Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880946
Mads Lauridsen, I. Kovács, P. Mogensen, Mads Sørensen, Steffen Holst
The 3GPP has introduced the LTE-M and NB-IoT User Equipment categories and made amendments to LTE release 13 to support the cellular Internet of Things. The contribution of this paper is to analyze the coverage probability, the number of supported devices, and the device battery life in networks equipped with either of the newly standardized technologies. The study is made for a site specific network deployment of a Danish operator, and the simulation is calibrated using drive test measurements. The results show that LTE-M can provide coverage for 99.9 % of outdoor and indoor devices, if the latter is experiencing 10 dB additional loss. However, for deep indoor users NB-IoT is required and provides coverage for about 95 % of the users. The cost is support for more than 10 times fewer devices and a 2-6 times higher device power consumption. Thus both LTE-M and NB- IoT provide extended support for the cellular Internet of Things, but with different trade- offs.
{"title":"Coverage and Capacity Analysis of LTE-M and NB-IoT in a Rural Area","authors":"Mads Lauridsen, I. Kovács, P. Mogensen, Mads Sørensen, Steffen Holst","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880946","url":null,"abstract":"The 3GPP has introduced the LTE-M and NB-IoT User Equipment categories and made amendments to LTE release 13 to support the cellular Internet of Things. The contribution of this paper is to analyze the coverage probability, the number of supported devices, and the device battery life in networks equipped with either of the newly standardized technologies. The study is made for a site specific network deployment of a Danish operator, and the simulation is calibrated using drive test measurements. The results show that LTE-M can provide coverage for 99.9 % of outdoor and indoor devices, if the latter is experiencing 10 dB additional loss. However, for deep indoor users NB-IoT is required and provides coverage for about 95 % of the users. The cost is support for more than 10 times fewer devices and a 2-6 times higher device power consumption. Thus both LTE-M and NB- IoT provide extended support for the cellular Internet of Things, but with different trade- offs.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72993617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880909
Bohua Li, Yukui Pei, N. Ge
As technology moves into nano-realm, large area of the chip is especially vulnerable to single event upset (SEU) in space applications. In this paper, low cost fault-tolerant schemes are presented for the key modules of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code decoder to save logic resources. For counters, a fault-tolerant scheme based on m-sequence and Hamming coding is proposed, whereby the soft errors generated by SEUs can be located and corrected by a simple Hamming decoder. For RAM contents, we first propose a layered pipelined architecture absorbing LLR RAM into V2C RAM to reduce memory bits, which will lower the impact of SEUs. Then, a RAM hardening scheme is proposed, which only requires to detect soft errors by parity check, while the error correction is accomplished by decoder's own iterative decoding capability that has not been exploited sufficiently. Simulation results show that the proposed fault-tolerant counter could totally avoid SEUs and saves 42% of cell area compared with TMR method and the layered pipelined architecture saves 42% and 12% of memory bits compared with [4] and [15]. In addition, the hardened RAM cells will not cause extra bit errors when a soft error happens under the environments of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The cost is only one parity bit for each RAM content, which is much less than conventional hardening schemes.
