The literature on the demographic impact of rural industrialization in England has lagged somewhat behind continental inspired historiography. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the sphere of infant mortality, where commentators have failed to balance the effects of rural industry on health and welfare--such as higher earnings and the existance of more dense kinship networks--with the negative effects--proximity of rural industrial areas to rapidly growing towns, poor public health and rapidly increasing population density. Using the results from a very detailed analysis of a proto-industrial township in the West Riding of Yorkshire between 1650 and 1830, this article contends that rural industrial areas had a distinctive experience of infant mortality. In line with much of the existing literature on England, rates of infant mortality in this township were modest. However, concentration on bald figures without wider contextualization, masks the fact that infant mortalitiy visited itself most intensely on a narrow range of families and a narrow range of spatial areas. Those most susceptible were in-migrants living on common land, and the wider linkage of family reconstitution data to poor law evidence suggests that the defining characteristic of concentrated infant mortality was recurrent parental illness, leading to inadequate child care and breast-feeding.
{"title":"Dying with style: infant death and its context in a rural industrial township 1650-1830.","authors":"S. King","doi":"10.1093/SHM/10.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/10.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on the demographic impact of rural industrialization in England has lagged somewhat behind continental inspired historiography. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the sphere of infant mortality, where commentators have failed to balance the effects of rural industry on health and welfare--such as higher earnings and the existance of more dense kinship networks--with the negative effects--proximity of rural industrial areas to rapidly growing towns, poor public health and rapidly increasing population density. Using the results from a very detailed analysis of a proto-industrial township in the West Riding of Yorkshire between 1650 and 1830, this article contends that rural industrial areas had a distinctive experience of infant mortality. In line with much of the existing literature on England, rates of infant mortality in this township were modest. However, concentration on bald figures without wider contextualization, masks the fact that infant mortalitiy visited itself most intensely on a narrow range of families and a narrow range of spatial areas. Those most susceptible were in-migrants living on common land, and the wider linkage of family reconstitution data to poor law evidence suggests that the defining characteristic of concentrated infant mortality was recurrent parental illness, leading to inadequate child care and breast-feeding.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76970195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper critically re-examines our assumptions about the social rule of asylums in the nineteenth century by separating the history of the confinement from the history of psychiatry. Rather than medical superintendents being central to the admission of patients, this paper will argue that control over confinement was predicated upon the desires of families to care for and control dependent and violent relatives. The confinement of the insane can thus be seen not as a consequence of a professionalizing psychiatric elite, but rather as a strategic response of households to the stresses of industrialization. The second part of this paper surveys changing approaches to the social history of the asylum and directs these techniques to a combination of institutional and non-institutional sources which will shed new light on the dynamic between informal patterns of family caring 'in the community' and formal medical treatment in purpose-built institutions. Having set out the methodological possibilities of using new types of admission records, the last section of this paper explores different approaches to the history of the family and applies them to the question of why the insane were confined. This will provide an analytical framework for understanding the interface between the family and the formal medical institution. Throughout, this paper draws on more than three dozen international studies to illuminate some comparative aspects of confinement in different national contexts.
{"title":"Getting out of the asylum: understanding the confinement of the insane in the nineteenth century.","authors":"D. Wright","doi":"10.1093/SHM/10.1.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/10.1.137","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically re-examines our assumptions about the social rule of asylums in the nineteenth century by separating the history of the confinement from the history of psychiatry. Rather than medical superintendents being central to the admission of patients, this paper will argue that control over confinement was predicated upon the desires of families to care for and control dependent and violent relatives. The confinement of the insane can thus be seen not as a consequence of a professionalizing psychiatric elite, but rather as a strategic response of households to the stresses of industrialization. The second part of this paper surveys changing approaches to the social history of the asylum and directs these techniques to a combination of institutional and non-institutional sources which will shed new light on the dynamic between informal patterns of family caring 'in the community' and formal medical treatment in purpose-built institutions. Having set out the methodological possibilities of using new types of admission records, the last section of this paper explores different approaches to the history of the family and applies them to the question of why the insane were confined. This will provide an analytical framework for understanding the interface between the family and the formal medical institution. Throughout, this paper draws on more than three dozen international studies to illuminate some comparative aspects of confinement in different national contexts.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77144691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the course of the nineteenth century, the Registrar-General's Office in England and Wales used crude mortality rates as a demographic barometer of the environmental conditions of towns and cities. The local authorities in places with comparatively high rates were exhorted to improve them through more and better public health reforms. This technique of public coercion was often criticized, especially by a selection of Medical Officers of Health, who argued that crude death rates were an inaccurate measure of changing mortality levels and thus the success of preventive medicine. The debate over sanitary progress created no little tension between staff at the General Register Office and the Medical Officers, as well as between the Medical Officers themselves, at a time when public health doctors were seeking to properly establish themselves as a legitimate, professionalized branch within medicine. Despite this, the collection and dissemination of local mortality statistics became an indispensable component for the nineteenth century campaign to improve the nation's health.
