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Females of the sailfin tetra prefer red illuminated environments 雌性帆鳍四爪鱼喜欢红色光照的环境
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-024-00439-7
Elio de Almeida Borghezan, Tiago Henrique da Silva Pires, Jansen Zuanon, Hideki Sugiura, Shiro Kohshima

The preference for colours has profound impacts on the fitness of visually oriented species, influencing the search for food resources and mates of better quality while also modulating various physiological and behavioural features. Such processes may be more important to sexually dimorphic species, especially coloured ones since visual signals play an important role in intra- and intersexual communication. Amazon small streams vary widely regarding the amount of dissolved organic carbon resulting in black (red-biased) and clear (mostly transparent) water types. The sailfin tetra Crenuchus spilurus is a small sexually dimorphic species composed of two main genetic lineages that live in black and clear water types. Recently, we have shown that the female sexual preference for male ornaments colouration differs between individuals inhabiting black and clear water types. Females from black waters do not choose males primarily based on colouration under strongly red-biased lighting, but females from clear waters do, which suggests that the importance of red colours for sexual behaviour differs between lineages of the sailfin tetra. Here, we evaluated the sailfin tetra female environmental colour preference through the choice between a red and a full spectrum illuminated environments. Females from black waters and clear waters preferred red-lightened environments. Such results suggest that the females are attracted to the red colouration outside the context of mating, irrespective of the prevailing lighting condition of their native environment. This preference for red illuminated environments may be important for several processes, including physiological and behavioural features.

对色彩的偏好对视觉导向物种的适应性有着深远的影响,会影响它们对食物资源和优质配偶的搜寻,同时还会调节各种生理和行为特征。由于视觉信号在性内和性间交流中发挥着重要作用,因此这些过程对于性二态物种(尤其是有色物种)可能更为重要。亚马逊小溪的溶解有机碳含量差异很大,因此形成了黑色(偏红)和清澈(主要透明)两种水体类型。帆鳍四棘鲷(Crenuchus spilurus)是一种小型的性双态物种,由生活在黑水和清水中的两个主要基因系组成。最近,我们发现生活在黑水和清水中的雌鱼对雄鱼装饰品颜色的性偏好有所不同。在强烈的红光照射下,黑水中的雌性并不以体色为选择雄性的主要依据,而清水中的雌性则以体色为选择雄性的主要依据。在此,我们通过在红色和全光谱光照环境之间进行选择,对帆鳍四爪鱼雌性的环境色彩偏好进行了评估。来自黑色水域和清澈水域的雌鱼都更喜欢红色光照的环境。这些结果表明,雌性在交配之外也会被红色所吸引,而不管其原生环境的光照条件如何。这种对红色光照环境的偏好可能对包括生理和行为特征在内的多个过程都很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Risk-taking behavior relates to Leucocytozoon spp. infection in a sub-Antarctic rainforest bird 亚南极雨林鸟类的冒险行为与白细胞虫属感染有关
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-024-00437-9
Yanina Poblete, Élfego Cuevas, Esteban Botero-Delgadillo, Pamela Espíndola-Hernández, Verónica Quirici, Rodrigo A. Vásquez

Parasites inhabit practically all environments of the planet, representing an important selective pressure on different traits, including behavior. However, there is limited knowledge on the relationship between haemosporidian infection and the behavior of birds. In this study, we recorded risk-taking behaviors exhibited during three behavioral tests: struggle in the hand, open-field, and simulated territorial intrusion, in a resident population of thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) located on Navarino Island (55°S), southern Chile. This population shows a high prevalence of the haemosporidian Leucocytozoon spp., providing us with an opportunity to explore the connection between this parasite and the risk-taking behaviors of a Neotropical bird species. Our results indicate that birds infected by Leucocytozoon spp. exhibit higher activity scores in the behavioral tests, suggesting that individuals infected may be more propensity for risky behaviors. These findings raise intriguing questions about whether behavior precedes infection or results from it.