{"title":"Area-Efficient Fault-Tolerant Design for Low-Density Parity-Check Decoders","authors":"Bohua Li, Yukui Pei, N. Ge","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880909","url":null,"abstract":"As technology moves into nano-realm, large area of the chip is especially vulnerable to single event upset (SEU) in space applications. In this paper, low cost fault-tolerant schemes are presented for the key modules of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code decoder to save logic resources. For counters, a fault-tolerant scheme based on m-sequence and Hamming coding is proposed, whereby the soft errors generated by SEUs can be located and corrected by a simple Hamming decoder. For RAM contents, we first propose a layered pipelined architecture absorbing LLR RAM into V2C RAM to reduce memory bits, which will lower the impact of SEUs. Then, a RAM hardening scheme is proposed, which only requires to detect soft errors by parity check, while the error correction is accomplished by decoder's own iterative decoding capability that has not been exploited sufficiently. Simulation results show that the proposed fault-tolerant counter could totally avoid SEUs and saves 42% of cell area compared with TMR method and the layered pipelined architecture saves 42% and 12% of memory bits compared with [4] and [15]. In addition, the hardened RAM cells will not cause extra bit errors when a soft error happens under the environments of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The cost is only one parity bit for each RAM content, which is much less than conventional hardening schemes.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74630428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880917
Christoph Ide, Oleg Belov, Dennis Kaulbars, C. Wietfeld
The load-aware operation of network infrastructure is a well established green networking concept to improve the energy-efficiency of wireless communication networks. But while it has been shown that switching-off base stations in times of low traffic leads to significant savings of energy, the interdependency of such infrastructure-oriented measures on the power consumption of user equipments has not been addressed in detail so far. This paper therefore quantizes the negative impact of switching-off strategies for base stations on the battery lifetime of Long Term Evolution (LTE) devices. Therefore, the Context- Aware Power Consumption Model for LTE devices (CoPoMo) that enables an accurate quantification of the energy efficiency of devices under different network deployments, is leveraged. In order to enable a trade-off between energy savings in the infrastructure and battery lifetimes of devices on the user side, we propose a Battery-Lifetime-Aware switching-off Strategy (BaLAnce) for base stations. The results of a simulation study with a reference LTE network scenario show, that a significantly better energy trade-off can be achieved by BaLAnce.
{"title":"BaLAnce: Battery Lifetime-Aware LTE Switching-Off Strategy in Green Network Infrastructures","authors":"Christoph Ide, Oleg Belov, Dennis Kaulbars, C. Wietfeld","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880917","url":null,"abstract":"The load-aware operation of network infrastructure is a well established green networking concept to improve the energy-efficiency of wireless communication networks. But while it has been shown that switching-off base stations in times of low traffic leads to significant savings of energy, the interdependency of such infrastructure-oriented measures on the power consumption of user equipments has not been addressed in detail so far. This paper therefore quantizes the negative impact of switching-off strategies for base stations on the battery lifetime of Long Term Evolution (LTE) devices. Therefore, the Context- Aware Power Consumption Model for LTE devices (CoPoMo) that enables an accurate quantification of the energy efficiency of devices under different network deployments, is leveraged. In order to enable a trade-off between energy savings in the infrastructure and battery lifetimes of devices on the user side, we propose a Battery-Lifetime-Aware switching-off Strategy (BaLAnce) for base stations. The results of a simulation study with a reference LTE network scenario show, that a significantly better energy trade-off can be achieved by BaLAnce.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72595909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881122
E. Kalantari, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongaçoğlu
Using drone base stations (drone-BSs) in wireless networks has started attracting attention. Drone-BSs can assist the ground BSs in both capacity and coverage enhancement. One of the important problems about integrating drone-BSs to cellular networks is the management of their placement to satisfy the dynamic system requirements. In this paper, we propose a method to find the positions of drone-BSs in an area with different user densities using a heuristic algorithm. The goal is to find the minimum number of drone-BSs and their 3D placement so that all the users are served. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach can satisfy the quality-of-service requirements of the network.
{"title":"On the Number and 3D Placement of Drone Base Stations in Wireless Cellular Networks","authors":"E. Kalantari, H. Yanikomeroglu, A. Yongaçoğlu","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881122","url":null,"abstract":"Using drone base stations (drone-BSs) in wireless networks has started attracting attention. Drone-BSs can assist the ground BSs in both capacity and coverage enhancement. One of the important problems about integrating drone-BSs to cellular networks is the management of their placement to satisfy the dynamic system requirements. In this paper, we propose a method to find the positions of drone-BSs in an area with different user densities using a heuristic algorithm. The goal is to find the minimum number of drone-BSs and their 3D placement so that all the users are served. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach can satisfy the quality-of-service requirements of the network.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73833505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881056
Chin-Liang Wang, Jyun-Yu Chen, Siu-Hang Lam, P. Xiao
In this paper, we first consider a downlink multiple- input multiple-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA) system with a base station and four users, where the users are equally divided into two clusters and inter-cluster interference is induced in transmission. Then we propose a joint clustering and precoding algorithm for the system such that not only the inter-cluster interference can be effectively eliminated but also the sum capacity can be enhanced. Specifically, a set of precoder pairs (one pair having two precoders for the two clusters) are constructed based on the eigenspaces of channel matrices, and one of them is selected to maximize the sum capacity. The proposed joint algorithm involves a high-complexity issue due to the need of exhaustive search for the best precoder pair. To reduce the search complexity, we explore the channel gain of each user and construct a reduced-size precoding set for selection. Combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, the proposed four-user scheme is further extended to the general multiuser case, where every four users share a subcarrier for MIMO-NOMA transmission. Simulation results show that the proposed MIMO-NOMA scheme can provide more system capacity than a MIMO orthogonal multiple access approach.
