The close relationship between the provision of birth control advice and the ideology of eugenics deserves closer attention. This paper focuses on the enthusiasm for eugenic ideas amongst an influential section of the medical profession and their ability to initiate contraceptive provision. A study of North Wales suggests that clinic provision in the interwar period reflected the enthusiasm or hostility of the medical profession more closely than the needs or demands of the female population, and illustrates how, for some doctors, the issue of contraception was seen in the wider context of the nation's health.
{"title":"Eugenics and birth control: contraceptive provision in North Wales, 1918-1939.","authors":"J. Grier","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.3.443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.3.443","url":null,"abstract":"The close relationship between the provision of birth control advice and the ideology of eugenics deserves closer attention. This paper focuses on the enthusiasm for eugenic ideas amongst an influential section of the medical profession and their ability to initiate contraceptive provision. A study of North Wales suggests that clinic provision in the interwar period reflected the enthusiasm or hostility of the medical profession more closely than the needs or demands of the female population, and illustrates how, for some doctors, the issue of contraception was seen in the wider context of the nation's health.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81681282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has sometimes been assumed that the Report of the Seebohm Committee on the Local Authority and Allied Personal Social Services of 1968 and subsequent Local Authority (Social Services) Reorganization signalled a reduction in the influence of Medical Officers of Health in the care of poor and disorganized families and an increase in that of social workers. This article considers the role of Medical Officers of Health in the care of such families in the period after the Second World War, and their relationship with one of the key voluntary social work agencies in the field, Pacifist Service Units/Family Service Units. By examining the shift in responsibility from public health doctors to social workers and using the Bristol Family Service Unit as a case study, it argues that in many areas the Children and Young Persons Act of 1963 was used formally to transfer responsibility for such families to the Children's Departments and that the process was complete before the Seebohm Committee reported in 1968. It also suggests that those families in difficulty who remained the responsibility of the Public Health Department, and who were thought to have increased in number during the course of the 1960s, presented health visitors and public health doctors with a different range of problems, although they continued to be labelled problem families.
{"title":"The medical officer of health, the social worker, and the problem family, 1943 to 1968: the case of family service units.","authors":"P. Starkey","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.3.421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.3.421","url":null,"abstract":"It has sometimes been assumed that the Report of the Seebohm Committee on the Local Authority and Allied Personal Social Services of 1968 and subsequent Local Authority (Social Services) Reorganization signalled a reduction in the influence of Medical Officers of Health in the care of poor and disorganized families and an increase in that of social workers. This article considers the role of Medical Officers of Health in the care of such families in the period after the Second World War, and their relationship with one of the key voluntary social work agencies in the field, Pacifist Service Units/Family Service Units. By examining the shift in responsibility from public health doctors to social workers and using the Bristol Family Service Unit as a case study, it argues that in many areas the Children and Young Persons Act of 1963 was used formally to transfer responsibility for such families to the Children's Departments and that the process was complete before the Seebohm Committee reported in 1968. It also suggests that those families in difficulty who remained the responsibility of the Public Health Department, and who were thought to have increased in number during the course of the 1960s, presented health visitors and public health doctors with a different range of problems, although they continued to be labelled problem families.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90613701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the mid-1930s reports were accumulating from the British coalfields, particularly from the anthracite area of South Wales, that coal face workers suffered a disabling lung condition that was not recognized as the (compensatable) silicosis of rock workers. The Second World War was threatening and discontent was rife. Government, through the Medical Research Council, initiated a medical and environmental investigation of chronic pulmonary disease in South Wales coalminers to make a systematic survey. The medical surveys, 1936-1942, were undertaken by a member of MRC staff, Dr Philip D'Arcy Hart assisted by Dr Edward Aslett of the Welsh National Memorial Association. One colliery (Ammanford) was intensively investigated; fifteen others less so; coal trimmers at the docks were added. The main observations were to confirm and describe radiographically the frequency of serious lung lesions apparently due to coal dust, and distinguishable from classical silicosis. Among recommendations accepted by Government, the lung condition became recognized for compensations, and the generic term pneumoconiosis of Coal Workers' was substituted for silicosis.
