L. Buyun, R. Ivannikov, L. Batsmanova, N. Taran, L. Kovalska, I. Gurnenko, Myroslava Maryniuk
Guarianthe bowringiana is one of the oldest samples cultivated at NBG’s orchid unit glasshouses since 1970s. An efficient protocol for asymbiotic in vitro seed germination of G. bowringiana has previously been established. Given that acclimatization is a crucial step in micropropagation, this study assesses the structural adaptation and antioxidant response of G. bowringiana seedlings during ex vitro acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. The leaf surface micromorphology of the G. bowringiana juvenile plants propagated in vitro from seeds as well as the leaves of adult plants cultivated in glasshouse were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS level), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the photosynthetic activity were monitored for seven days from the transfer of seedlings from the in vitro cultivation vessels as they are markers indicating the response of the leaves of in vitro propagated G. bowringiana plants to oxidative stress during the early stages of acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. During the initial 2 days of the monitored acclimatization period (0–7 days), the level of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a , b , and carotenoid content) increased, followed by an insignificant increase during the successive period (by the seventh day) of acclimatization. At the same time, the level of the tested antioxidant enzyme (SOD) exhibited an increasing trend throughout the acclimatization period. The SOD activities in the leaves of G. bowringiana seedlings were significantly affected when they were transferred from in vitro to ex vitro conditions due to drought stress. Thus, it was revealed that in the early stages of acclimatizing to the altered environments, G. bowringiana seedlings exhibited a rapid increase in photosynthetic pigments, superoxide dismutase activity, and lipid peroxidation levels after being transferred to ex vitro conditions. Comparison of the leaf micromorphologies of G. bowringiana plants grown under in vitro and those grown under ex vitro conditions revealed that leaf development had undergone significant changes during acclimatization to the altered conditions. In vitro to ex vitro transfer leads to a transient decrease in photosynthetic parameters.
{"title":"Structural Adaptation and Antioxidant Response of Guarianthe bowringiana (O’Brien) Dressler & W. E. Higgins (Orchidaceae Juss.) Seedlings During Ex Vitro Acclimatization","authors":"L. Buyun, R. Ivannikov, L. Batsmanova, N. Taran, L. Kovalska, I. Gurnenko, Myroslava Maryniuk","doi":"10.5586/aa.7422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7422","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Guarianthe bowringiana\u0000 is one of the oldest samples cultivated at NBG’s orchid unit glasshouses since 1970s. An efficient protocol for asymbiotic in vitro seed germination of\u0000 G. bowringiana\u0000 has previously been established. Given that acclimatization is a crucial step in micropropagation, this study assesses the structural adaptation and antioxidant response of\u0000 G. bowringiana\u0000 seedlings during ex vitro acclimatization to ex vitro conditions.\u0000 The leaf surface micromorphology of the\u0000 G. bowringiana\u0000 juvenile plants propagated in vitro from seeds as well as the leaves of adult plants cultivated in glasshouse were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS level), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the photosynthetic activity were monitored for seven days from the transfer of seedlings from the in vitro cultivation vessels as they are markers indicating the response of the leaves of in vitro propagated\u0000 G. bowringiana\u0000 plants to oxidative stress during the early stages of acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. During the initial 2 days of the monitored acclimatization period (0–7 days), the level of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll\u0000 a\u0000 ,\u0000 b\u0000 , and carotenoid content) increased, followed by an insignificant increase during the successive period (by the seventh day) of acclimatization. At the same time, the level of the tested antioxidant enzyme (SOD) exhibited an increasing trend throughout the acclimatization period. The SOD activities in the leaves of\u0000 G. bowringiana\u0000 seedlings were significantly affected when they were transferred from in vitro to ex vitro conditions due to drought stress.\u0000 Thus, it was revealed that in the early stages of acclimatizing to the altered environments,\u0000 G. bowringiana\u0000 seedlings exhibited a rapid increase in photosynthetic pigments, superoxide dismutase activity, and lipid peroxidation levels after being transferred to ex vitro conditions.\u0000 Comparison of the leaf micromorphologies of\u0000 G. bowringiana\u0000 plants grown under in vitro and those grown under ex vitro conditions revealed that leaf development had undergone significant changes during acclimatization to the altered conditions. In vitro to ex vitro transfer leads to a transient decrease in photosynthetic parameters.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worasitikulya Taratima, Thapakorn Ritmaha, N. Jongrungklang, Pitakpong Maneerattanarungroj
Anatomical adaptation is an important feature that allows plants to mitigate drought stress. A comparative leaf anatomy of two drought-tolerant sugarcane cultivars, KKU-1999-02 and KKU-1999-03, was studied in early drought stress between 30 and 90 days after planting using peeling and freehand sectioning methods. KKU-1999-02 and KKU-1999-03 showed different anatomical adaptation features, such as increase in cuticle thickness, bulliform cell size, vascular bundle, and stomatal density, and decreases in leaf thickness and stomatal size. KKU-1999-02 showed more remarkable anatomical changes than KKU-1999-03. The results provide important information that can be applied in combination with other agronomic traits in sugarcane breeding programs to expand the adaptation devices of tolerant cultivars under preliminary drought stress.