{"title":"Joint Clustering and Precoding for a Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System with Multiple Antennas","authors":"Chin-Liang Wang, Jyun-Yu Chen, Siu-Hang Lam, P. Xiao","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881056","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we first consider a downlink multiple- input multiple-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA) system with a base station and four users, where the users are equally divided into two clusters and inter-cluster interference is induced in transmission. Then we propose a joint clustering and precoding algorithm for the system such that not only the inter-cluster interference can be effectively eliminated but also the sum capacity can be enhanced. Specifically, a set of precoder pairs (one pair having two precoders for the two clusters) are constructed based on the eigenspaces of channel matrices, and one of them is selected to maximize the sum capacity. The proposed joint algorithm involves a high-complexity issue due to the need of exhaustive search for the best precoder pair. To reduce the search complexity, we explore the channel gain of each user and construct a reduced-size precoding set for selection. Combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, the proposed four-user scheme is further extended to the general multiuser case, where every four users share a subcarrier for MIMO-NOMA transmission. Simulation results show that the proposed MIMO-NOMA scheme can provide more system capacity than a MIMO orthogonal multiple access approach.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74005056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881036
C. Illangakoon, P. Yahampath
We consider the problem of sending a bivariate Gaussian source over a slow-fading multiple-access channel (MAC) with no channel state information at the transmitters. A joint source-channel coding (JSCC) scheme is constructed using hybrid digital- analog (HDA) coding techniques to minimize the average distortion over the uncertain MAC. Numerical results show that, under Rayleigh fading, the proposed HDA scheme can outperform the source-channel separation approach and the uncoded approach as the power-to-noise ratio increases. A HDA scheme based on orthogonal multiple access is designed for comparison.
{"title":"Hybrid Digital-Analog Communication of a Bivariate Gaussian Source over a Fading MAC","authors":"C. Illangakoon, P. Yahampath","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881036","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the problem of sending a bivariate Gaussian source over a slow-fading multiple-access channel (MAC) with no channel state information at the transmitters. A joint source-channel coding (JSCC) scheme is constructed using hybrid digital- analog (HDA) coding techniques to minimize the average distortion over the uncertain MAC. Numerical results show that, under Rayleigh fading, the proposed HDA scheme can outperform the source-channel separation approach and the uncoded approach as the power-to-noise ratio increases. A HDA scheme based on orthogonal multiple access is designed for comparison.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79102599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881099
Mingming Cai, J. N. Laneman
This paper describes two concepts for Multichannel Immediate Multiple Access (MIMA) radio architectures for Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC). Based upon an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) physical layer, MIMA allows receivers to listen to all seven channels allotted for DSRC in the 5.9 GHz band and allows transmitters to send messages in any subset of the seven DSRC channels. The multichannel accessibility of MIMA further provides higher data rate for various applications, such as In-Vehicle Infotainment. The MIMA architectures are also compatible with the IEEE 802.11p standard, that is, they can coexist with 802.11p transceivers. One MIMA concept can increase spectrum utilization by up to 21.4% beyond carrier aggregation alone by utilizing guard bands in between aggregated DSRC channels. Another MIMA concept is to separate synchronization from demodulation and decoding, allowing a receiver to operate synchronizers for multiple channels in parallel but demodulating and decoding only those channels that are active, and thereby significantly reduce the FPGA or digital chip resources in the receiver. A prototype of the MIMA architecture has been implemented using an advanced software defined radio (SDR) platform. Preliminary results from the prototypes demonstrate the multichannel accessibility of the physical layer.
