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Work Culture: Stress Management in Reducing Stress and Improving Organizational Performance 工作文化:减压和提高组织绩效的压力管理
Pub Date : 2018-03-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.03.004
Stress at work is an ever increasing problem in contemporary societies resulting in enormous cost both for the corporate organizations involved and the individual employees. These realities have led to employers looking into stress management techniques that can help reduce stress levels among employees and in turn enhance corporate performance. Data were collected from managers 52 corporations listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange and were analyzed using multivariate techniques. The empirical results found that use of certain stress management techniques stress had a positive influence on corporate performance. These findings can provide gers with the necessary strategies that can help implement the most effective stress management techniques in their organizations.
在当代社会,工作压力是一个日益严重的问题,这给相关的企业组织和员工个人带来了巨大的成本。这些现实促使雇主研究压力管理技术,这些技术可以帮助降低员工的压力水平,进而提高公司业绩。数据是从内罗毕证券交易所上市的52家公司的经理那里收集的,并使用多变量技术进行分析。实证结果发现,使用某些压力管理技术对企业绩效有积极影响。这些发现可以为gers提供必要的策略,帮助他们在组织中实施最有效的压力管理技术。
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引用次数: 2
Determinants of National Economies’ Competitiveness Based on Per Capita Income 基于人均收入的国民经济竞争力决定因素
Pub Date : 2018-03-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.03.002
Currently, economic theory is highly interested in the definition and the measurement of competitiveness as is the case of empirical studies that diverged about issues related to determination, specification, and estimation techniques. The present article aims to propose a synthetic indicator for national competitiveness through empirical analysis. For data collected from World Economic Forum report (2014), a principle component analysis has been conducted in order to identify competitiveness’ key explanatory variables. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) estimation shows that the importance of the variables in the construction of the competitiveness index differs according to the level of development of the country. These results indicate to policy makers the most effective instrumental variables that could affect their national economies’ to make improvements.
目前,经济理论对竞争力的定义和测量非常感兴趣,因为实证研究在与确定、规范和估计技术相关的问题上存在分歧。本文旨在通过实证分析,提出一个综合的国家竞争力指标。对于从世界经济论坛报告(2014)收集的数据,进行了主成分分析,以确定竞争力的关键解释变量。偏最小二乘(PLS)估计表明,各变量在竞争力指数构建中的重要性随国家发展水平的不同而不同。这些结果向政策制定者指出了可能影响其国民经济改善的最有效的工具变量。
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引用次数: 1
Characteristics of Social Entrepreneur: An Explorative Analysis 社会企业家的特征:探索性分析
Pub Date : 2018-03-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.03.001
This study focuses on social ventures as for-profit organizations which base their survival on social legitimacy and generate a social value, by employing usually marginalized categories of individuals. Specifically, this paper studies main characteristics of starting a business in case entrepreneurs springs from a disadvantaged group of people. We use a an extremely large-scale sample, at worldwide level, including 1,563 observations. The time span covers the period 2004-2018. We investigate main characteristics of starting a business considering census (low and low-medium income) of the founder and gender. We perform one-way Anova and correlation statistics. Our results confirm that, despite policy makers’ efforts, underdog individuals still have poor possibilities of starting a business because of capital required. Difficulties are greater for women than for men. The main limits of the analysis are the small number of variables used to investigate social ventures and the explorative method, which does not allow detecting causal relationships. At a macro-level, the paper shows that policies for incentivizing social entrepreneurship and social development are still scarcely effective. This contribution extends the knowledge in a field of research which is rather new. We originally contribute by digging to light that differences in gender are a poor explanation for social entrepreneurship. Findings are largely reliable because of the massive number and time-coverage of observations. Routinely collected observations are deemed to be less biased than cross-sectional analysis. Thus, the study detects a salient path in social entrepreneurship.