{"title":"Chronic pulmonary disease in South Wales coal mines: an eye-witness account of the MRC surveys (1937-1942).","authors":"P. D. Hart, E. Tansey","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.3.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.3.459","url":null,"abstract":"In the mid-1930s reports were accumulating from the British coalfields, particularly from the anthracite area of South Wales, that coal face workers suffered a disabling lung condition that was not recognized as the (compensatable) silicosis of rock workers. The Second World War was threatening and discontent was rife. Government, through the Medical Research Council, initiated a medical and environmental investigation of chronic pulmonary disease in South Wales coalminers to make a systematic survey. The medical surveys, 1936-1942, were undertaken by a member of MRC staff, Dr Philip D'Arcy Hart assisted by Dr Edward Aslett of the Welsh National Memorial Association. One colliery (Ammanford) was intensively investigated; fifteen others less so; coal trimmers at the docks were added. The main observations were to confirm and describe radiographically the frequency of serious lung lesions apparently due to coal dust, and distinguishable from classical silicosis. Among recommendations accepted by Government, the lung condition became recognized for compensations, and the generic term pneumoconiosis of Coal Workers' was substituted for silicosis.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74545027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject of this article is the terminal illness of Zelie Martin who died from breast cancer in 1877. She was a Catholic woman of Normandy, a professional lace-maker, and the mother of five daughters. Her extensive correspondence, which records her fatal illness, is the main source for this study. Her accounts of the disease are compared with medical texts of the period. Religious responses to illness, and the suppport offered by family members are also described.
{"title":"'Purgatory on earth': an account of breast cancer from nineteenth-century France.","authors":"T. Taylor","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.3.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.3.381","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this article is the terminal illness of Zelie Martin who died from breast cancer in 1877. She was a Catholic woman of Normandy, a professional lace-maker, and the mother of five daughters. Her extensive correspondence, which records her fatal illness, is the main source for this study. Her accounts of the disease are compared with medical texts of the period. Religious responses to illness, and the suppport offered by family members are also described.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84296076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews a special privilege given to Romanian medical students over other foreign medical students coming to study in France from the 1850s to the 1930s. It shows how, because of changing circumstances in Romania itself, this privilege evolved from benefiting small numbers of Christian students, who generally returned home after their studies, to benefiting large numbers of Jewish students, many of whom remained in France to practise medicine. It also shows how this evolution fed into medical anti-Semitism in France which discriminated specifically against these Romanian students as Jews, a phenomenon which was distinct from the French medical xenophobia directed against all foreign students.
{"title":"The Romanian privilege in French medicine and anti-Semitism.","authors":"D. Evleth","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.2.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.2.213","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews a special privilege given to Romanian medical students over other foreign medical students coming to study in France from the 1850s to the 1930s. It shows how, because of changing circumstances in Romania itself, this privilege evolved from benefiting small numbers of Christian students, who generally returned home after their studies, to benefiting large numbers of Jewish students, many of whom remained in France to practise medicine. It also shows how this evolution fed into medical anti-Semitism in France which discriminated specifically against these Romanian students as Jews, a phenomenon which was distinct from the French medical xenophobia directed against all foreign students.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89243148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is concerned primarily with questions as to how and why case notes were produced and utilized, and how they may (or may not) be used by historians. More specifically, it discusses how the Glasgow Royal Asylum's case notes may be deployed to access patients' experiences of madness and confinement. The deficiencies and biases of the case record are also explored. So too is the relationship of case notes with other asylum based records, including reception order questionnaires, with a separate section on patient writings as part of the case history corpus. This leads into an analysis of how the Asylum's case notes became case histories and for what purposes. These subjects are related to changes and continuities in medical ideologies about insanity, social attitudes to the insane and the nature of medical practice in asylums. Some fundamental shifts in emphasis in the use of the case note and case history occurred in this period. These shifts were associated with an increased emphasis on organic interpretations of mental disease and on clinical approaches to insanity; with the medicalization of asylum records and the wider discourse on insanity, and with declining deference to the public at large in the presentation of cases. The survey concludes by analysing the changing place of patient testimony within the case record.