{"title":"Professionalization in public health and the measurement of sanitary progress in nineteenth-century England and Wales.","authors":"Graham Mooney","doi":"10.1093/SHM/10.1.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/10.1.53","url":null,"abstract":"During the course of the nineteenth century, the Registrar-General's Office in England and Wales used crude mortality rates as a demographic barometer of the environmental conditions of towns and cities. The local authorities in places with comparatively high rates were exhorted to improve them through more and better public health reforms. This technique of public coercion was often criticized, especially by a selection of Medical Officers of Health, who argued that crude death rates were an inaccurate measure of changing mortality levels and thus the success of preventive medicine. The debate over sanitary progress created no little tension between staff at the General Register Office and the Medical Officers, as well as between the Medical Officers themselves, at a time when public health doctors were seeking to properly establish themselves as a legitimate, professionalized branch within medicine. Despite this, the collection and dissemination of local mortality statistics became an indispensable component for the nineteenth century campaign to improve the nation's health.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82207763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this brief essay we argue that the best efforts of archivists, scholars, and practitioners within the National Health Service have not prevented the wholesale destruction of the bulk of patient records created during the twentieth century. This is a matter of vital concern not merely for historians of modern medicine. Important clinical work has frequently been undertaken on materials which have survived, usually by chance or by the foresight of physicians, matrons, and administrators. Even the significant fragments of historical documents which remain in the hands of the health authorities have been threatened by the continuing drive to reduce storage and maintenance costs within hospitals. Archivists and academics have struggled to address the problems of sampling, storage, and access which the enormous bulk of modern records present. In this essay we suggest that the first step must be to raise awareness amongst professionals and the public of the extent to which any future history of the medical services and of patient care will depend on a reasonable rate of survival of these records. The second step must be to confront the problem of resources and the inevitable task of selection which must form the foundations of any long-term policy of preservation. An initial survey of archival materials in Devon indicates that the records of community health care form a substantial and potentially invaluable research source for future historians, though their relevance has rarely been recognized within the academic community.
{"title":"Chasing the ambulance. The emerging crisis in the preservation of modern health records.","authors":"E. Higgs, J. Melling","doi":"10.1093/SHM/10.1.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/10.1.127","url":null,"abstract":"In this brief essay we argue that the best efforts of archivists, scholars, and practitioners within the National Health Service have not prevented the wholesale destruction of the bulk of patient records created during the twentieth century. This is a matter of vital concern not merely for historians of modern medicine. Important clinical work has frequently been undertaken on materials which have survived, usually by chance or by the foresight of physicians, matrons, and administrators. Even the significant fragments of historical documents which remain in the hands of the health authorities have been threatened by the continuing drive to reduce storage and maintenance costs within hospitals. Archivists and academics have struggled to address the problems of sampling, storage, and access which the enormous bulk of modern records present. In this essay we suggest that the first step must be to raise awareness amongst professionals and the public of the extent to which any future history of the medical services and of patient care will depend on a reasonable rate of survival of these records. The second step must be to confront the problem of resources and the inevitable task of selection which must form the foundations of any long-term policy of preservation. An initial survey of archival materials in Devon indicates that the records of community health care form a substantial and potentially invaluable research source for future historians, though their relevance has rarely been recognized within the academic community.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82331935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The practice of blood transfusion became commonplace in the first half of the twentieth century, a time that coincided with the practice of war on a hitherto unprecedented scale. A close examination of the process reveals that it was not a simple one of war acting as a stimulus to scientific and medical discovery. Most innovations had their origins in the United States before the war, whose main effect was to diffuse and perfect transfusion through greatly increased use of the technique. The result was that in less than twenty years blood transfusion changed from being a medical curiosity and procedure of last resort to a practical and relatively simple treatment that demonstrated its value in saving thousands of lives.