本研究的重点是社会企业作为营利性组织,其生存基于社会合法性,并通过雇用通常被边缘化的个人类别来产生社会价值。具体来说,本文研究了弱势群体创业的主要特征。我们使用了一个非常大的样本,在世界范围内,包括1563个观察结果。时间跨度为2004-2018年。我们调查了创业的主要特征,考虑了创始人和性别的人口普查(低收入和中低收入)。我们执行单向方差分析和相关统计。我们的研究结果证实,尽管政策制定者做出了努力,但由于资金需求,处于劣势的个人创业的可能性仍然很低。女人的困难比男人大。分析的主要限制是用于调查社会企业的变量数量少,以及探索性方法,不允许发现因果关系。在宏观层面上,本文表明,激励社会企业家精神和社会发展的政策仍然收效甚微。这一贡献扩展了一个相当新的研究领域的知识。我们最初的贡献是挖掘光线,性别差异并不能很好地解释社会企业家精神。由于观测的大量数量和时间覆盖,这些发现在很大程度上是可靠的。常规收集的观察结果被认为比横断面分析的偏差更小。因此,该研究发现了社会企业家精神的显著路径。
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引用次数: 0
The Accredited University of Tomorrow: Accreditation, Creativity and International Recognition 认可的未来大学:认证,创造力和国际认可
Pub Date : 2018-02-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.02.005
Numerous challenges have impeded the Bologna process which was designed to provide guidelines for the establishment of appropriate academic standards at the university level. The Bologna process was expected to include a set of standards for the creation of independent accrediting bodies to provide accreditation for universities and higher colleges of education in the European Union, so that the work of students might be recorded and accepted as transferable among universities accepting the Bologna process. This paper provides initially a reflection on the nature and importance of accreditation standards. This follows consideration of the demands for transparency and accountability and consideration of the problems of recognizing transferable credits which are faced by higher educational institutions in Europe. The value and the benefits which derive from acceptable standards for institutional accreditation are identified. Identification is then followed by description of the five standards which will move the accreditation introverts in Europe to the more extravert approach being taken by universities in the United States and the rest of the world.
许多挑战阻碍了博洛尼亚进程,该进程旨在为在大学一级建立适当的学术标准提供指导方针。博洛尼亚进程预计将包括一套标准,用于建立独立的认证机构,为欧盟的大学和高等教育学院提供认证,以便学生的工作可以被记录下来,并在接受博洛尼亚进程的大学之间被接受为可转让的。本文对认证标准的性质和重要性进行了初步思考。在此之前,考虑了对透明度和问责制的要求,并考虑了欧洲高等教育机构面临的承认可转让学分的问题。确定了可接受的机构认证标准的价值和好处。然后对五个标准进行说明,这五个标准将使欧洲的认证内向者转向美国和世界其他地区的大学正在采取的更外向的方法。
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引用次数: 0
International Organizations of Educational Planning, Government Policies and School Management and Leadership 国际教育规划、政府政策和学校管理与领导组织
Pub Date : 2018-02-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.02.001
The world is amidst a turbulent era with impacts on all aspects of social life and social systems, including that of education, especially in the so-called recessionary economies, as the Greek one. In the framework of the development of a better type of public administration, major international organizations for the economic growth and prosperity, namely the OECD and the European Union, have provided Greece with guidelines and better policies. Recent government policies in education reflecting these guidelines have created an immense agitation among all educational partners, teachers, students, parents, and local authorities, as the latter seems not to understand the rationale behind them. The government rhetoric—though echoing different political areas every time—always includes the argument of the necessity of a planning process to respond to the volatility in schools’ external environment and to provide an appropriate basis for their internal management and leadership. This paper investigates the role of the international organizations of educational planning in designing governmental educational policies, their impact on the macro-level of recessionary Greece and the role of school management and leadership in coping with problems in Greek schools. Moreover, this paper explores other relational factors of the Greek reality that add to recession and put an extra burden on school praxis, thus making governmental policies and international guidelines difficult to apply and easy to provoke disillusionment to education partners. Finally, the paper discusses the peculiarities of the Greek educational landscape and proposes new paths for research that can facilitate the introduction of structural changes and further development.
