation to the emergency department, but confirmatory toxicological testing is rarely available. Instead, clinicians rely on patient self-reporting and managing the clinical features. Paper spray ionisation-mass spectrometry enables direct analysis of dried blood spots; however, commonly observed ≥60 minutes drying time restricts clinical utility. This study investigated the impact of reduced drying intervals on analytical performance. Ten analytes were fortified into drug-free whole blood spots as pseudo-unknown samples and dried for 10, 20, 40 or 60 minutes alongside calibration curves. Analyses were performed by a Thermo Fisher Scientific VeriSpray™ Paper Spray Ion Source coupled to a Thermo Fisher Scientific Altis™ Plus Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. Orthogonal regression compared calibration curves across drying intervals, while pseudo-unknowns were evaluated for bias (%) and precision (% CV). All drying times demonstrated statistical agreement, with 95% CI for slopes and intercepts including 1 and 0 respectively. Precision was excellent (≤1%CV) and bias ranged between −9% and 30%. Ion ratios met acceptance criteria, ensuring reliable identification. Additionally, instrument performance was unaffected by shorter drying times. Whole blood spots dried for as little as 10 minutes yield confirmatory results equivalent to 60 minutes protocols. Reducing sample turnaround time to within 15 minutes of sample collection, this study provides a strong rationale for further translational research to support toxicology workflows in the emergency department and inform management of patients presenting with acute recreational drug toxicity.

This work develops an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for detecting rutin (Rt) using a composite material, Co@N-CNTs/3DHC. The composite integrates cobalt-encapsulated, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes within a three-dimensional porous carbon framework. We synthesized the material through a controlled pyrolysis method. First, cobalt-based metal–organic frameworks were grown in situ on the 3DHC substrate. The addition of dicyandiamide (DCDA) helped direct the morphology, and the 3DHC structure itself effectively suppressed precursor aggregation. This process yielded a uniform network of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) with diameters near 100 nm, inside which ultrafine cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) were confined. The integrated N-CNTs and 3DHC framework creates a hierarchical porous architecture that promotes efficient mass transport. In addition, the well-dispersed Co NPs substantially improve both electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity. Under optimized conditions, the Co@N-CNTs/3DHC/GCE exhibited two well-defined linear ranges from 0.1 to 50 nM and from 50 to 1000 nM, achieving an ultralow detection limit (LOD) of 0.04 nM. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to accurately determine the rutin content in real samples, including buckwheat and rutin tablets, yielding satisfactory recoveries (96.0% to 105.0%). This work provides a novel strategy for developing highly sensitive and stable methods for rutin detection, demonstrating significant potential for practical applications in pharmaceutical quality control and biomedical analysis.