{"title":"Blood transfusion in peace and war, 1900-1918.","authors":"W. Schneider","doi":"10.1093/SHM/10.1.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/10.1.105","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of blood transfusion became commonplace in the first half of the twentieth century, a time that coincided with the practice of war on a hitherto unprecedented scale. A close examination of the process reveals that it was not a simple one of war acting as a stimulus to scientific and medical discovery. Most innovations had their origins in the United States before the war, whose main effect was to diffuse and perfect transfusion through greatly increased use of the technique. The result was that in less than twenty years blood transfusion changed from being a medical curiosity and procedure of last resort to a practical and relatively simple treatment that demonstrated its value in saving thousands of lives.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72702530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper argues that during the 'golden' age of medical reform in the first half of the nineteenth century in the Cape Colony there was significant differentiation within the medical profession which contributed to a slow and uneven process of professionalization in spite of comprehensive and early legal regulation under one licensing body. Differences in permitted practice, settlement patterns, economic and organizational opportunities gave doctors in Cape Town, the colony's biggest and most important city, greater incentives and more scope to develop professional regulation and organization than those in the rest of the colony. A government Ordinance passed in 1807 gave regularly-trained medical practitioners a legal monopoly over medical practice, but did not initially prevent those practising outside Cape Town from selling both medicines and medical advice. Cape Town doctors thus enjoyed greater social differentiation from tradesmen and better legal control over competition from druggists and 'irregulars' than country practitioners. The difference between practitioners in Cape Town and elsewhere remained important even after new regulations removed legal distinctions in 1830. While country practitioners now sought tighter regulation over permitted practice they could not easily make common cause with the more powerful professional medical élite in Cape Town. This élite group had vested social and economic interests in maintaining their privileged status within the Cape profession, especially when threatened by local recession and political and economic competition from Eastern Cape doctors in the 1850s.
{"title":"Cape Town and 'country' doctors in the Cape Colony during the first half of the nineteenth century.","authors":"H. Deacon","doi":"10.1093/SHM/10.1.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/10.1.25","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that during the 'golden' age of medical reform in the first half of the nineteenth century in the Cape Colony there was significant differentiation within the medical profession which contributed to a slow and uneven process of professionalization in spite of comprehensive and early legal regulation under one licensing body. Differences in permitted practice, settlement patterns, economic and organizational opportunities gave doctors in Cape Town, the colony's biggest and most important city, greater incentives and more scope to develop professional regulation and organization than those in the rest of the colony. A government Ordinance passed in 1807 gave regularly-trained medical practitioners a legal monopoly over medical practice, but did not initially prevent those practising outside Cape Town from selling both medicines and medical advice. Cape Town doctors thus enjoyed greater social differentiation from tradesmen and better legal control over competition from druggists and 'irregulars' than country practitioners. The difference between practitioners in Cape Town and elsewhere remained important even after new regulations removed legal distinctions in 1830. While country practitioners now sought tighter regulation over permitted practice they could not easily make common cause with the more powerful professional medical élite in Cape Town. This élite group had vested social and economic interests in maintaining their privileged status within the Cape profession, especially when threatened by local recession and political and economic competition from Eastern Cape doctors in the 1850s.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84510909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To this day one of the most curious gaps in the historiography of French psychiatry is the era between the fin-de-siècle and the 1920s, years that overlapped the life and career of Valentin Magnan (1835-1916), a pivotal figure in the historical classification of mental diseases. This paper seeks to address this shortcoming as well as contribute to the growing scholarly interest in the history of clinical psychiatry. It argues that Magnan was in many ways a tragic figure, someone who lived and worked at a time when circumstances conspired against him and his efforts to reform psychiatric classification. Essentially Magnan had the misfortune to practise psychiatry when Emil Kraepelin's influence began to spread beyond Germany's borders, sparking a nationalist reaction that penalized both French Kraepelinians and Magnan whose theories shared similarities with Kraepelin's. But Magnan's stature also suffered because of the intense internecine quarrels that arose in late nineteenth-century French psychiatry. Magnan was no helpless victim, though, and there is reason to believe that some of the criticism directed at him was based on documented personal failings. Ultimately, Magnan's theory of psychiatric classification was overtaken by these and other events in French psychiatry, culminating by the interwar period in the emergence of a new national, nosological pardigm that has dominated French psychiatry for most of the twentieth century. Thus Magnan was in many respects a pariah within French psychiatry by the early twentieth century. An examination of his career casts light on this crucial turning-point in the history of French psychiatry and indicates why and how the new model of classification was more to the tastes of his medical colleagues.
