The licensing of African healers in the province of Natal, South Africa combined with urbanization, medical commodification, and an overcrowded biomedical market led to ideological and commercial competition between White biomedical practitioners and African healers in the early twentieth century in southeastern Africa. This article examines the historical antecedents of this competition and focuses on the role that competition, race, and gender played in the construction of local biomedical and African ideas of medical authority. Adopting the idea that medicine is an important site of power, contestation, and cultural exchange, I aim not only to document these historical changes in African therapeutics, but to problematize current ideas of biomedicine's colonial hegemony.
{"title":"Competition, race, and professionalization: African healers and white medical practitioners in Natal, South Africa in the early twentieth century.","authors":"K. Flint","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.2.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.2.199","url":null,"abstract":"The licensing of African healers in the province of Natal, South Africa combined with urbanization, medical commodification, and an overcrowded biomedical market led to ideological and commercial competition between White biomedical practitioners and African healers in the early twentieth century in southeastern Africa. This article examines the historical antecedents of this competition and focuses on the role that competition, race, and gender played in the construction of local biomedical and African ideas of medical authority. Adopting the idea that medicine is an important site of power, contestation, and cultural exchange, I aim not only to document these historical changes in African therapeutics, but to problematize current ideas of biomedicine's colonial hegemony.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78846472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From its origins in resistance to the 1853 Compulsory Vaccination Act, the Victorian anti-vaccination movement successfully challenged the public health policies of an increasingly interventionist state. Anti-vaccinationists were not only middle-class reformers, but were also drawn from a politically active working class. These campaigners saw compulsory vaccination as an extreme example of class legislation, for its policy and administration implicitly targeted working-class infants and inflicted multiple penalties on a public who considered themselves 'conscientious objectors'. Anti-vaccinationism was quickly absorbed into English working-class culture. Indeed, it helped to reorganize working-class identities around the site of the vulnerable body thereby absorbing many people into a working class who interpreted the violation of their bodies as a form of political tyranny. Participation in this movement was, however, also an exclusive exercise for anti-vaccinators, as respectable working-class citizens distinguished themselves from members of the 'undeserving' classes. This paper explores the class nature of the Vaccination Acts, their relationship to the New Poor Law, and the political implications of their administration. It also imbeds anti-vaccinationism firmly within working-class culture, illustrating the campaign's relationship to popular protest and entertainment, and this legislation's impact upon working-class bodies.
{"title":"'They might as well brand us': working-class resistance to compulsory vaccination in Victorian England.","authors":"Nadja Durbach","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"From its origins in resistance to the 1853 Compulsory Vaccination Act, the Victorian anti-vaccination movement successfully challenged the public health policies of an increasingly interventionist state. Anti-vaccinationists were not only middle-class reformers, but were also drawn from a politically active working class. These campaigners saw compulsory vaccination as an extreme example of class legislation, for its policy and administration implicitly targeted working-class infants and inflicted multiple penalties on a public who considered themselves 'conscientious objectors'. Anti-vaccinationism was quickly absorbed into English working-class culture. Indeed, it helped to reorganize working-class identities around the site of the vulnerable body thereby absorbing many people into a working class who interpreted the violation of their bodies as a form of political tyranny. Participation in this movement was, however, also an exclusive exercise for anti-vaccinators, as respectable working-class citizens distinguished themselves from members of the 'undeserving' classes. This paper explores the class nature of the Vaccination Acts, their relationship to the New Poor Law, and the political implications of their administration. It also imbeds anti-vaccinationism firmly within working-class culture, illustrating the campaign's relationship to popular protest and entertainment, and this legislation's impact upon working-class bodies.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90448567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The eighteenth century was a period of development and change in Scottish society, its structures, and institutions. In Edinburgh the Royal College of Physicians, the Incorporation of Surgeons (Royal College from 1778), and the University attempted to improve medical and surgical training, and in the second half of the century the Scottish Enlightenment found its intellectual home in the capital. At the same time, the newspaper press was consolidating and Scots had access to a number of newspapers which appeared regularly, such as the Caledomian Mercury and Edinburgh Advistiser. The press became a major vehicle for the dissemination of information and opinion of all sorts, and examination of surviving newspapers had yielded a substantial amount of evidence on the use of the press by medical practitioners and their organizations. The medical contents of the newspapers demonstrate the progress of the institutions, the activities of individual practitioners, the changing nature of lay practice, and some of the tensions which existed in Edinburgh medicine and society in the hotbed of the Enlightenment period.