{"title":"Multichannel Immediate Multiple Access for Dedicated Short-Range Communications: IEEE 802.11p-Compatible Physical Layer","authors":"Mingming Cai, J. N. Laneman","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881099","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes two concepts for Multichannel Immediate Multiple Access (MIMA) radio architectures for Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC). Based upon an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) physical layer, MIMA allows receivers to listen to all seven channels allotted for DSRC in the 5.9 GHz band and allows transmitters to send messages in any subset of the seven DSRC channels. The multichannel accessibility of MIMA further provides higher data rate for various applications, such as In-Vehicle Infotainment. The MIMA architectures are also compatible with the IEEE 802.11p standard, that is, they can coexist with 802.11p transceivers. One MIMA concept can increase spectrum utilization by up to 21.4% beyond carrier aggregation alone by utilizing guard bands in between aggregated DSRC channels. Another MIMA concept is to separate synchronization from demodulation and decoding, allowing a receiver to operate synchronizers for multiple channels in parallel but demodulating and decoding only those channels that are active, and thereby significantly reduce the FPGA or digital chip resources in the receiver. A prototype of the MIMA architecture has been implemented using an advanced software defined radio (SDR) platform. Preliminary results from the prototypes demonstrate the multichannel accessibility of the physical layer.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84947410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881206
Le Wang, Jin Chen, Guochun Ren, Guoru Ding, Zhen Xue, Haichao Wang
In this paper, we study robust spectrum sharing under channel uncertainty in a cognitive radio network (CRN), where a great number of secondary users (SUs) and a primary user (PU) coexist with each other sharing the same frequency spectrum. Considering the practical challenge that the channel gain between SU transmitters (SU-Txs) and PU receiver (PU-Rx) is typically uncertain, a probabilistic interference constraint is introduced in this paper. Although the interference constraint can be transformed into a linear outage probability formation, the optimization problem is a non-convex and non-linear programming (NCNLP). To circumvent the difficulty of directly solving the problem, we convert the original objective function and the outage probability constraint into suitable forms by the mathematical transformation and apply the convex optimization theory to solving this intractable problem. Moreover, we employ the interior point method to design an efficient algorithm and acquire a near-optimal solution. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out under various parameter configurations, which demonstrate that the proposed robust spectrum sharing algorithm can achieve higher performance than the state-of-the-art schemes.
{"title":"Robust Spectrum Sharing under Channel Uncertainty for Cognitive Radio Networks","authors":"Le Wang, Jin Chen, Guochun Ren, Guoru Ding, Zhen Xue, Haichao Wang","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881206","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study robust spectrum sharing under channel uncertainty in a cognitive radio network (CRN), where a great number of secondary users (SUs) and a primary user (PU) coexist with each other sharing the same frequency spectrum. Considering the practical challenge that the channel gain between SU transmitters (SU-Txs) and PU receiver (PU-Rx) is typically uncertain, a probabilistic interference constraint is introduced in this paper. Although the interference constraint can be transformed into a linear outage probability formation, the optimization problem is a non-convex and non-linear programming (NCNLP). To circumvent the difficulty of directly solving the problem, we convert the original objective function and the outage probability constraint into suitable forms by the mathematical transformation and apply the convex optimization theory to solving this intractable problem. Moreover, we employ the interior point method to design an efficient algorithm and acquire a near-optimal solution. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out under various parameter configurations, which demonstrate that the proposed robust spectrum sharing algorithm can achieve higher performance than the state-of-the-art schemes.","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85423943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880999
Mehdi Tavakoli Garrosi
The ongoing research in the field of vehicular communication towards cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) tries to tackle the ever increasing road traffic problems. In urban Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), network disconnections happen frequently as a result of fast movement of vehicles, road layout constraints, and shadowing effects caused by buildings. Therefore, one of the key factors to successfully establish VANETs, is a routing protocol, which can fulfill the Quality-of-Service (QoS) required by ITS's promised applications, e.g., traffic management, road safety and comfort. Because of the simplicity, efficiency and scalability of geo-routing protocols, they suit for VANETs. The family of greedy perimeter geo-routing protocols became a considerable solution for VANETs. Although enhancements to GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) has been proposed, still there are shortcomings, which needs to be eliminated, to have geo-routing at its best. In this paper, EIPG (Enhanced Intersection-based Perimeter Geo-routing) is proposed for urban VANETs. EIPG inherits the restricted greedy forwarding of GpsrJ+ but employs a new intersection-based perimeter forwarding in order to avoid the problem of Wrong Street Estimation (WSE). Based on our profound simulation study, EIPG shows a significant improvement in comparison to GpsrJ+, in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and network overhead. EIPG also requires only the information of single-hops, i.e., the direct neighbor vehicles, to avoid the unnecessary overhead caused by the extra information included in the beacon messages of GpsrJ+ and be more compatible with the standard Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM).