{"title":"Back to the future: Valentin Magnan, French psychiatry, and the classification of mental diseases, 1885-1925.","authors":"I. Dowbiggin","doi":"10.1093/SHM/9.3.383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/9.3.383","url":null,"abstract":"To this day one of the most curious gaps in the historiography of French psychiatry is the era between the fin-de-siècle and the 1920s, years that overlapped the life and career of Valentin Magnan (1835-1916), a pivotal figure in the historical classification of mental diseases. This paper seeks to address this shortcoming as well as contribute to the growing scholarly interest in the history of clinical psychiatry. It argues that Magnan was in many ways a tragic figure, someone who lived and worked at a time when circumstances conspired against him and his efforts to reform psychiatric classification. Essentially Magnan had the misfortune to practise psychiatry when Emil Kraepelin's influence began to spread beyond Germany's borders, sparking a nationalist reaction that penalized both French Kraepelinians and Magnan whose theories shared similarities with Kraepelin's. But Magnan's stature also suffered because of the intense internecine quarrels that arose in late nineteenth-century French psychiatry. Magnan was no helpless victim, though, and there is reason to believe that some of the criticism directed at him was based on documented personal failings. Ultimately, Magnan's theory of psychiatric classification was overtaken by these and other events in French psychiatry, culminating by the interwar period in the emergence of a new national, nosological pardigm that has dominated French psychiatry for most of the twentieth century. Thus Magnan was in many respects a pariah within French psychiatry by the early twentieth century. An examination of his career casts light on this crucial turning-point in the history of French psychiatry and indicates why and how the new model of classification was more to the tastes of his medical colleagues.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89624831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent attempts to explain the decline of public health in England and Wales after 1948 have suggested that services had developed steadily but haphazardly in the interwar period, and that the lack of an underlying philosophy left Medical Officers of Health and their empires vulnerable to a range of forces that included the decline of infectious disease, the rise of hospital medicine, the growth of general practice, and the increasing professionalism of social work. Yet the argument that public health practitioners lagged behind contemporary thinking on social work in the 1950s deserves closer examination, and this article uses the rise and decline of the concept of the 'problem family' to examine the changing relationship between the two professional groups. It traces the emergence of the concept of the 'social problem group' in the 1930s, and considers why and how Medical Officers of Health and the Eugenics Society took up the idea of the 'problem family' after the Second world War. It charts how the Ministry of Health encouraged local authorities to use home helps and health visitors to tackle the 'problem family', and contrasts this medical approach with the casework methods developed by voluntary organizations and subsequently adopted by the social work profession. The article concludes that in revealing how Medical Officers of Health were out of touch with contemporary research and practice in social work, the issue of the 'problem family' helps to explain the decline of public health under the early National Health Service.