{"title":"Leaf Anatomical Adaptation Under Early Drought Stress of Sugarcane Cultivars – KKU-1999-02 and KKU-1999-03","authors":"Worasitikulya Taratima, Thapakorn Ritmaha, N. Jongrungklang, Pitakpong Maneerattanarungroj","doi":"10.5586/aa.7419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7419","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Anatomical adaptation is an important feature that allows plants to mitigate drought stress. A comparative leaf anatomy of two drought-tolerant sugarcane cultivars, KKU-1999-02 and KKU-1999-03, was studied in early drought stress between 30 and 90 days after planting using peeling and freehand sectioning methods. KKU-1999-02 and KKU-1999-03 showed different anatomical adaptation features, such as increase in cuticle thickness, bulliform cell size, vascular bundle, and stomatal density, and decreases in leaf thickness and stomatal size. KKU-1999-02 showed more remarkable anatomical changes than KKU-1999-03. The results provide important information that can be applied in combination with other agronomic traits in sugarcane breeding programs to expand the adaptation devices of tolerant cultivars under preliminary drought stress.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46723266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The general morphology, micromorphology, and anatomy of the flowers of Clivia miniata , Clivia nobilis , and Scadoxus multiflorus were studied using light microscopy. The studied species have large syntepalous and trimerous flowers, short floral tubes with adnate stamens, and inferior ovaries that develop baccate fruit. The gynoecium in the studied species consists of synascidiate, symplicate, and hemisymplicate zones. The style is composed of postgenitally fused carpels. The few ovules are located in a locule in the synascidiate and symplicate zones in C. miniata and C. nobilis , whereas in S. multiflorus , solitary ovules occupy the synascidiate zone in each locule. The septal nectaries are located in the hemisymplicate zone and occupy the uppermost 29% to 56% of the ovary height. Septal nectaries are of the nonlabyrinthine lilioid-type, covered with secretory tissue only in its lower portion. Nectary channels are apical or subapical and open near the style base. A common pattern of the venation of the floral parts was observed in all species: Tepal traces and stamen traces were fused in the ovary wall, the style was supplied by dorsal carpellary bundles, and ovules were supplied by ventral carpellary bundles entering the ovary from the bottom. The observed gynoecium inner structure provides adaptations for the development of fleshy fruit, with thickened parenchymous ovary wall, ovary base, and ovary roof, and numerous branched vascular bundles in the ovary wall around locules.