寄生虫几乎栖息在地球上的所有环境中,对包括行为在内的不同特征造成了重要的选择性压力。然而,人们对血吸虫感染与鸟类行为之间关系的了解还很有限。在这项研究中,我们记录了位于智利南部纳瓦里诺岛(南纬 55 度)的刺尾雷鸟(Aphrastura spinicauda)在三种行为测试中表现出的冒险行为:手部挣扎、旷野和模拟领地入侵。这个种群的血孢子虫白细胞虫属感染率很高,这为我们提供了一个机会来探索这种寄生虫与一种新热带鸟类的冒险行为之间的联系。我们的研究结果表明,感染了白环孢子虫的鸟类在行为测试中表现出更高的活动得分,这表明受感染的个体可能更倾向于冒险行为。这些发现提出了一些耐人寻味的问题,即行为是先于感染还是源于感染。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of the fungicide carbendazim on the behaviour of the zebrafish Danio rerio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) 杀菌剂多菌灵对斑马鱼(鲤形目,鲤科)行为的影响
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-024-00438-8
Marcos Roberto Beiral de Oliveira, Isabela Vieira Profeta, João Victor Saraiva Raimondi Lopes, Raissa Miranda Costa, Victória Rambaldi Matos e Chaib, Anderson Gonçalves Domingues, Marina Vale Beirão, Karina Taciana Santos Rubio, Maria Elvira Poleti Martucci, Eneida Maria Eskinazi-Sant’Anna, Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo

One of the commonest pesticides used in agriculture is the fungicide carbendazim, which can cause deleterious effects on the physiology and behaviour of acutely and chronically exposed animals. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of carbendazim on fish behaviour and our main objective was to evaluate behavioural changes on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to this fungicide. We studied 177 fishes, divided into control groups (not exposed) and treatment groups, exposed to a concentration of 120 µg/L for 7, 14, 21 and 28. Behavioural data were collected using the scan sampling, with instantaneous recording every 30 s. We evaluated and compared fish behaviours and aquarium occupancy between treatments and controls using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. The results indicate that carbendazim initially elicited slow swimming and later fast swimming, decreased aggressiveness, and caused behavioural changes indicative of distress, like abnormal swimming and the gulping of air in water surface. In the wild, this behavioural change can result in an increased predation risk and consequent decrease or extinction of populations, revealing important ecological issues for animal communities living in polluted water bodies.

摘要 农业中最常用的杀虫剂之一是杀真菌剂多菌灵,它会对急性和慢性接触这种杀真菌剂的动物的生理和行为产生有害影响。然而,很少有研究评估多菌灵对鱼类行为的影响,我们的主要目的是评估暴露于这种杀真菌剂的成年斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的行为变化。我们对 177 条鱼进行了研究,这些鱼分为对照组(未接触)和处理组,分别在 120 µg/L 浓度下接触 7、14、21 和 28 天。我们使用广义线性混合模型对处理组和对照组的鱼类行为和水族箱占用情况进行了评估和比较。结果表明,多菌灵最初会引起缓慢游动,后来会引起快速游动,攻击性降低,并引起表明痛苦的行为变化,如异常游动和在水面大口呼吸空气。在野外,这种行为变化会导致捕食风险增加,进而导致种群数量减少或灭绝,这揭示了生活在受污染水体中的动物群落面临的重要生态问题。
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引用次数: 0
Time budget of a mallard duck population residing in an urban park in northern Portugal during courtship and nesting period 葡萄牙北部城市公园野鸭群求偶和筑巢期间的时间预算
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-024-00436-w
Luís Eduardo Santos, Liliana de Sousa, Ana Magalhães

Behavioural observations were used to investigate the temporal dynamics events and associated variation in the daily activities of a sedentary population of mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) inhabiting an urban park in northern Portugal. Data was collected at Porto City Park from December to April, during the species’ courtship and early nesting periods. The most frequent activities for this population were locomotion, resting and feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that male and female behaviours differed significantly throughout the courtship period, as males exhibited more displays and aggressive behaviour while females were more prone to feed in order to meet their increased nutritional and energetic needs. Temporal analyses showed that courtship reached a peak in intensity in February, since it was in this month that the highest values for mating, aggressive behaviour in males and defensive behaviour in females were observed. Behavioural differences were found for this population, with higher feeding rates compared to those of wild populations as well as lower defensive behaviour rates. This paper sheds light on how synanthropized populations, as well as those from Southwestern Europe, show different behavioural responses from other populations. Additional extensive monitoring of population dynamics and factors such as latitudinal differences, habituation to humans and climate change will help to predict future growth and expansion rates.

