INM is a toxic halogen nitromethane and disinfection by-product that is very dangerous to the environment and human beings since it is highly cytotoxic and mutagenic. Here, we examine the adsorption of INM on pristine graphene (PG), monovacancy graphene (MVG), nitrogen-doped vacuity graphene (NVG), and boron-doped vacuity graphene (BVG) and their Fe-functionalized analogs (FeG, FNG, and FBG) using density functional theory (DFT). To explain the adsorption mechanism, adsorption energy calculations, Hirshfeld charge transfer analysis, and electronic structure evaluations, such as band gap, density of states (DOS), and partial DOS (PDOS), were used. INM shows poor physisorption on PG, MVG, and NVG, whereas BVG shows stronger chemisorption by direct bonding. Fe adsorption is very important in increasing the strength of adsorption and redistribution of charges which results in strong electronic structure alterations. Then Fe-doped vacancy graphene is explored with respect to band gap, DOS, and PDOS plots. INM is then adsorbed on the surface. Fe-doped vacancy graphene (FVG) exhibits the highest adsorption energy and the largest electronic modification which validates the fact that it is strongly chemisorptively interacting. These findings emphasize FVG as a promising and efficient material to remove toxic INM in the contaminated environment and to develop graphene-based adsorbents to clean up the environment.
All calculations were done in the DMol3 package of Materials Studio with a doubled numerical plus polarization (DNP) basis set and DFT semicore pseudopotentials (DSPP). The GGA-PBE functional was used with the DFT-D correction by Grimme which considered the effects of exchange-correlation and dispersion. Spin-unrestricted geometry optimizations were driven to strict energy (2.0 × 10−5 Ha) and force (4 × 10−3 Ha Å−1) convergence factors, on a grid of 6 × 6 × 1 Monkhorst Pack k-points. To assess charge transfer and bonding properties, Hirshfeld charge and Mayer bond order analyses were used.
To explore more silicon carbide structures with superior properties, a novel silicon carbide with a highly symmetric truncated octahedral structure, named Pm3n-SiC, was investigated using first-principles methods based on density functional theory (DFT). This silicon carbide structure belongs to the cubic crystal system and (text{PM}overline{3 }N) symmetry group. The results show that Pm3n-SiC has a formation enthalpy of − 0.321 eV. Its phonon dispersion spectrum exhibits no imaginary frequencies, and its independent elastic constants satisfy the mechanical stability criteria. This finding indicates that Pm3n-SiC is readily synthesizable and exhibits both dynamic and mechanical stability. According to Chen’s model, the Vickers hardness is estimated to be approximately 16.3 GPa, and the universal elastic anisotropy index (A^{U}) = 0.57, which is a medium-hardness anisotropic material. Band structure and optical property analysis revealed that Pm3n-SiC is an indirect bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.732 eV. It exhibits strong transmittance in both the infrared and visible light regions, indicating its potential for optoelectronic applications.
The calculations were performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) as implemented in the Cambridge Sequential Total Energy Package (CASTEP). In this study, the material properties were analyzed using the GGA-PBE method. Since the PBE functional is generally known to underestimate bandgap values, the bandgap was also calculated using the HSE06 functional. Additionally, the elastic modulus was estimated using the Voigt–Reuss–Hill (VRH) approximation, and the Vickers hardness was evaluated based on Chen’s model.
Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, leading to intellectual and physical disabilities. Overexpression of the dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) gene, located on chromosome 21, plays a critical role in neurodevelopmental abnormalities and synaptic dysfunction associated with the disorder. Identifying regulatory mechanisms capable of suppressing DYRK1A expression represents a promising therapeutic strategy.
In this study, a consensus-based computational pipeline was employed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting DYRK1A. Candidate miRNAs were screened using three publicly accessible databases (miRDB, miRWalk, and TargetScan) with stringent score thresholds. Shortlisted miRNAs were further evaluated through hybridization energy analysis, RNA–RNA interaction validation, secondary structure prediction, exploratory protein–RNA docking with DYRK1A, long-timescale molecular dynamics (600 ns) simulations, and MM/PBSA binding free-energy calculations using the ff19SB force field.
Among the screened candidates, variants of hsa-miR-155-5p consistently emerged as the top miRNAs targeting DYRK1A. Their selection was supported by favorable hybridization energies, stable secondary structures, strong docking interactions with DYRK1A, low RMSD and RMSF values indicating structural stability during 600 ns molecular dynamics simulations, and highly favorable MM/PBSA binding free energies. Together, these metrics indicate robust and sustained interactions with the DYRK1A target.