{"title":"Micromorphology and Anatomy of the Flowers in Clivia spp. and Scadoxus multiflorus (Haemantheae, Amaryllidaceae)","authors":"O. Fishchuk, A. Odintsova","doi":"10.5586/aa.7417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7417","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The general morphology, micromorphology, and anatomy of the flowers of\u0000 Clivia miniata\u0000 ,\u0000 Clivia nobilis\u0000 , and\u0000 Scadoxus multiflorus\u0000 were studied using light microscopy. The studied species have large syntepalous and trimerous flowers, short floral tubes with adnate stamens, and inferior ovaries that develop baccate fruit. The gynoecium in the studied species consists of synascidiate, symplicate, and hemisymplicate zones. The style is composed of postgenitally fused carpels. The few ovules are located in a locule in the synascidiate and symplicate zones in\u0000 C. miniata\u0000 and\u0000 C. nobilis\u0000 , whereas in\u0000 S. multiflorus\u0000 , solitary ovules occupy the synascidiate zone in each locule. The septal nectaries are located in the hemisymplicate zone and occupy the uppermost 29% to 56% of the ovary height. Septal nectaries are of the nonlabyrinthine lilioid-type, covered with secretory tissue only in its lower portion. Nectary channels are apical or subapical and open near the style base. A common pattern of the venation of the floral parts was observed in all species: Tepal traces and stamen traces were fused in the ovary wall, the style was supplied by dorsal carpellary bundles, and ovules were supplied by ventral carpellary bundles entering the ovary from the bottom. The observed gynoecium inner structure provides adaptations for the development of fleshy fruit, with thickened parenchymous ovary wall, ovary base, and ovary roof, and numerous branched vascular bundles in the ovary wall around locules.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44737760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ivashchenko, A. Tolenova, D. Abidkulova, K. Abidkulova
We assessed the adaptive potential of two rare decorative species listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan : Tulipa tarda Stapf (Liliaceae) and Gymnospermium altaicum (Pall.) Spach (Berberidaceae) by studying the morphological variability of generative individuals of the species. Our studies were carried out in natural populations in the Northern Tien Shan and introduced populations of the botanical garden and urban green areas of Almaty. These species showed a high degree of adaptation under the conditions of the introduction. Moreover, Gymnospermium altaicum , accidentally introduced into the urban green area of Bukhar Zhyrau Boulevard (Almaty), had formed a naturalized population that persisted for more than 8 years. The naturalized population of Tulipa tarda in the botanical garden (Almaty), introduced more than 20 years ago by one of the authors of this article, has been in existence even longer. In the latter case, individuals of seed origin showed higher adaptive capabilities than those transferred by the bulbs of generative plants.
{"title":"Morphological Variability of Generative Individuals of Rare Decorative Ephemeroids of the Northern Tien Shan As Evidence of Their Adaptive Potential","authors":"A. Ivashchenko, A. Tolenova, D. Abidkulova, K. Abidkulova","doi":"10.5586/aa.7420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7420","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We assessed the adaptive potential of two rare decorative species listed in the\u0000 Red Book of Kazakhstan\u0000 :\u0000 Tulipa tarda\u0000 Stapf (Liliaceae) and\u0000 Gymnospermium altaicum\u0000 (Pall.) Spach (Berberidaceae) by studying the morphological variability of generative individuals of the species. Our studies were carried out in natural populations in the Northern Tien Shan and introduced populations of the botanical garden and urban green areas of Almaty. These species showed a high degree of adaptation under the conditions of the introduction. Moreover,\u0000 Gymnospermium altaicum\u0000 , accidentally introduced into the urban green area of Bukhar Zhyrau Boulevard (Almaty), had formed a naturalized population that persisted for more than 8 years. The naturalized population of\u0000 Tulipa tarda\u0000 in the botanical garden (Almaty), introduced more than 20 years ago by one of the authors of this article, has been in existence even longer. In the latter case, individuals of seed origin showed higher adaptive capabilities than those transferred by the bulbs of generative plants.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43463273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Nikolova, Boryanka Traykova, E. Yankova-Tsvetkova, Tatyana Stefanova, A. Dzhurmanski, I. Aneva, S. Berkov
Essential oils from Monarda fistulosa L., Satureja pilosa Vel., Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum Ietswaart. (Greek oregano), Micromeria dalmatica Benth., Thymus longedentatus (Degen & Urum.) Ronniger, and Artemisa campestris L. were evaluated as inhibitors of seed germination in target plants Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium pratense L. using in vitro assays. The essential oils were applied on the seeds as aqueous solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.5–3.0 µL/mL. Complete inhibition was established at a concentration of 1.5 µL/mL with the most effective essential oils. Oregano oil was evaluated for its inhibitory activity on seed germination under field conditions; the essential oil was applied as an aqueous solution at concentrations of 3, 5, and 10 µL/mL on superabsorbent Terawet. The mass obtained was mixed with the seeds of the target plants and planted in a field. After 1 month, the results were evaluated based on the weight of the aerial parts of the plants from control and experimental areas. At the highest concentration studied, the weight of the plants was 77% lower in the experimental areas than in the controls. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that carvacrol-rich essential oils had a strong inhibitory effect on seed germination. The inclusion of the essential oil on a superabsorbent was a good way to preserve its herbicidal activity under field conditions as this prevented its rapid evaporation.