摘要 通过行为观察研究了栖息在葡萄牙北部一个城市公园的野鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)种群的时间动态事件和相关的日常活动变化。数据收集于波尔图城市公园,时间为 12 月至 4 月,正值野鸭求偶期和早期筑巢期。该种群最频繁的活动是运动、休息和觅食。统计分析表明,在整个求偶期,雄性和雌性的行为显著不同,雄性表现出更多的展示和攻击行为,而雌性则更倾向于觅食,以满足其更多的营养和能量需求。时间分析表明,求偶的强度在二月份达到顶峰,因为在二月份观察到的最高值是交配、雄性的攻击行为和雌性的防御行为。与野生种群相比,该种群的摄食率较高,防御行为率较低,因此发现了行为差异。本文揭示了同化种群以及欧洲西南部的同化种群如何表现出与其他种群不同的行为反应。对种群动态以及纬度差异、对人类的习性和气候变化等因素进行更广泛的监测,将有助于预测未来的增长和扩张速度。
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引用次数: 0
Ultrasonic distress calls and associated defensive behaviors in Neotropical frogs 新热带蛙类的超声波求救信号和相关防御行为
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00435-3
Ubiratã Ferreira Souza, Guilherme Augusto-Alves, Mariana Retuci Pontes, Lucas Machado Botelho, Edélcio Muscat, Luís Felipe Toledo

Species have developed several defensive strategies for survival in response to predation pressures, including chemical, acoustic, visual, and behavioral mechanisms. Anurans serve as prey for numerous species, leading to the evolution of a diverse array of antipredator strategies. Among these strategies, acoustic emission defenses are categorized into distress calls, alarm calls, and warning calls. Although distress calls in frogs have been recognized to occur within the audible spectrum, the occurrence of ultrasound calls has been suggested for one species, but not yet confirmed. Based on our observations, we confirmed the presence of ultrasound distress calls emitted by an adult Haddadus binotatus. The distress call exhibited a high-pitched tone with decreasing frequency modulation and ultrasonic harmonics extending up to approximately 44 kHz. The presence of ultrasound frequencies in distress calls may confer advantages in deterring a broader range of predators. The use of broad-band screams synchronously with other behaviors, as raising the front of the body while arching the back and extreme mouth-gaping, intensified the defensive display, likely being more efficient in deterring predation. We observed similar behavioral repertoire for an adult Ischnocnema cf. henselii. Therefore, it could be widespread across individuals of other Brachycephaloidea genera as well.

摘要 为应对捕食压力,物种发展出了多种生存防御策略,包括化学、声学、视觉和行为机制。有尾目动物是许多物种的猎物,因此进化出了多种多样的反捕食策略。在这些策略中,声发射防御可分为求救呼叫、报警呼叫和警告呼叫。虽然蛙类的求救信号被认为发生在可听频谱范围内,但有一个物种出现了超声波信号,但尚未得到证实。根据我们的观察,我们证实了一只成年双尾蛙发出了超声波求救信号。求救信号表现出高亢的音调,频率调制递减,超声波谐波最高可达约44千赫。求救信号中超声波频率的存在可能具有威慑更多掠食者的优势。宽频尖叫与其他行为同步使用,如抬高身体前部,同时拱起背部和极度张口,强化了防御表现,可能更有效地阻止捕食。我们观察到,成体Ischnocnema cf. henselii也有类似的行为。因此,这种行为也可能广泛存在于其他 Brachycephaloidea 属的个体中。
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引用次数: 0
Zebra finches increase social behavior in traffic noise: Implications for urban songbirds 斑马雀在交通噪声中增加社交行为:对城市鸣禽的启示
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00434-4
Carly E. Hawkins, Jelena H. Pantel, Sophia T. Palia, Christine C. Folks, John P. Swaddle

Traffic noise is a pervasive pollutant that affects wildlife at individual and group levels through mechanisms such as disrupting communication, affecting antipredator strategy, and/or changing how they use space within a habitat. Urbanization is expanding rapidly—few places remain untouched by anthropogenic noise disturbance—so understanding the implications of noise on wildlife behavior is paramount to conservation efforts. We asked whether traffic noise could change space use and social network metrics in flocks of captive birds. Specifically, we quantified the effects of playbacks of traffic noise on individual sociality (weighted degree, number of social partners weighted by the frequency of interactions with those social partners) and flock clustering (global clustering coefficient, connectivity of neighbors). In this study, we recorded social interactions and space use of flocks of captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) before, during, and after an experimental traffic noise introduction in two treatments: high- and lower-amplitude noise. Our results demonstrated that individual sociality and flock clustering increased in response to the noise introduction in both high-amplitude and low-amplitude treatments. Additionally, birds in the high-amplitude treatment spent more time in the room with active playback during noise playback whereas birds in the lower-amplitude treatment decreased time spent in the room closest to the high-amplitude treatment. Increased social behavior in response to traffic noise could influence disease transmission, social learning, and mating dynamics. We suggest future studies explore the mechanisms driving increased social behavior in traffic noise, such as perceived predation risk, vigilance, and cross-sensory interference.