{"title":"In search of the 'problem family': public health and social work in England and Wales 1940-70.","authors":"J. Welshman","doi":"10.1093/SHM/9.3.447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/9.3.447","url":null,"abstract":"Recent attempts to explain the decline of public health in England and Wales after 1948 have suggested that services had developed steadily but haphazardly in the interwar period, and that the lack of an underlying philosophy left Medical Officers of Health and their empires vulnerable to a range of forces that included the decline of infectious disease, the rise of hospital medicine, the growth of general practice, and the increasing professionalism of social work. Yet the argument that public health practitioners lagged behind contemporary thinking on social work in the 1950s deserves closer examination, and this article uses the rise and decline of the concept of the 'problem family' to examine the changing relationship between the two professional groups. It traces the emergence of the concept of the 'social problem group' in the 1930s, and considers why and how Medical Officers of Health and the Eugenics Society took up the idea of the 'problem family' after the Second world War. It charts how the Ministry of Health encouraged local authorities to use home helps and health visitors to tackle the 'problem family', and contrasts this medical approach with the casework methods developed by voluntary organizations and subsequently adopted by the social work profession. The article concludes that in revealing how Medical Officers of Health were out of touch with contemporary research and practice in social work, the issue of the 'problem family' helps to explain the decline of public health under the early National Health Service.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84764607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we examine the impact of the policies and practices of the Guardians of the New Poor Law Unions on the management of pauper lunatics in four Devon Poor Law Unions in the critical period 1834-84. The central role of the Victorian Poor Law in provision made for the insane has only recently been recognized in the research literature. Scholars have been much more concerned with the activities of professionalizing physicians and the general project of state management than they have with the micro-politics of the local Poor Law and the magistracy who were responsible for the legal disposition of the insane. In this paper we argue that not only were the Guardians of the Poor Law Unions central in the determination of the lunatic's journey through the institutional systems provided in the mid-nineteenth century, but also that there were significant variations within the Poor Law system which made for contrasting systems of disposal of lunatics as between the Unions themselves. These variations in disposal of lunatics in Devon raise important questions of ideology, policy, and practice which, if repeated elsewhere, point to a need to refine significantly our assumptions regarding the disposal of pauper lunatics in England and Wales in the fifty years following the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act.
{"title":"The New Poor Law and the County Pauper Lunatic Asylum--the Devon experience 1834-1884.","authors":"B. Forsythe, J. Melling, R. Adair","doi":"10.1093/SHM/9.3.335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/9.3.335","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we examine the impact of the policies and practices of the Guardians of the New Poor Law Unions on the management of pauper lunatics in four Devon Poor Law Unions in the critical period 1834-84. The central role of the Victorian Poor Law in provision made for the insane has only recently been recognized in the research literature. Scholars have been much more concerned with the activities of professionalizing physicians and the general project of state management than they have with the micro-politics of the local Poor Law and the magistracy who were responsible for the legal disposition of the insane. In this paper we argue that not only were the Guardians of the Poor Law Unions central in the determination of the lunatic's journey through the institutional systems provided in the mid-nineteenth century, but also that there were significant variations within the Poor Law system which made for contrasting systems of disposal of lunatics as between the Unions themselves. These variations in disposal of lunatics in Devon raise important questions of ideology, policy, and practice which, if repeated elsewhere, point to a need to refine significantly our assumptions regarding the disposal of pauper lunatics in England and Wales in the fifty years following the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88227701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the largest country of the former Eastern bloc, Poland presents an interesting case study for the evolution of public health in Eastern Europe in the twentieth century. This article looks more specifically at the interwar period when an epidemiological institute--created to deal with the epidemic aftermath of the First World War--developed into the National Institute of Hygiene (NIH), still Poland's first and foremost public health institution today. It considers the origins of the Polish hygiene movement, the influence of foreign models on Polish health structures as well as the specificities of the political and economic context of the 1920s and 1930s in relation to health issues. The foundations laid in those years seem to have played a more important role in the improvement of post war health than is commonly believed.
{"title":"The National Institute of Hygiene and public health in Poland 1918-1939.","authors":"M. Balinska","doi":"10.1093/SHM/9.3.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/9.3.427","url":null,"abstract":"As the largest country of the former Eastern bloc, Poland presents an interesting case study for the evolution of public health in Eastern Europe in the twentieth century. This article looks more specifically at the interwar period when an epidemiological institute--created to deal with the epidemic aftermath of the First World War--developed into the National Institute of Hygiene (NIH), still Poland's first and foremost public health institution today. It considers the origins of the Polish hygiene movement, the influence of foreign models on Polish health structures as well as the specificities of the political and economic context of the 1920s and 1930s in relation to health issues. The foundations laid in those years seem to have played a more important role in the improvement of post war health than is commonly believed.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81904059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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