{"title":"Case notes, case histories, and the patient's experience of insanity at Gartnavel Royal Asylum, Glasgow, in the nineteenth century.","authors":"J. Andrews","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.2.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.2.255","url":null,"abstract":"This article is concerned primarily with questions as to how and why case notes were produced and utilized, and how they may (or may not) be used by historians. More specifically, it discusses how the Glasgow Royal Asylum's case notes may be deployed to access patients' experiences of madness and confinement. The deficiencies and biases of the case record are also explored. So too is the relationship of case notes with other asylum based records, including reception order questionnaires, with a separate section on patient writings as part of the case history corpus. This leads into an analysis of how the Asylum's case notes became case histories and for what purposes. These subjects are related to changes and continuities in medical ideologies about insanity, social attitudes to the insane and the nature of medical practice in asylums. Some fundamental shifts in emphasis in the use of the case note and case history occurred in this period. These shifts were associated with an increased emphasis on organic interpretations of mental disease and on clinical approaches to insanity; with the medicalization of asylum records and the wider discourse on insanity, and with declining deference to the public at large in the presentation of cases. The survey concludes by analysing the changing place of patient testimony within the case record.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86279994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The process of creating the French Muscular Dystrophy Association (AFM) is analysed through the interactions between the medico-scientific community on the one hand, and patients and their families on the other, from the 1950s to 1986. Each stage of its development was characterized by a particular mode of co-operation between lay people and doctors. Starting in 1958, the Association built a close relationship with a single partner, Jean Demos, a paediatrician and biochemist who developed a new vasodilation therapy based on his controversial vascular theory of muscular dystrophy. Around 1966, some AFM members, disappointed by Demos' treatment, decided to collaborate with other specialists, primarily neurologists, but channelled most of their resources in social action. Two other organizations were then created around Dr. Demos: the first (Union de Myopathes de France (UMF) acted as a "grass-roots organization" for maintaining "therapeutic orthodoxy" among patients and supporting his research through political lobbying; the other, composed of a handful of wealthy individuals, raised private funds for his laboratory. In the late 1970s, some UMF members questioned Demos' approach. They united with AFM to form a single association and created a Scientific Council representing all French groups interested in neuromuscular diseases. The co-operation established between these two collective partners proved to be most fruitful for both parties.
从1950年代至1986年，通过医学科学界与患者及其家属之间的互动，分析了创建法国肌肉萎缩症协会(AFM)的过程。其发展的每个阶段都以外行人和医生之间的特定合作模式为特征。从1958年开始，协会与一位合作伙伴Jean Demos建立了密切的关系。Jean Demos是一位儿科医生和生物化学家，他根据自己有争议的肌肉萎缩症血管理论开发了一种新的血管扩张疗法。1966年左右，一些AFM成员对Demos的治疗感到失望，决定与其他专家合作，主要是神经学家，但将他们的大部分资源用于社会行动。随后，围绕德莫斯博士又成立了另外两个组织:第一个是法国病理联盟(Union de Myopathes de France, UMF)，作为一个“草根组织”，在患者中维持“正统治疗”，并通过政治游说支持他的研究;另一个由少数富人组成，为他的实验室筹集私人资金。在20世纪70年代末，一些UMF成员质疑Demos的做法。他们与AFM联合成立了一个协会，并成立了一个科学委员会，代表所有对神经肌肉疾病感兴趣的法国团体。事实证明，这两个集体伙伴之间建立的合作对双方都是最富有成效的。
{"title":"Building the French Muscular Dystrophy Association: the role of doctor/patient interactions.","authors":"M. Bach","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.2.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.2.233","url":null,"abstract":"The process of creating the French Muscular Dystrophy Association (AFM) is analysed through the interactions between the medico-scientific community on the one hand, and patients and their families on the other, from the 1950s to 1986. Each stage of its development was characterized by a particular mode of co-operation between lay people and doctors. Starting in 1958, the Association built a close relationship with a single partner, Jean Demos, a paediatrician and biochemist who developed a new vasodilation therapy based on his controversial vascular theory of muscular dystrophy. Around 1966, some AFM members, disappointed by Demos' treatment, decided to collaborate with other specialists, primarily neurologists, but channelled most of their resources in social action. Two other organizations were then created around Dr. Demos: the first (Union de Myopathes de France (UMF) acted as a \"grass-roots organization\" for maintaining \"therapeutic orthodoxy\" among patients and supporting his research through political lobbying; the other, composed of a handful of wealthy individuals, raised private funds for his laboratory. In the late 1970s, some UMF members questioned Demos' approach. They united with AFM to form a single association and created a Scientific Council representing all French groups interested in neuromuscular diseases. The co-operation established between these two collective partners proved to be most fruitful for both parties.