摘要 交通噪声是一种普遍存在的污染物,通过破坏交流、影响反捕食策略和/或改变栖息地空间利用方式等机制,在个体和群体层面对野生动物产生影响。城市化正在迅速扩张,很少有地方不受人为噪声干扰,因此了解噪声对野生动物行为的影响对保护工作至关重要。我们想知道交通噪声是否会改变圈养鸟类的空间利用和社会网络指标。具体来说,我们量化了交通噪声回放对个体社会性(加权程度,根据与这些社会伙伴的互动频率加权的社会伙伴数量)和鸟群聚类(全局聚类系数,邻居的连通性)的影响。在这项研究中,我们记录了人工饲养斑马雀(Taeniopygia guttata)在实验性交通噪声引入之前、期间和之后的社会互动和空间利用情况。我们的研究结果表明,在高振幅和低振幅处理中,个体的社会性和鸟群的集群性都随着噪声的引入而增加。此外,在噪声重放期间,高振幅处理的鸟类在主动重放的房间里花费的时间更多,而低振幅处理的鸟类在最靠近高振幅处理的房间里花费的时间减少。对交通噪声反应的社会行为增加可能会影响疾病传播、社会学习和交配动态。我们建议未来的研究探索交通噪声下社会行为增加的驱动机制,如感知到的捕食风险、警惕性和跨感官干扰。
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引用次数: 0
Who gets the treat: Interspecific interactions between red squirrels and corvids in an urban park 谁得到了美味:城市公园中红松鼠与鸦科鸟类的种间互动
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00432-6
Agata Beliniak, Dagny Krauze-Gryz

Squirrels and some corvids have successfully adapted to urban conditions. Their populations are often more abundant in city parks than in rural areas. These species may compete, especially in terms of food resources. We studied interactions between corvids (hooded crows and rooks) and red squirrels inhabiting urban park, mostly in relation to supplementary food utilisation in Poland. The study included the following: (a) feeding trials, when squirrels were offered hazelnuts and all stealing attempts by other animals were noted; (b) direct observations of groups of animals (at least one squirrel and one corvid species) with all behaviours being recorded. During the feeding trial, and with constant corvid presence, corvids tried to steal almost every third nut cached by squirrels. Regardless of the season, the share of nuts that corvids tried to steal was similar. When the feeding trial proceeded, more squirrels joined in order to obtain food. On the contrary, the presence of corvids seemed to refrain other corvids from joining the trial. The presence of a bird/squirrel audience did not result in more deceptive caches. During direct observations, squirrels interacted mostly with corvids, and less often with people or other squirrels. The most frequent interaction of squirrels with other animals was flight and chasing away; for corvids, it was chasing and following or attempting to steal food. Overall, we showed that corvids can be food competitors and kleptoparasites for red squirrels. Red squirrels, with whom people often have affinity relationships, benefited from direct supplementary feeding. Corvids, in turn, learnt to follow red squirrels to steal human-delivered nuts.

松鼠和一些鸦科动物已经成功地适应了城市环境。它们在城市公园中的数量往往比在农村地区更多。这些物种可能会相互竞争,尤其是在食物资源方面。在波兰,我们研究了栖息在城市公园中的鸦科动物(帽乌鸦和乌鸦)与红松鼠之间的相互作用,主要与补充食物的利用有关。研究包括以下内容:(a) 喂食试验,向松鼠提供榛子,并记录其他动物的所有偷窃行为;(b) 直接观察动物群体(至少有一只松鼠和一种鸦科动物),并记录所有行为。在喂食试验期间,由于一直有鸦科动物存在,鸦科动物几乎每隔三个松鼠贮藏的坚果就试图偷吃一个。无论季节如何,鸦科鸟类试图偷吃的坚果份额都差不多。当喂食试验继续进行时,更多的松鼠加入到获取食物的行列中。相反,鸦科动物的存在似乎会阻止其他鸦科动物加入试验。鸟类/松鼠观众的存在并没有导致更多的欺骗性藏匿。在直接观察过程中,松鼠主要与鸦科动物互动,而较少与人或其他松鼠互动。松鼠与其他动物最常见的互动方式是逃跑和追逐;而与食鸟的互动方式则是追逐和跟随或试图偷吃食物。总之,我们的研究表明,鸟类可能是红松鼠的食物竞争者和偷食者。红松鼠通常与人有亲缘关系,它们从直接补充喂食中获益。反过来,鸦科动物也学会了跟踪红松鼠,偷吃人类送来的坚果。
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引用次数: 0
Behavioral ecology in co-occurring territorial males of the pupfishes, Garmanella pulchra and Cyprinodon artifrons, at reciprocally asymmetric densities in a mangrove floodplain 红树林洪泛平原上密度非对称时共同出现的领地雄性斑马鱼(Garmanella pulchra)和梭鱼(Cyprinodon artions)的行为生态学
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00433-5
Omar Domínguez-Castanedo, Tessy M. Muñoz-Campos, Sharon Valdez-Carbajal, Anthony A. Echelle

