acta ethologica最新文献

The ladybird beetles Cheilomenes sexmaculata and Propylea dissecta serve as effective bio-control agents, preying upon aphid populations and thereby mitigating plant damage. These beetles coexist together and show different reproductive strategies. Previous studies have found prevalent heterospecific mating between C. sexmaculata male and P. dissecta female, documenting the effects of heterospecific male C. sexmaculata on the reproductive output of P. dissecta female. In light of these observations, we conducted an experiment examining the influence of heterospecific male age on the reproductive output of P. dissecta. This study involved three age groups of male: (a) young (10–20 days), (b) middle (30–40 days), and (c) old (50–60 days). These males were introduced into Petri dishes with conspecific mates of P. dissecta. Across all experimental treatments, we examined the impact of three different age cohorts of C. sexmaculata males on the mating and reproductive attributes of P. dissecta. Our findings unveiled that older heterospecific males, which displayed reduced choosiness and heightened activity, engaged in reproductive interference to a greater degree than younger C. sexmaculata males during conspecific P. dissecta mating. Further, post-mating encounters with young heterospecific males led to a reduction in the reproductive output of female P. dissecta. The insights gained from this study hold significant implications for comprehending the feasibility of releasing multiple species of ladybird beetles within the same agricultural field. Such understanding of interspecies interactions and their consequences is vital for optimizing integrated pest management strategies.

The decision to escalate aggression in a contest is based on the assessment of oneself and the opponent's capabilities, previous experiences and the asymmetries between contenders. Interestingly, there is increasing evidence that color polymorphism may also influence the result in a contest during agonistic encounters. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze, for the first time, the intra-sexual competition of adult males of the Mexican Rivulus Millerichthys robustus, testing the influence of color polymorphic variations during agonistic contests. The results of this study suggest that the aggressiveness between morphotypes is of orange and red over yellow. The orange morph was related to winning the greatest number of encounters, whereas yellow lost the most. The red morpho registered the greatest number of ties. Interestingly, in contests between more aggressive morphs (orange and red), fish tended to modulate and lower aggressiveness levels, possibly to avoid injuries. In contrast, the least aggressive morphotype (yellow) tended to raise its aggressiveness against the most successful morphotype and lower it in matches against its own color, changing to a scheme between contenders with symmetrical aggression levels. These results suggest that differential aggression between morphotypes can influence the evolution of color polymorphism in M. robustus, differentially influencing the fitness of the individuals.

The Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is a widespread bird across Southern America and commonly found in any large open areas, including agriculture and urban. Despite being a conspicuous species, little is known about its copulatory behaviour. In this research, we studied the copulation behaviour of Southern Lapwings and identified specific behaviours that preceded copulation events. Focal observations were made during one year on two pairs of lapwings that inhabit an urban area in the southeastern Pampas region, Argentina. A total of 110 intra-pair copulations were recorded (pair 1 = 64 and pair 2 = 46). Frequent copulations began 97 and 64 days before the first egg-laying, respectively, although the highest frequency occurred before the onset of the first nesting attempt. The Southern Lapwing copulated during all daylight hours, with a peak in the morning. Copulation occurred for up to five consecutive days, and the maximum number of copulations observed in a single day was four. Courtship and territory defence were the most common behaviours preceding copulation. Among the multiple hypotheses that have been proposed to explain frequent intra-pair copulation, our results seem to support two of them: the territory signalling hypothesis and the social bond hypothesis. The high population density coupled with the low availability of territories and a strong social bond based on cooperation and coordination could support both hypotheses, respectively. Given that the social environment can modify the behaviour of plovers, future research should evaluate the copulation behaviour at different population densities and the adaptive functional significance of this behaviour.

We report the first record of mutual allogrooming in free-ranging wild northern red muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis) from dense tropical forests of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, India. This observation is similar to reciprocal allogrooming behaviour between social partners, reported only in Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in free-ranging conditions. We video-recorded cooperative allogrooming between two female (one adult and another juvenile) northern red muntjacs. Behavioural quantification suggests that although both individuals exchanged equal numbers of grooming bouts, the adult female received a greater share of grooming time and episodes, respectively. The time spent on grooming as well as the number of tongue strokes delivered were found to be negatively correlated between the two individuals. The grooming pattern could possibly be attributed to kin selection and detailed work is required to understand this behaviour in this poorly-studied primitive deer. Our record indicates the possible existence of cooperative allogrooming in other ungulates of the Order Artiodactyla.