{"title":"'To be insert in the Mercury': medical practitioners and the press in eighteenth-century Edinburgh.","authors":"H. Dingwall","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.23","url":null,"abstract":"The eighteenth century was a period of development and change in Scottish society, its structures, and institutions. In Edinburgh the Royal College of Physicians, the Incorporation of Surgeons (Royal College from 1778), and the University attempted to improve medical and surgical training, and in the second half of the century the Scottish Enlightenment found its intellectual home in the capital. At the same time, the newspaper press was consolidating and Scots had access to a number of newspapers which appeared regularly, such as the Caledomian Mercury and Edinburgh Advistiser. The press became a major vehicle for the dissemination of information and opinion of all sorts, and examination of surviving newspapers had yielded a substantial amount of evidence on the use of the press by medical practitioners and their organizations. The medical contents of the newspapers demonstrate the progress of the institutions, the activities of individual practitioners, the changing nature of lay practice, and some of the tensions which existed in Edinburgh medicine and society in the hotbed of the Enlightenment period.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81016231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The campaign against masturbation offers one of the outstanding success stories in the history of medical popularization. This paper seeks to identify the reasons for this success, focusing on the campaign's early stages, from the late seventeenth century onwards. It first identifies a series of often quite explicit political, ideological, and economic motives such as religious notions of 'uncleaniness', bourgeois concerns about self-control, marriage, and population growth, and the financial interests of the London veneral trade. Drawing, in particular, on the 'confessions of self-declared victims of masturbation in eighteenth-century patient letters, it then shows that the physical and mental symptoms attributed to masturbation very successfully addressed some of the deepest anxieties in contemporary society, anxieties about virility, gender identity, and physical selfhood. Finally, applying Bourdieu's notion of 'habitus', the central role of a new, implicitly male, more solid, closed and self-contained dominant body image is underlined. Framing the interpretation and the very experience of the body among the proponents and the recipients of anti-onanist discourse alike, it helped to make the dangers of masturbation an almost irrefutable, objective truth.
{"title":"An unmanly vice: self-pollution, anxiety, and the body in the eighteenth century.","authors":"Michael Stolberg","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The campaign against masturbation offers one of the outstanding success stories in the history of medical popularization. This paper seeks to identify the reasons for this success, focusing on the campaign's early stages, from the late seventeenth century onwards. It first identifies a series of often quite explicit political, ideological, and economic motives such as religious notions of 'uncleaniness', bourgeois concerns about self-control, marriage, and population growth, and the financial interests of the London veneral trade. Drawing, in particular, on the 'confessions of self-declared victims of masturbation in eighteenth-century patient letters, it then shows that the physical and mental symptoms attributed to masturbation very successfully addressed some of the deepest anxieties in contemporary society, anxieties about virility, gender identity, and physical selfhood. Finally, applying Bourdieu's notion of 'habitus', the central role of a new, implicitly male, more solid, closed and self-contained dominant body image is underlined. Framing the interpretation and the very experience of the body among the proponents and the recipients of anti-onanist discourse alike, it helped to make the dangers of masturbation an almost irrefutable, objective truth.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91109508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1934-35 Ceylon suffered a major malaria epidemic which affected one and a half million people out of a population of five and a half million. This paper will first examine the orgins and course of the epidemic but the main focus is on the measures the authorities adopted to deal with the disaster. In 1931 Ceylon had attained 'home rule' under the Donoughmore Constitution. The epidemic was a first and major test of the efficacy of the new government. Examining the responses of the imperial government, the colonial government and the colonial medical services to this medical emergency establishes that the epidemic was a turning point in the health services of Ceylon and thus Sri Lanka, that the legacy of colonial medicine is essentially mixed and that the complexity and contradictory nature of colonial medicine can only be understood by detailed contextual research.
{"title":"The Ceylon malaria epidemic of 1934-35: a case study in colonial medicine.","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.87","url":null,"abstract":"In 1934-35 Ceylon suffered a major malaria epidemic which affected one and a half million people out of a population of five and a half million. This paper will first examine the orgins and course of the epidemic but the main focus is on the measures the authorities adopted to deal with the disaster. In 1931 Ceylon had attained 'home rule' under the Donoughmore Constitution. The epidemic was a first and major test of the efficacy of the new government. Examining the responses of the imperial government, the colonial government and the colonial medical services to this medical emergency establishes that the epidemic was a turning point in the health services of Ceylon and thus Sri Lanka, that the legacy of colonial medicine is essentially mixed and that the complexity and contradictory nature of colonial medicine can only be understood by detailed contextual research.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86340243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"And the answer is ... 42.","authors":"P. Palladino","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81423103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the Second World War, medical academics hoped to reform medical practice and education in Great Britain, increasing doctors' sensitivity to the social and environmental causes of ill health and orientating them towards prevention. At the start of the National Health Service (NHS), central planning aimed to raise the status of isolated urban general practitioners (GPs) by grouping them in an experimental health centre. This offered a locus for social medicine, encouraging cooperation and research with local authority staff (nurses, midwives, and social workers). The Manchester case study confirms that health centre working could not be disseminated while conditions for teamwork were absent elsewhere. The failure of academic planning can be attributed to a top-down approach upon demoralized urban practice. While the participants did not form an autonomous group, economic incentives drove the growth of group practice elsewhere and made health centres superfluous to government. The College of General Practitioners developed in parallel, offering an alternative path towards an academic discipline. The case study also suggests a relationship between the emergence of groups and a psychological orientation in practice. A patient-centred model became important within teaching and gave identity to the displine, but it probably had little impact on everyday practice.
