Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301463
Georges Kemayo, Nassima Benammar, F. Ridouard, Henri Bauer, P. Richard
The AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX Switched Ethernet) is the backbone network of most modern civilian aircraft. For certification reasons, a guaranteed upper bound has to be determined on the end-to-end delay for all transmitted flows. Several approaches have been designed in order to analyze such delays. In this paper, we focus on the Forward End-to-End delays Analysis (FA). This method is based on real-time scheduling results. Our goal is to propose an improvement, that reduces the pessimism of the computed bounds, compared to earlier versions of the method. The improvement relies on the way the serialization of packets sharing a common link is taken into account. We also propose a comparative analysis on a simple configuration with two other methods (Network Calculus and the Trajectory approach).
{"title":"Improving AFDX end-to-end delays analysis","authors":"Georges Kemayo, Nassima Benammar, F. Ridouard, Henri Bauer, P. Richard","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301463","url":null,"abstract":"The AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX Switched Ethernet) is the backbone network of most modern civilian aircraft. For certification reasons, a guaranteed upper bound has to be determined on the end-to-end delay for all transmitted flows. Several approaches have been designed in order to analyze such delays. In this paper, we focus on the Forward End-to-End delays Analysis (FA). This method is based on real-time scheduling results. Our goal is to propose an improvement, that reduces the pessimism of the computed bounds, compared to earlier versions of the method. The improvement relies on the way the serialization of packets sharing a common link is taken into account. We also propose a comparative analysis on a simple configuration with two other methods (Network Calculus and the Trajectory approach).","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84124237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301476
André M. H. Teixeira, K. Paridari, H. Sandberg, K. Johansson
In this paper, we study the impact of adversarial actions on voltage control schemes in interconnected microgrids. Each microgrid is abstracted as a power inverter that can be controlled to regulate its voltage magnitude and phase-angle independently. Moreover, each power inverter is modeled as a single integrator, whose input is given by a voltage droop-control policy that is computed based on voltage magnitude and reactive power injection measurements. Under mild assumptions, we then establish important properties of the nominal linearized closed-loop system, such as stability, positivity, and diagonal dominance. These properties play an important role when characterizing the potential impact of different attack scenarios. In particular, we discuss two attack scenarios where the adversary corrupts measurement data and reference signals received by the voltage droop controllers. The potential impact of instances of each scenario is analyzed using control-theoretic tools, which may be used to develop methodologies for identifying high-risk attack scenarios, as is illustrated by numerical examples.
{"title":"Voltage control for interconnected microgrids under adversarial actions","authors":"André M. H. Teixeira, K. Paridari, H. Sandberg, K. Johansson","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301476","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the impact of adversarial actions on voltage control schemes in interconnected microgrids. Each microgrid is abstracted as a power inverter that can be controlled to regulate its voltage magnitude and phase-angle independently. Moreover, each power inverter is modeled as a single integrator, whose input is given by a voltage droop-control policy that is computed based on voltage magnitude and reactive power injection measurements. Under mild assumptions, we then establish important properties of the nominal linearized closed-loop system, such as stability, positivity, and diagonal dominance. These properties play an important role when characterizing the potential impact of different attack scenarios. In particular, we discuss two attack scenarios where the adversary corrupts measurement data and reference signals received by the voltage droop controllers. The potential impact of instances of each scenario is analyzed using control-theoretic tools, which may be used to develop methodologies for identifying high-risk attack scenarios, as is illustrated by numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88623211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301607
A. Ożadowicz, Jakub Grela
Nowadays, smart metering and energy management installations are becoming essential part of building automation systems (BASs). Field level integration in these kind of installations could provide new features in buildings energy monitoring and improve control quality in BASs. In this context an interoperability of BAS devices is very important. It could be achieved with standardized functional profiles and functional blocks. An Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides solutions to this integration and possibilities to transform these installations into building energy management systems (BEMSs). In this paper a control application of developed IoT energy meter is introduced. This application implements functions that should be provided by these kind of automation nodes - vital elements for integrated BEMSs. It is ready for integration within the BASs.