The integrated computational analyses identify hsa-miR-155-5p as a potential post-transcriptional regulator of DYRK1A, suggesting its relevance as a therapeutic lead for Down syndrome. While these findings provide convergent in silico evidence, experimental validation is required to confirm the biological efficacy and specificity of the proposed miRNA candidates.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls many key signaling pathways associated with cell growth/survival and is a well-established druggable target of lung cancer. Previous studies have primarily focused on the extracellular ligand-binding domain (LBD) and intracellular kinase domain (KD) of EGFR, while its carboxy-terminal (CT) tail extended from the KD domain still remains largely unexplored to date. Considering that only the first ~ 80 CT residues (termed pkCT-tail) proximal to the KD are important for the kinase autoinhibition, we herein attempted to systematically investigate the structural basis, energetic property, and dynamic behavior of pkCT-tail as well as its role in EGFR activity and function
A 10-mer hotspot segment (residues 1009–1018) was identified to play an important role in mediating the intramolecular binding event of pkCT-tail to the KD domain, which is partially folded into an ordered, one-rounded helical conformation to tightly pack against the docking site of the KD domain. It is revealed that the Tyr1016 residue is a key anchor in the hotspot; its phosphorylation triggers the unbinding event of the hotspot segment, pkCT-tail, and even the whole CT-tail from the KD domain in a reversible manner. Several chemically stapled peptidic competitors were rationally designed as the potent binders of the KD domain and can compete with the native hotspot segment for the docking site. We demonstrated that both the intra-Tyr1016 phosphorylation and extra-peptidic competitors share a similar effect on EGFR, which can disrupt the native intramolecular interaction between the EGFR KD domain and pkCT-tail, thus unlocking the autoinhibitory state of the EGFR kinase. However, the peptidic competitors were observed to only moderately activate the kinase, imparting that the kinase activity is controlled by multiple factors rather than only the pkCT-tail.
Metal-based complex hydrogen storage materials demonstrate high hydrogen storage density and reversibility, attracting significant attention. This study focuses on analyzing the reaction mechanism of As-doped (LiNH2)2 clusters with LiH and NaH. The results indicate that As doping decreases the stability of (LiNH2)2, causing minimal changes in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital while significantly shifting the electron cloud distribution of the highest occupied molecular orbital towards As, concentrating electron deficiency around As. The dehydrogenation process favors the –AsH2 group, while the –NH2 group facilitates hydrogen storage. A new hydrogen storage and release mechanism involving hydrogen transfer between –NH2 and –AsH2 is proposed, which lowers the energy barrier for hydrogen release and improves the reversibility of hydrogen storage.
Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to analyze the reaction mechanism. Key stationary points along the reaction path underwent geometric optimization, and their correctness was verified through frequency analysis.
Currently, the study of charge transfer (CT) is significant and has attracted the attention of many researchers. The unique physical and chemical properties and wide range of applications have made charge transfer complexes (CTCs) a popular area of research. Thus, the designation of good components for creating CTCs with stable chemical bonds is very valuable. Quantum theoretical calculations are useful for studying three-centered intramolecular hydrogen bonding in organic molecules. Given that no computational study has been performed on the interaction between p-phenylenediamine (PPD, electron donor) and picric acid (PA, electron acceptor) until now, the UV-visible and IR spectra analysis, parameters such as natural charge (NBO), thermodynamic parameters like interaction energy (∆E°), standard enthalpies (∆H°), entropies (∆S°), Gibbs free energy (∆G°), and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the hydrogen bond (HB)-CTC were investigated by theoretical calculations (B3LYP method and 6-311G (d, p) basis sets). Molecular properties such as ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), chemical hardness (η), electronic chemical potential (μ), and electrophilicity (ω) are obtained for the HB-CTC. The investigation focused on understanding intermolecular interactions using the reduced density gradient (RDG) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces. New calculations provide further insight into CTCs, and their potential for new applications is being explored.
The DFT calculations were performed using the Gaussian09 program package. The molecular structure and the optimum energy were evaluated using the GaussView 6 program. The electronic properties and spectral characteristics of the complex were analyzed using the B3LYP functional with a 6-311G (d, p) basis set. The thermodynamic functions, interaction energy (ΔE°), enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°), Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), and equilibrium constant were investigated via the vibrational frequency calculations. The vibrational frequencies and corresponding IR spectra were analyzed by determining the harmonic vibrational modes of the optimized geometry. The nature of interactions between CTC components was investigated using parameters MEP and NBO methodologies. To evaluate the charge transfer characteristics of the complexes, the analysis of FMOs (HOMO and LUMO) was performed, and their energy levels of HOMO and LUMO were computed. The theoretical UV-visible spectra were obtained by determining the excited states using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). The RDG diagrams were generated using the Multiwfn 3.8 program as a multifunctional wave function analyzer from CHK files.