Two cyprinodontids, Garmanella pulchra and Cyprinodon artifrons, coexist in a small mangrove floodplain on the Yucatan Peninsula, enabling comparison of male territoriality in two species with similar social structure and resource needs. There were two contrasting situations, one where territorial males of G. pulchra were several times more abundant than those of C. artifrons and one where the reverse was true. In both situations, the roughly circular breeding territories were non-overlapping intraspecifically and showed complete overlap interspecifically. Territories of both species were several times smaller in the situation where they were numerically dominant. In that situation, the territories of G. pulchra were about twice as large as those of C. artifrons and males of both species showed higher conspecific aggression, lower heterospecific aggression, more reproductive activity, lower feeding rates, and lower percentages of body fat. In both situations of relative density, the percentage fat content was orders of magnitude greater in C. artifrons than in G. pulchra, potentially reflecting higher rates of territorial male turnover in the latter. Social behavior in the wild, described for the first time for both species, generally conforms to typical cyprinodontid themes for territorial and reproductive behavior. There was no evidence, in G. pulchra, of the courtship dance, nor the overt, male parental care described for Jordanella floridae, a species once considered a congener.

在尤卡坦半岛的一个小红树林洪泛平原上,两种鲤科动物Garmanella pulchra和Cyprinodon artions共存,这使得两种具有相似社会结构和资源需求的物种可以比较雄性领土。有两种截然不同的情况,一种是领地雄虫数倍于领地雄虫,另一种是领地雄虫数倍于领地雄虫。在这两种情况下,大致圆形的繁殖区域种内不重叠,种间完全重叠。在数量优势的情况下,两种物种的领地都要小几倍。在这种情况下,黄颡鱼的领地面积约为黄颡鱼的2倍,两种雄鱼均表现出较高的同种攻击性、较低的异种攻击性、较高的繁殖活性、较低的取食率和较低的体脂率。在两种相对密度的情况下,黄颡鱼的脂肪含量百分比都比黄颡鱼高几个数量级,这可能反映了后者更高的领地雄性更替率。这两个物种在野外的社会行为首次被描述,总体上符合典型的圆柱齿动物的领土和繁殖行为主题。在G. pulchra中,没有证据表明求偶舞蹈,也没有在佛罗里达乔丹拉(Jordanella floridae)中描述的明显的雄性亲代照顾,而佛罗里达乔丹拉曾被认为是它的近亲。
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引用次数: 0
Detrimental impact of a heatwave on male reproductive behaviour and fertility 热浪对男性生殖行为和生育能力的不利影响
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00431-7
Afonso Grandela, Marta A. Antunes, Marta A. Santos, Margarida Matos, Leonor R. Rodrigues, Pedro Simões

Understanding how heatwaves impact on different aspects of mating behaviour and fertility is getting increasingly important. In this context, laboratory fertility and mating experiments involving manipulation and exposure of insects to different thermal conditions are common procedures. To conduct such experiments practical methods such as dyes are needed for an easy, non-invasive discrimination of individuals. We report here a study measuring the effect of an extended heat stress applied to males on several parameters of mating behaviour and fertility of laboratory populations of Drosophila subobscura derived from two distinct European locations. We found highly detrimental effects of heatwave on mating behaviour—with longer (courtship and copulation) latencies and lower mating occurrence but no changes in mating duration—and fertility, with reduced fecundity and reproductive success. Furthermore, we also tested the efficacy of food dye as a marker for individual discrimination and mating occurrence. While food dye did not allow to infer the occurrence of a mating based on a transfer of coloration from male to female, it did not affect mating and fertility, attesting its utility has a method for discriminating individuals within mating experiments in the context of thermal studies. Importantly, despite the fact that the heatwave was only applied in males, we observed an impact on behaviour of females that mated with stressed males, by often refusing their nuptial feeding. This opens possibilities for further integrated research on the changes of female and male mating behaviour and fertility under different thermal scenarios.