{"title":"Control application for Internet of Things energy meter — A key part of integrated building energy management system","authors":"A. Ożadowicz, Jakub Grela","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301607","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, smart metering and energy management installations are becoming essential part of building automation systems (BASs). Field level integration in these kind of installations could provide new features in buildings energy monitoring and improve control quality in BASs. In this context an interoperability of BAS devices is very important. It could be achieved with standardized functional profiles and functional blocks. An Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides solutions to this integration and possibilities to transform these installations into building energy management systems (BEMSs). In this paper a control application of developed IoT energy meter is introduced. This application implements functions that should be provided by these kind of automation nodes - vital elements for integrated BEMSs. It is ready for integration within the BASs.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"80 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72651678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301604
A. Zeller, M. Weyrich
This paper provides a discussion on the coming technological changes in process automation of networked production systems, which will change the testing procedure. In the smart factory of the future there will be no possibility to reach a test coverage of 100%, assuming a flexible automation with continuous reconfiguration and dynamic changes during runtime. Consequently, large amounts of test cases and powerful algorithms for their prioritization are needed in order to certify the correct functionality of the production systems in the network. A concept is presented on how to analyze and prioritize the enormous amount of test cases resulting from the changes during runtime. The proposed approach for test case selection utilizes information of the product, the process and the status of the for the prioritization and selection.
{"title":"Test case selection for networked production systems","authors":"A. Zeller, M. Weyrich","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301604","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a discussion on the coming technological changes in process automation of networked production systems, which will change the testing procedure. In the smart factory of the future there will be no possibility to reach a test coverage of 100%, assuming a flexible automation with continuous reconfiguration and dynamic changes during runtime. Consequently, large amounts of test cases and powerful algorithms for their prioritization are needed in order to certify the correct functionality of the production systems in the network. A concept is presented on how to analyze and prioritize the enormous amount of test cases resulting from the changes during runtime. The proposed approach for test case selection utilizes information of the product, the process and the status of the for the prioritization and selection.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"89 1 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78152692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301431
R. Inam, M. Behnam, Thomas Nolte, Mikael Sjödin
The Multi-Resource Server (MRS) technique has been proposed to enable predictable execution of memory intensive real-time applications on COTS multi-core platforms. It uses resource reservation approaches in the context of CPU-bandwidth and memory-bus bandwidth reservations to bound the interference between the applications running on the same core as well as between the applications running on different cores. In this paper we present a complete composable local and global schedulability analysis for the Multi-Resource Server technique. Based on the proposed analysis, we further provide an experimental study that investigates the behaviour of the MRS and identifies the factors that contribute mostly on the overall system performance.
{"title":"Compositional analysis for the Multi-Resource Server","authors":"R. Inam, M. Behnam, Thomas Nolte, Mikael Sjödin","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301431","url":null,"abstract":"The Multi-Resource Server (MRS) technique has been proposed to enable predictable execution of memory intensive real-time applications on COTS multi-core platforms. It uses resource reservation approaches in the context of CPU-bandwidth and memory-bus bandwidth reservations to bound the interference between the applications running on the same core as well as between the applications running on different cores. In this paper we present a complete composable local and global schedulability analysis for the Multi-Resource Server technique. Based on the proposed analysis, we further provide an experimental study that investigates the behaviour of the MRS and identifies the factors that contribute mostly on the overall system performance.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"221 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76136128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301585
Stefan Windmann, J. Jasperneite
In this paper, an FPGA based FIFO with efficient memory management is proposed, which allows fast forwarding of real-time Ethernet frames. There are two main drawbacks of the existing FIFO implementations with respect to the buffering of Ethernet frames. Currentness of data is not guaranteed in case of buffer overflow because the new frames are dropped in this case. Furthermore, exhaustive resources are required for traffic priorization because an individual FIFO is required for each priority level. The proposed FIFO incorporates efficient strategies for both frame dropping and traffic priorization. The approach is based on a small ring buffer for meta data of individual frames and a page table that maps the frames to pages in RAM where the data bits of the frame are stored. The FIFO has been implemented on a low-cost Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA. The solution requires little overhead for page table and ring buffer. Compared to an implementation with standard FIFOs that incorporates traffic priorization and frame dropping, RAM size is decreased from 44 kbytes to 2.7 kbytes.