As a porous carbon adsorption material, activated carbon (AC) was used widely with the characteristics of large specific surface area, adjustable pore structure and surface chemical properties. This work focuses on elucidating the defect-mediated adsorption mechanisms of smoke-specific high-toxic components (nicotine, a major toxic alkaloid; phenol, a typical carcinogenic aromatic) together with CO and N₂O on activated carbon. It addresses the critical research gap of scarce systematic DFT studies on the atomic-scale adsorption of nicotine and phenol on defective carbon, with an emphasis on deciphering intrinsic electronic mechanisms underlying defect-enhanced adsorption. The study revealed that defective carbon surfaces exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacities than the pristine counterparts, as evidenced by lower adsorption energies for all target molecules. Notably, while defect-enhanced adsorption on carbonaceous materials is well-documented, systematic DFT investigations on nicotine and phenol — two smoke-specific high-toxicity organics — remain scarce. Specifically, defect-induced electron redistribution promoted charge transfer and orbital hybridization, critical for the chemisorption of toxicants. These findings establish a predictive structure–activity relationship between defect electronic properties and adsorption selectivity/capacity, providing targeted guidance for engineering high-efficiency adsorbents to reduce harmful components in cigarette smoke.
All calculations were performed using the Gaussian 16 software package. Structural optimizations and frequency analyses of calculation configurations were performed at the B3LYP/def2svp level, while single-point energy calculations utilized the B3LYP/def2tzvp basis set. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, wave function analyses, Mayer bond order (MBO), electrostatic potential (ESP), Frontier molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO), Hirshfeld atomic charges, and Charge Density Difference (CDD) were conducted. These investigations demonstrated that surface defects enhance local electronegativity and chemical reactivity at adsorption sites, facilitating stronger interactions with polar constituents of cigarette smoke.
Inspired by tetracyclic nitropyrazole-based stable and potential energetic materials, we designed two new C-C and C-N-linked tetrazole-pyrazole-based energetic molecules, with acceptable detonation performance and moderate sensitivity. The heat of formation and performance parameters were analyzed by density functional theory, and the calculations demonstrate that both compounds have a high positive heat of formation (> 930 kJ/mol). The designed compounds, A1 (density: 1.79 g/cm3, detonation velocity: 7.95 km/s, pressure: 25.30 GPa, impact sensitivity: 35 J) and A2 (density: 1.87 g/cm3, detonation velocity: 8.83 km/s, pressure: 33.31 GPa, impact sensitivity: 21 J), exhibit moderate to high detonation performance and low sensitivity to impact stimuli. Further, the analysis of bond strength and Mayer bond order of the C-NO2 bond and charge on -NO2 groups suggests the stability of the C-NO2 bond in designed compounds in comparison with reported tetracyclic energetic compounds. These findings demonstrate that the combination of bistetrazole with nitropyrazole and dinitropyrazole rings holds high potential for developing new high-performing and less sensitive energetic materials.
The optimization and energy calculations of designed tetracyclic compounds were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory, utilizing the Gaussian 09 software package. The molecular surface properties were analysed using Multiwfn. The EXPLO5 (V7.01.01) thermochemical code was used to predict the detonation properties.
Microstructural damage from freeze-thaw cycles severely undermines the durability of cementitious materials. Although graphene oxide (GO) is known to refine cement microstructures, its molecular mechanism for enhancing frost resistance remains unclear. This study employed molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate the effect of GO on the properties of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) under freeze-thaw cycles. Simulation results demonstrated that GO forms strong bonds with the CSH matrix, leading to a densified interfacial structure. Atomic-scale analysis revealed that GO stabilizes the hydrogen-bonding network within CSH. Consequently, GO mitigates the degradation of peak compressive stress and elasticity modulus relative to neat CSH under the same freeze–thaw protocol. As a result, the overall damage tolerance of the composite is enhanced. This study elucidates the mechanism behind the enhanced frost resistance of GO–modified cement mortar at the molecular level and provides theoretical support for research on the durability of nano-modified cementitious materials.
All MD simulations were conducted using LAMMPS. The models employed ReaxFF force field. To simulate the freeze-thaw damage mechanism in cementitious materials, a cyclic strain with a maximum amplitude of 0.15 was applied along the Z-axis of the CSH model.
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