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83080328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines over 3,000 questionnaires on abortion that were distributed through the National Birthday Trust Fund, a non-governmental orrganization, to working-class women in municipal hospitals in 1930s Britain. The aim of the survey was to "discover the proportion of induced to spontaneous abortions". Although the study was abandoned due to weaknesses in its design, the collected data contain a mass of detailed information about the lives and reproductive history of working-class women in this period. The background to the survey is discussed, setting it within the development of research on poverty and women's health, as well as contemporary debate on the issue of abortion. The survey data, which are both qualitative and quantitative, are analysed and presented in figures with accompanying commentary. Issues covered include the impact of poverty, overcrowding, reasons for avoiding pregnancy, and contraception.
{"title":"Women and abortion in 1930s Britain: a survey and its data.","authors":"J. Thomas, S. Williams","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.2.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.2.283","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines over 3,000 questionnaires on abortion that were distributed through the National Birthday Trust Fund, a non-governmental orrganization, to working-class women in municipal hospitals in 1930s Britain. The aim of the survey was to \"discover the proportion of induced to spontaneous abortions\". Although the study was abandoned due to weaknesses in its design, the collected data contain a mass of detailed information about the lives and reproductive history of working-class women in this period. The background to the survey is discussed, setting it within the development of research on poverty and women's health, as well as contemporary debate on the issue of abortion. The survey data, which are both qualitative and quantitative, are analysed and presented in figures with accompanying commentary. Issues covered include the impact of poverty, overcrowding, reasons for avoiding pregnancy, and contraception.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81897296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents an analysis of the levels, trends and determinants of infant mortality in various regions of Finland between the late seventeenth and early twentieth centuries. Nursing habits were of critical importance as were diet and hygiene. It is suggested that there were differences in the frequency of breastfeeding with the landless being more and the farmers being less likely to breastfeed their children. In areas where cows milk was readily available as a substitute for breast milk other influences on infant mortality were the contamination of drinking water and the water in which feeding utensils were washed. At the end of the eighteenth century, in the south-west of Finland, the introduction of the potato created a suitable food for women and children and lowered the mortality rate of infants aged 3-6 months. By contrast, in the regions where the first solid food given to infants was chewed by the mothers, infant mortality remained high. In the part of Finland adjacent to St Petersburg infant mortality actually increased as local mothers were engaged as wet-nurses by the city's foundling hospital.
{"title":"Motherhood, milk, and money: infant mortality in pre-industrial Finland.","authors":"B. Moring","doi":"10.1093/SHM/11.2.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/11.2.177","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an analysis of the levels, trends and determinants of infant mortality in various regions of Finland between the late seventeenth and early twentieth centuries. Nursing habits were of critical importance as were diet and hygiene. It is suggested that there were differences in the frequency of breastfeeding with the landless being more and the farmers being less likely to breastfeed their children. In areas where cows milk was readily available as a substitute for breast milk other influences on infant mortality were the contamination of drinking water and the water in which feeding utensils were washed. At the end of the eighteenth century, in the south-west of Finland, the introduction of the potato created a suitable food for women and children and lowered the mortality rate of infants aged 3-6 months. By contrast, in the regions where the first solid food given to infants was chewed by the mothers, infant mortality remained high. In the part of Finland adjacent to St Petersburg infant mortality actually increased as local mothers were engaged as wet-nurses by the city's foundling hospital.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77946910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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