世界正处于一个动荡的时代,社会生活和社会制度的各个方面都受到影响,包括教育,特别是在像希腊这样的所谓经济衰退的国家。在发展更好类型的公共行政的框架内,促进经济增长和繁荣的主要国际组织,即经合发组织和欧洲联盟,向希腊提供了指导方针和更好的政策。最近反映这些指导方针的政府教育政策在所有教育合作伙伴、教师、学生、家长和地方当局之间引起了巨大的骚动,因为后者似乎不理解这些指导方针背后的理由。政府的说辞——尽管每次都与不同的政治领域相呼应——总是包括一个规划过程的必要性,以应对学校外部环境的波动,并为其内部管理和领导提供适当的基础。本文研究了国际教育规划组织在制定政府教育政策方面的作用,它们对经济衰退的希腊宏观层面的影响,以及学校管理和领导在应对希腊学校问题方面的作用。此外,本文还探讨了希腊现实的其他相关因素,这些因素加剧了经济衰退,给学校实践带来了额外的负担,从而使政府政策和国际指导方针难以实施,容易引起教育合作伙伴的幻灭。最后,本文讨论了希腊教育景观的特殊性,并提出了新的研究路径,以促进结构变化和进一步发展。
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引用次数: 2
The Study of the Application Extent of Marketing Research Concepts and Principles in the Algerian Economic Companies 市场营销研究的概念和原则在阿尔及利亚经济公司中的应用程度研究
Pub Date : 2018-02-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.02.004
The main objective of this work is to study the role and importance of applying the concepts and principles of marketing research during the planification and control of marketing activity. To achieve this goal, authors discussed the theoretical framework of the study, which included the following approaches: marketing research and marketing research steps. Authors then tried to find out the potential impact of marketing research concepts and principles on the planification and control process of marketing activity in Algerian companies through the selection of a sample composed of 15 companies operating in the industrial zones located in M’sila and Bordj Bou Arreridj in Algeria, by focusing on the category of managers; because they are the decision-makers in companies. For this purpose, authors adopted the questionnaire as an essential tool. And in order to obtain meaningful results, authors adopted the statistical method through a set of indicators, such as Arithmetic average, Student’s, Fisher, and Chevy tests. The study reached the achievement of an important part of the general hypothesis; it has been shown that there are acceptable preparations in the studied sample of managers regarding their recognition of the great role played by marketing research in the planification and control of marketing activity in their companies. Marketing research is a key element within the total field of marketing information. It is the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information which is used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; and to improve understanding of marketing as a process and of the ways in which specific marketing activities can be made more effective. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues; designs the method for collecting information; manages and implements the data collection process; analyses the results; and comunicates the findings and their implications. (Shukla, 2008, p. 16)
这项工作的主要目的是研究在营销活动的规划和控制过程中应用营销研究的概念和原则的作用和重要性。为了实现这一目标,作者讨论了本研究的理论框架,包括以下方法:市场营销研究和市场营销研究步骤。然后,作者试图通过选择一个由15家在阿尔及利亚M'sila和Bordj-Bou-Arreridj工业区运营的公司组成的样本,通过关注经理类别,找出营销研究概念和原则对阿尔及利亚公司营销活动的规划和控制过程的潜在影响;因为他们是公司的决策者。为此,作者采用了调查表作为一种基本工具。为了获得有意义的结果,作者采用了统计方法,通过一组指标,如算术平均值、Student’s、Fisher和Chevy检验。该研究达到了一般假说的重要组成部分;研究表明,在所研究的管理者样本中,他们对营销研究在公司营销活动的规划和控制中所起的重要作用的认识是可以接受的。市场营销研究是整个市场营销信息领域中的一个关键要素。它是消费者、客户和公众,通过信息来识别和定义营销机会和问题;制定、完善和评估营销行动;以及提高对营销作为一个过程的理解,以及对如何使特定营销活动更加有效的理解。市场研究规定了解决这些问题所需的信息;设计了收集信息的方法;管理和实施数据收集过程;对结果进行分析;并交流研究结果及其影响。(Shukla,2008年,第16页)
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引用次数: 0
Modelling GDP and FDI for Czech Republic—Impulse Response Functions in VECM 捷克共和国GDP和FDI的建模——VECM中的脉冲响应函数
Pub Date : 2018-02-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.02.003
This article presents detailed the impact of factors of production on economic growth in the Czech Republic in the period 1994-2015. The main research focuses on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and on answering the question whether between GDP and FDI there is a causality relationship. The VECM model using the impulse responses function confirmed the occurrence of a bi-directional relationship between FDI and GDP in the Czech Republic. According to the empirical evidence, it was confirmed that the consumption demand and trade had a strong impact on GDP. However, these findings demonstrated that a weak FDI had an impact on economic growth.