{"title":"Academic general practice in Manchester under the early National Health Service: a failed experiment in social medicine.","authors":"M. Perry","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.111","url":null,"abstract":"During the Second World War, medical academics hoped to reform medical practice and education in Great Britain, increasing doctors' sensitivity to the social and environmental causes of ill health and orientating them towards prevention. At the start of the National Health Service (NHS), central planning aimed to raise the status of isolated urban general practitioners (GPs) by grouping them in an experimental health centre. This offered a locus for social medicine, encouraging cooperation and research with local authority staff (nurses, midwives, and social workers). The Manchester case study confirms that health centre working could not be disseminated while conditions for teamwork were absent elsewhere. The failure of academic planning can be attributed to a top-down approach upon demoralized urban practice. While the participants did not form an autonomous group, economic incentives drove the growth of group practice elsewhere and made health centres superfluous to government. The College of General Practitioners developed in parallel, offering an alternative path towards an academic discipline. The case study also suggests a relationship between the emergence of groups and a psychological orientation in practice. A patient-centred model became important within teaching and gave identity to the displine, but it probably had little impact on everyday practice.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80108611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent policy discussions about extending the system of legal deposit to material published in formats other than print, for example film, video, and television, offer an opportunity to reflect on the role of audio-visual sources in the contemporary history of health and medicine. In the course of the twentieth century, audio-visual media have become the means of communicating ideas and information about health and medicine to a mass audience. However, health and medical historians rarely draw upon film, television, or video as historical source material. This paper encourages a greater role for these sources by outlining different ways of approaching audio-visual material as historical source, and introducing a selection of research tools and tips for accessing our audio-visual heritage.
{"title":"The history of health and medicine in contemporary Britain: reflections on the role of audio-visual sources.","authors":"K. Loughlin","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.131","url":null,"abstract":"Recent policy discussions about extending the system of legal deposit to material published in formats other than print, for example film, video, and television, offer an opportunity to reflect on the role of audio-visual sources in the contemporary history of health and medicine. In the course of the twentieth century, audio-visual media have become the means of communicating ideas and information about health and medicine to a mass audience. However, health and medical historians rarely draw upon film, television, or video as historical source material. This paper encourages a greater role for these sources by outlining different ways of approaching audio-visual material as historical source, and introducing a selection of research tools and tips for accessing our audio-visual heritage.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88232057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researh on sanitary reform in nineteenth-century Britain has focused mainly on the introduction of large-sanitary infrastructure, especially waterworks and sewage systems. Other sanitary measures such as the provision of public baths and wash-houses have been ignored, or discussed in the limited context of working-class responses to middle-class sanitarianism. Yet by 1915 public baths and wash-houses were to be found in nearly every British town and city. A detailed analysis of these 'enterprises' can provide a useful way of understanding the changing priorities of public health professionals and urban authorities as well as the changing attitudes of the working classes. Connections between personal cleanliness and disease evolved during the century, particularly after the formation of germ theory in the 1880s. This paper demonstrates how the introduction of public baths and wash-houses in Liverpool, Belfast, and Glasgow was initially a direct response to sanitary reform campaigns. It also shows that the explicit public health ideology of these developments was constantly compromised by implicit concerns about municipal finance and the potential profit that such enterprises could generate. This city-based analysis shows that this conflict hindered the full sanitary benefit which these schemes potentially offered.
{"title":"Profit is a dirty word: the development of the public baths and wash-houses in Britain 1847-1915.","authors":"S. Sheard","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.63","url":null,"abstract":"Researh on sanitary reform in nineteenth-century Britain has focused mainly on the introduction of large-sanitary infrastructure, especially waterworks and sewage systems. Other sanitary measures such as the provision of public baths and wash-houses have been ignored, or discussed in the limited context of working-class responses to middle-class sanitarianism. Yet by 1915 public baths and wash-houses were to be found in nearly every British town and city. A detailed analysis of these 'enterprises' can provide a useful way of understanding the changing priorities of public health professionals and urban authorities as well as the changing attitudes of the working classes. Connections between personal cleanliness and disease evolved during the century, particularly after the formation of germ theory in the 1880s. This paper demonstrates how the introduction of public baths and wash-houses in Liverpool, Belfast, and Glasgow was initially a direct response to sanitary reform campaigns. It also shows that the explicit public health ideology of these developments was constantly compromised by implicit concerns about municipal finance and the potential profit that such enterprises could generate. This city-based analysis shows that this conflict hindered the full sanitary benefit which these schemes potentially offered.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77151517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review article. [Review of: Andrews, J; Briggs, A; Porter, R, etc. The History of Bethlem. Routledge, 1997].","authors":"Micale Ms","doi":"10.1093/SHM/13.1.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/13.1.153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75371743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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