了解热浪如何影响交配行为和繁殖力的各个方面变得越来越重要。在这种情况下,实验室繁殖力和交配实验涉及昆虫在不同热条件下的操作和暴露,是常见的程序。要进行此类实验,需要使用染料等实用方法,以便轻松、非侵入性地辨别个体。我们在此报告了一项研究,该研究测量了对雄性果蝇施加长时间热胁迫对来自欧洲两个不同地区的亚布库拉果蝇实验室种群的交配行为和繁殖力的几项参数的影响。我们发现热浪对交配行为和生育能力都有非常不利的影响--交配行为(求偶和交配)潜伏期延长,交配发生率降低,但交配持续时间没有变化。此外,我们还测试了食物染料作为个体识别和交配发生标记的有效性。虽然食物染色剂不能根据雄性向雌性的色素转移来推断交配的发生,但它并不影响交配和繁殖力,这证明了它在热研究背景下的交配实验中作为个体鉴别方法的实用性。重要的是,尽管热浪只作用于雄性,但我们观察到与受压雄性交配的雌性的行为受到了影响,它们经常拒绝雄性的新婚喂食。这为进一步综合研究不同热情景下雌性和雄性交配行为和生育能力的变化提供了可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Competition and sex-age class alter the effects of group size on vigilance in white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus 竞争和性别年龄等级会改变群体大小对白尾鹿警惕性的影响
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00430-8
Erik R. Olson, Timothy R. Van Deelen

Increased group size is predicted to dilute predation risk for individuals and increase predator detection at the group level. Individual vigilance tends to decrease with group size for many species. However, this pattern varies across species, context, space, and time. We explored the effects of group size on vigilance behaviors of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in relation to season, sex-age status, group composition, diminishing food returns, and intraspecific competition. We used classical behavioral observation methods and camera traps to study deer behavior. Sex-age class, season, intraspecific competition, and diminishing food returns interacted with group size to shape vigilance behaviors in deer. During spring, the effect of group size was essentially non-existent, and during winter, vigilance patterns exhibited a non-linear relationship with group size. Subadult deer benefited most in terms of increased foraging and decreased vigilance from the presence of 1–2 conspecifics, likely a maternal family group. This effect diminished in the presence of additional conspecifics (≥3), apparently as a function of contest competition. Individual deer spent less time at a site in areas with greater intraspecific abundance; however, in the presence of conspecifics, the relationship was reversed. Our research suggests that maternal family groups play an important seasonal role in vigilance behaviors of deer. Our study demonstrates the complex effects of group size in white-tailed deer. Group size effects are generally considered to be in response to changes in predation risk; however, our work supports a growing body of evidence that group size effects may also be influenced by intraspecific interactions.

群体规模的扩大预计会稀释个体的捕食风险,并在群体水平上提高捕食者的发现率。在许多物种中,个体的警惕性往往会随着群体规模的扩大而降低。然而,这种模式在不同物种、不同环境、不同空间和不同时间都有所不同。我们探讨了群体大小对白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)警戒行为的影响,这些影响与季节、性别年龄状况、群体组成、食物回报递减和种内竞争有关。我们使用经典的行为观察方法和相机陷阱来研究鹿的行为。性别-年龄等级、季节、种内竞争和食物收益递减与群体大小相互作用,形成了鹿的警戒行为。在春季,群体大小的影响基本不存在,而在冬季,警戒模式与群体大小呈现非线性关系。1-2个同类(可能是母系家族群体)的存在对亚成体鹿最有利,它们可以增加觅食量并降低警惕性。当同类数量增加(≥3 头)时,这种效应就会减弱,这显然是竞争的结果。在种内丰度较高的地区,鹿个体在某一地点停留的时间较少;然而,在有同种动物存在的情况下,这种关系则相反。我们的研究表明,母系家族群体在鹿的警戒行为中扮演着重要的季节性角色。我们的研究证明了群体大小对白尾鹿的复杂影响。群体大小效应通常被认为是对捕食风险变化的反应;然而,我们的研究支持了越来越多的证据,即群体大小效应也可能受到种内相互作用的影响。
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