{"title":"An FPGA based FIFO with efficient memory management","authors":"Stefan Windmann, J. Jasperneite","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301585","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an FPGA based FIFO with efficient memory management is proposed, which allows fast forwarding of real-time Ethernet frames. There are two main drawbacks of the existing FIFO implementations with respect to the buffering of Ethernet frames. Currentness of data is not guaranteed in case of buffer overflow because the new frames are dropped in this case. Furthermore, exhaustive resources are required for traffic priorization because an individual FIFO is required for each priority level. The proposed FIFO incorporates efficient strategies for both frame dropping and traffic priorization. The approach is based on a small ring buffer for meta data of individual frames and a page table that maps the frames to pages in RAM where the data bits of the frame are stored. The FIFO has been implemented on a low-cost Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA. The solution requires little overhead for page table and ring buffer. Compared to an implementation with standard FIFOs that incorporates traffic priorization and frame dropping, RAM size is decreased from 44 kbytes to 2.7 kbytes.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76287806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301475
P. Golińska-Dawson, P. Pawlewski
Implementation of the sustainable policy guidelines at a company level is not an easy task. The decisions about resource allocation, changes in process organization or new investments should be considered taking into account their economic, environmental and social effects. Remanufacturing processes contributes to the fulfilment of the circular economy paradigm. The existing body of literature highlights mainly remanufacturing advantages in a comparison to primary production and other recovery options, like for example, recycling. Studies on the sustainability assessment of remanufacturing process however are rather limited. The aim of this paper is to present an approach for remanufacturing process modelling with regard to sustainability aspects. The remanufacturing process modelling and control is more complex than in the primary manufacturing process. The challenges result from the process flow organization. This is due to the fact that the flow of materials is dispersed after the disassembly operations and then it is joined together in dispatching operations before the reassembly. As a result the analysis and improvement of the remanufacturing process flow is a very difficult task. Authors in this paper discuss the theoretical background of this research and propose the remanufacturing process model which takes into consideration a sustainable perspective. They present an example of model application.
{"title":"Modelling of the remanufacturing process from a sustainable perspective","authors":"P. Golińska-Dawson, P. Pawlewski","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301475","url":null,"abstract":"Implementation of the sustainable policy guidelines at a company level is not an easy task. The decisions about resource allocation, changes in process organization or new investments should be considered taking into account their economic, environmental and social effects. Remanufacturing processes contributes to the fulfilment of the circular economy paradigm. The existing body of literature highlights mainly remanufacturing advantages in a comparison to primary production and other recovery options, like for example, recycling. Studies on the sustainability assessment of remanufacturing process however are rather limited. The aim of this paper is to present an approach for remanufacturing process modelling with regard to sustainability aspects. The remanufacturing process modelling and control is more complex than in the primary manufacturing process. The challenges result from the process flow organization. This is due to the fact that the flow of materials is dispersed after the disassembly operations and then it is joined together in dispatching operations before the reassembly. As a result the analysis and improvement of the remanufacturing process flow is a very difficult task. Authors in this paper discuss the theoretical background of this research and propose the remanufacturing process model which takes into consideration a sustainable perspective. They present an example of model application.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79392340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301423
Sven Schneider, Frederik Hegger, N. Hochgeschwender, Rhama Dwiputra, Alexander Moriarty, Jakob Berghofer, G. Kraetzschmar
We present the design and development of a benchmarking testbed for the Factory of the Future. The testbed as a physical installation enables to study, compare and assess robotics scenarios involving the integration of mobile robots and manipulators with automation equipment, large-scale integration of service robots and industrial robots, cohabitation of robots and humans, and cooperation of multiple robots and/or humans. We also report on the lessons learned of using the testbed in recent robotic competitions.