本文详细介绍了1994-2015年期间捷克共和国生产要素对经济增长的影响。主要研究外国直接投资的影响,并回答国内生产总值与外国直接投资之间是否存在因果关系的问题。使用脉冲响应函数的VECM模型证实了捷克共和国外国直接投资和国内生产总值之间存在双向关系。实证研究表明,消费需求和贸易对GDP的影响较大。然而,这些调查结果表明,外国直接投资疲软对经济增长产生了影响。
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引用次数: 0
To Establish Enterprises’ Long-Term Competitive Advantages by Sustainable Business Models Design: A Case From China 可持续商业模式设计构建企业长期竞争优势——以中国为例
Pub Date : 2018-02-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.02.002
Traditional economic-oriented business models often have problems when faced with increasingly serious sustainability challenges. The advent of Industry 4.0 makes it necessary to transform sustainability challenges into competitive advantages for enterprises. Using a case study of a Chinese enterprise named GEM, this paper attempts to explore how sustainability challenges can be transformed to create competitive advantages. The research provides three conclusions: First, enterprises can transform sustainability challenges into competitive advantages by developing a sustainable business model, with environmental, social, and economic values; Second, a value proposition is the soul of the sustainable business model. Enterprises need not only focus on “how to do” but they must pay even more attention to “what to do”, so it is advisable to integrate a value proposition into the enterprise strategy and business process; Finally, a sustainable value proposition consists of sustainable economic, environmental, and social values, and their individual importance varies in sustainable business models for different industries where the demand for environmental and social value is increasingly important.
面对日益严峻的可持续性挑战,传统的以经济为导向的商业模式往往出现问题。工业4.0的到来使得企业有必要将可持续性挑战转化为竞争优势。本文以中国创业板企业为例,探讨如何将可持续发展挑战转化为竞争优势。研究得出三个结论:第一,企业可以通过开发具有环境、社会和经济价值的可持续商业模式,将可持续性挑战转化为竞争优势;第二,价值主张是可持续商业模式的灵魂。企业不仅要关注“怎么做”,更要关注“做什么”,因此建议将价值主张融入企业战略和业务流程中;最后,可持续价值主张由可持续的经济、环境和社会价值组成,它们的重要性在不同行业的可持续商业模式中有所不同,因为对环境和社会价值的需求越来越重要。
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引用次数: 0
Reporting and Economic and Financial Equilibrium of Italian Non-profit Companies: AIL-Italian Association Against Leukemia 意大利非营利性公司的报告和经济金融均衡:ail -意大利抗白血病协会
Pub Date : 2018-01-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.01.002
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引用次数: 0
Women as Souvenir Vendors: An Effort to the Achievement of Gender Equality Through the Strengthening of the Economic Base of the Family 妇女作为纪念品摊贩:通过加强家庭经济基础实现性别平等的努力
Pub Date : 2018-01-28 DOI: 10.17265/1537-1514/2018.01.005
The purpose of this writing is to describe one of the efforts of the women in Bali who do jobs as souvenir vendors. In this type of job they sell any kinds of merchandises in order to fulfill the family necessity. This job is ideally and usually done by men for the reason of quite tiring and time-consuming for the achievement of the targeted income per day. In Bali however, the number of women who involved in this job is numerous. In the midst of her role as a wife as well as housewives, a woman has to prepare quite lots of things for the family, and she also has to work as a souvenir vendor. Usually, the women do this job during the day, exactly from 10 in the morning until 4 in the afternoon. This indicates that, besides as a woman she does her duty as a wife and a mother by doing almost all of the house or domestic work. In fact, there is an expectation of being equalized when a woman has the ability and opportunity to earn a living or as breadwinners. In her family this condition will bring prestige since the position of women is to follow the ideology of patriarchy (it is known as purusa in Hindu belief) and this makes the Balinese Hindu women are quite difficult to achieve gender equality. Nevertheless, the women in Bali (Balinese Hindu women) are able to achieve the position of being equalized by strengthening the economic base of the family, including as souvenir vendors.
这篇文章的目的是描述巴厘岛从事纪念品小贩工作的妇女所做的努力之一。在这种类型的工作中,他们出售任何种类的商品,以满足家庭的需要。理想情况下,这项工作通常由男性完成,因为实现每天的目标收入既累又耗时。然而,在巴厘岛,从事这项工作的妇女人数众多。作为妻子和家庭主妇,一个女人必须为家庭准备很多东西,她还必须做纪念品小贩。通常,女性在白天做这项工作,从早上10点到下午4点。这表明,作为一名妇女,她除了履行作为妻子和母亲的职责外,还承担了几乎所有的家务或家务。事实上,当一名妇女有能力和机会谋生或养家糊口时,人们期望得到平等待遇。在她的家庭中,这种情况会带来声望,因为女性的地位是遵循父权制的意识形态(在印度教信仰中被称为purusa),这使得巴厘岛印度教女性很难实现性别平等。尽管如此,巴厘岛的妇女(巴厘岛印度教妇女)能够通过加强家庭的经济基础,包括作为纪念品小贩,实现平等地位。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
美中经济评论:英文版
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