Parental age plays a major role in determining the life history attributes of an organism. Variation in parental age can have a big impact on offspring development, body mass and structure of population. To test the hypothesis that the increase in parental age has negative effects on offspring development of next generation, we observed the effect of parental age on the selected population of developmental variants (slow and fast developers) in a ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The newly emerged adults were divided into two lines: Slow and Fast developers on the basis of their total developmental durations. Adult body mass, slow-fast emergence, sex-ratio, percentage of immature survival of newly emerged adults was recorded. Total developmental duration increased with the increase in age across generation and more fast developers were found in the offspring of young age groups; however, only slow developers were produced by old age groups. Offspring of older age showed higher immature mortality which supports slow-growth-higher mortality hypothesis. Thus, it can be concluded that young age beetles show better performance in terms of growth and developmental duration in P. dissecta in comparison to middle age and old age groups.

The preference for colours has profound impacts on the fitness of visually oriented species, influencing the search for food resources and mates of better quality while also modulating various physiological and behavioural features. Such processes may be more important to sexually dimorphic species, especially coloured ones since visual signals play an important role in intra- and intersexual communication. Amazon small streams vary widely regarding the amount of dissolved organic carbon resulting in black (red-biased) and clear (mostly transparent) water types. The sailfin tetra Crenuchus spilurus is a small sexually dimorphic species composed of two main genetic lineages that live in black and clear water types. Recently, we have shown that the female sexual preference for male ornaments colouration differs between individuals inhabiting black and clear water types. Females from black waters do not choose males primarily based on colouration under strongly red-biased lighting, but females from clear waters do, which suggests that the importance of red colours for sexual behaviour differs between lineages of the sailfin tetra. Here, we evaluated the sailfin tetra female environmental colour preference through the choice between a red and a full spectrum illuminated environments. Females from black waters and clear waters preferred red-lightened environments. Such results suggest that the females are attracted to the red colouration outside the context of mating, irrespective of the prevailing lighting condition of their native environment. This preference for red illuminated environments may be important for several processes, including physiological and behavioural features.

Parasites inhabit practically all environments of the planet, representing an important selective pressure on different traits, including behavior. However, there is limited knowledge on the relationship between haemosporidian infection and the behavior of birds. In this study, we recorded risk-taking behaviors exhibited during three behavioral tests: struggle in the hand, open-field, and simulated territorial intrusion, in a resident population of thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) located on Navarino Island (55°S), southern Chile. This population shows a high prevalence of the haemosporidian Leucocytozoon spp., providing us with an opportunity to explore the connection between this parasite and the risk-taking behaviors of a Neotropical bird species. Our results indicate that birds infected by Leucocytozoon spp. exhibit higher activity scores in the behavioral tests, suggesting that individuals infected may be more propensity for risky behaviors. These findings raise intriguing questions about whether behavior precedes infection or results from it.

One of the commonest pesticides used in agriculture is the fungicide carbendazim, which can cause deleterious effects on the physiology and behaviour of acutely and chronically exposed animals. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of carbendazim on fish behaviour and our main objective was to evaluate behavioural changes on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to this fungicide. We studied 177 fishes, divided into control groups (not exposed) and treatment groups, exposed to a concentration of 120 µg/L for 7, 14, 21 and 28. Behavioural data were collected using the scan sampling, with instantaneous recording every 30 s. We evaluated and compared fish behaviours and aquarium occupancy between treatments and controls using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. The results indicate that carbendazim initially elicited slow swimming and later fast swimming, decreased aggressiveness, and caused behavioural changes indicative of distress, like abnormal swimming and the gulping of air in water surface. In the wild, this behavioural change can result in an increased predation risk and consequent decrease or extinction of populations, revealing important ecological issues for animal communities living in polluted water bodies.

Behavioural observations were used to investigate the temporal dynamics events and associated variation in the daily activities of a sedentary population of mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) inhabiting an urban park in northern Portugal. Data was collected at Porto City Park from December to April, during the species’ courtship and early nesting periods. The most frequent activities for this population were locomotion, resting and feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that male and female behaviours differed significantly throughout the courtship period, as males exhibited more displays and aggressive behaviour while females were more prone to feed in order to meet their increased nutritional and energetic needs. Temporal analyses showed that courtship reached a peak in intensity in February, since it was in this month that the highest values for mating, aggressive behaviour in males and defensive behaviour in females were observed. Behavioural differences were found for this population, with higher feeding rates compared to those of wild populations as well as lower defensive behaviour rates. This paper sheds light on how synanthropized populations, as well as those from Southwestern Europe, show different behavioural responses from other populations. Additional extensive monitoring of population dynamics and factors such as latitudinal differences, habituation to humans and climate change will help to predict future growth and expansion rates.