{"title":"Design and development of a benchmarking testbed for the Factory of the Future","authors":"Sven Schneider, Frederik Hegger, N. Hochgeschwender, Rhama Dwiputra, Alexander Moriarty, Jakob Berghofer, G. Kraetzschmar","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301423","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design and development of a benchmarking testbed for the Factory of the Future. The testbed as a physical installation enables to study, compare and assess robotics scenarios involving the integration of mobile robots and manipulators with automation equipment, large-scale integration of service robots and industrial robots, cohabitation of robots and humans, and cooperation of multiple robots and/or humans. We also report on the lessons learned of using the testbed in recent robotic competitions.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85030096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301606
F. Pérez, E. Irisarri, D. Orive, M. Marcos, Elisabet Estévez-Estévez
New demands, coming from the industry 4.0 concept of the near future production systems have to be fulfilled in the coming years. Seamless integration of current technologies with new ones is mandatory. The concept of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) is the core of the new control and automation distributed systems. However, it is necessary to provide the global production system with integrated architectures that make it possible. This work analyses the requirements and proposes a model-based architecture and technologies to make the concept a reality.
{"title":"A CPPS Architecture approach for Industry 4.0","authors":"F. Pérez, E. Irisarri, D. Orive, M. Marcos, Elisabet Estévez-Estévez","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301606","url":null,"abstract":"New demands, coming from the industry 4.0 concept of the near future production systems have to be fulfilled in the coming years. Seamless integration of current technologies with new ones is mandatory. The concept of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) is the core of the new control and automation distributed systems. However, it is necessary to provide the global production system with integrated architectures that make it possible. This work analyses the requirements and proposes a model-based architecture and technologies to make the concept a reality.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"67 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73141089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-26DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301525
Navid Rajabpour, Yasser Sedaghat
Nowadays, Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) are employed to monitor and control safety-critical industrial processes. A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is an ICS to perform centralized monitoring and also to control field sites in long-distance communication networks. A SCADA is a distributed system composed of several Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and a Master Terminal Unit (MTU). RTUs interface with field sensors, local control devices, and field actuators, and the MTU gathers data from RTUs, provides an operator interface to display information, and controls remote sites. RTUs are typically connected to the MTU through a client/server network. Since RTUs operate commonly in a harsh industrial environment, fault tolerance is a key requirement, especially for safety-critical industrial processes. Studies show that a significant number of transient faults caused by a harsh environment lead to control flow errors in the RTU's processors. A control flow checking technique, called PLC-CFC, has been proposed to detect control flow errors in several RTUs in a SCADA system. The proposed technique can be applied to all ICSs which employ microcontrollers, microprocessors, PLCs, or personal computers as their RTUs. The proposed technique has been experimentally evaluated on a real ICS consists of some PLC devices and a main server. For experimental evaluation, 30,000 faults were injected on distributed system and the PLC-CFC technique detected more than 96.76% of the injected faults. The performance and the memory overheads of the technique are about 18.12% and 16.17% on average, respectively.
{"title":"A hybrid-based error detection technique for PLC-based Industrial Control Systems","authors":"Navid Rajabpour, Yasser Sedaghat","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301525","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) are employed to monitor and control safety-critical industrial processes. A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is an ICS to perform centralized monitoring and also to control field sites in long-distance communication networks. A SCADA is a distributed system composed of several Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and a Master Terminal Unit (MTU). RTUs interface with field sensors, local control devices, and field actuators, and the MTU gathers data from RTUs, provides an operator interface to display information, and controls remote sites. RTUs are typically connected to the MTU through a client/server network. Since RTUs operate commonly in a harsh industrial environment, fault tolerance is a key requirement, especially for safety-critical industrial processes. Studies show that a significant number of transient faults caused by a harsh environment lead to control flow errors in the RTU's processors. A control flow checking technique, called PLC-CFC, has been proposed to detect control flow errors in several RTUs in a SCADA system. The proposed technique can be applied to all ICSs which employ microcontrollers, microprocessors, PLCs, or personal computers as their RTUs. The proposed technique has been experimentally evaluated on a real ICS consists of some PLC devices and a main server. For experimental evaluation, 30,000 faults were injected on distributed system and the PLC-CFC technique detected more than 96.76% of the injected faults. The performance and the memory overheads of the technique are about 18.12% and 16.17% on average, respectively.","PeriodicalId":6862,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73001537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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