面向协作式智能交通系统(ITS)的车载通信领域正在进行研究，试图解决日益增长的道路交通问题。在城市车辆自组织网络(VANET)中，由于车辆的快速移动、道路布局的限制以及建筑物的阴影效应，经常发生网络断开。因此，成功建立VANETs的关键因素之一是路由协议，该路由协议可以满足ITS承诺应用所需的服务质量(QoS)，例如交通管理，道路安全和舒适性。由于地理路由协议的简单、高效和可扩展性，它们适合vanet。贪婪周边地理路由协议家族成为vanet的重要解决方案。尽管已经提出了对GPSR(贪婪周边无状态路由)的增强，但仍然存在需要消除的缺点，以使地理路由达到最佳状态。提出了一种基于增强交叉口的周边地理路由(EIPG)方法。EIPG继承了GpsrJ+的受限贪婪转发，但为了避免错误街道估计(Wrong Street Estimation, WSE)问题，采用了一种新的基于交叉口的周长转发。基于我们深入的仿真研究，EIPG在分组传输比(PDR)、端到端延迟和网络开销方面比GpsrJ+有了显著的改进。为了避免GpsrJ+的信标消息中包含的额外信息所带来的不必要的开销，EIPG还只需要单跳的信息，即直接邻居车辆的信息，并且与标准的协同感知消息(CAM)更加兼容。
{"title":"Enhanced Intersection-Based Perimeter Geo-Routing in Urban Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","authors":"Mehdi Tavakoli Garrosi","doi":"10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880999","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing research in the field of vehicular communication towards cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) tries to tackle the ever increasing road traffic problems. In urban Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), network disconnections happen frequently as a result of fast movement of vehicles, road layout constraints, and shadowing effects caused by buildings. Therefore, one of the key factors to successfully establish VANETs, is a routing protocol, which can fulfill the Quality-of-Service (QoS) required by ITS's promised applications, e.g., traffic management, road safety and comfort. Because of the simplicity, efficiency and scalability of geo-routing protocols, they suit for VANETs. The family of greedy perimeter geo-routing protocols became a considerable solution for VANETs. Although enhancements to GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) has been proposed, still there are shortcomings, which needs to be eliminated, to have geo-routing at its best. In this paper, EIPG (Enhanced Intersection-based Perimeter Geo-routing) is proposed for urban VANETs. EIPG inherits the restricted greedy forwarding of GpsrJ+ but employs a new intersection-based perimeter forwarding in order to avoid the problem of Wrong Street Estimation (WSE). Based on our profound simulation study, EIPG shows a significant improvement in comparison to GpsrJ+, in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and network overhead. EIPG also requires only the information of single-hops, i.e., the direct neighbor vehicles, to avoid the unnecessary overhead caused by the extra information included in the beacon messages of GpsrJ+ and be more compatible with the standard Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM).","PeriodicalId":6484,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85424263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881096
M. Basharat, W. Ejaz, K. Raahemifar, A. Anpalagan
The rapid growth of modern wireless applications results in spectrum and energy scarcity. Cognitive radio (CR) technology is pivotal to resolve spectrum shortage. However, energy consumption is a critical issue in CR networks (CRNs) due to the unique functionality of spectrum sensing. Besides RF energy harvesting has come up as a potential solution to provide energy to CR devices. In this paper, we first provide an overview of spectrum sensing in CRNs with RF energy harvesting. Then, we propose a framework for multi-band spectrum sensing in CRNs with RF energy harvesting. We formulate a problem to optimize sensing time for throughput maximization while protecting primary users and keeping a minimum level of residual energy. Simulation results show the performance of multi-band cooperative spectrum sensing in terms of average throughput and energy harvested.
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