{"title":"Herbicide Potential of Selected Essential Oils From Plants of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae Families","authors":"M. Nikolova, Boryanka Traykova, E. Yankova-Tsvetkova, Tatyana Stefanova, A. Dzhurmanski, I. Aneva, S. Berkov","doi":"10.5586/aa.7411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7411","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Essential oils from\u0000 Monarda fistulosa\u0000 L.,\u0000 Satureja pilosa\u0000 Vel.,\u0000 Origanum vulgare\u0000 subsp.\u0000 hirtum\u0000 Ietswaart. (Greek oregano),\u0000 Micromeria dalmatica\u0000 Benth.,\u0000 Thymus longedentatus\u0000 (Degen & Urum.) Ronniger, and\u0000 Artemisa campestris\u0000 L. were evaluated as inhibitors of seed germination in target plants\u0000 Lolium perenne\u0000 L. and\u0000 Trifolium pratense\u0000 L. using in vitro assays. The essential oils were applied on the seeds as aqueous solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.5–3.0 µL/mL. Complete inhibition was established at a concentration of 1.5 µL/mL with the most effective essential oils. Oregano oil was evaluated for its inhibitory activity on seed germination under field conditions; the essential oil was applied as an aqueous solution at concentrations of 3, 5, and 10 µL/mL on superabsorbent Terawet. The mass obtained was mixed with the seeds of the target plants and planted in a field. After 1 month, the results were evaluated based on the weight of the aerial parts of the plants from control and experimental areas. At the highest concentration studied, the weight of the plants was 77% lower in the experimental areas than in the controls. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that carvacrol-rich essential oils had a strong inhibitory effect on seed germination. The inclusion of the essential oil on a superabsorbent was a good way to preserve its herbicidal activity under field conditions as this prevented its rapid evaporation.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47587454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied the anatomical features of the leaf structure of Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv. (Poaceae) obtained from seeds collected from different habitats of the maritime Antarctic. These plants have been maintained in culture in vitro for more than 7 years. The plants include stable chromosome forms comprising diploids (2 n = 26), a diploid plant with B-chromosomes (2 n = 26 + 0–3B), a triploid with rearranged chromosome morphology, and myxoploids with different ratios of diploid and nondiploid cells in the root meristem. The D. antarctica plants that were studied generally had a similar anatomical structure in culture in vitro and in nature. At the same time, plants of different cultivated genotypes also displayed their own leaf structure features. In particular, qualitative features included asymmetric four-ribs and five-rib leaves instead of typical three-rib leaves for some genotypes, some individuals characterized by the presence of unicellular nonglandular pointed trichomes on an adaxial side, differences in vascular bundle sheath, and other features. No clear dependence of the anatomical structural features on the chromosomal status of the studied genotypes was evident. At the same time, differences were evident in traits that included the number of stomata, thickness of the outer cell walls of the epidermis, bundles sheath state, number of leaf ribs, and the persistent presence of trichomes under prolonged in vitro cloning. The findings indicate that D. antarctica plants collected from different locations of the maritime Antarctic for long-term cultivation in vitro under standard cultivation conditions retain the anatomical characteristics of the wild plants. The polymorphism of in vitro-cultivated plants is not related to the polymorphism of their karyotype, but is apparently due to the heterogeneity of the original plants and possibly the epigenetic fixation of a number of anatomical features produced in the natural microhabitats of D. antarctica populations.
{"title":"Preservation of Features of Anatomical Polymorphism of Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv. (Poaceae) During In Vitro Clonal Reproduction","authors":"N. Nuzhyna, V. Kunakh, O. Poronnik, I. Parnikoza","doi":"10.5586/aa.7416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7416","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We studied the anatomical features of the leaf structure of\u0000 Deschampsia antarctica\u0000 É. Desv. (Poaceae) obtained from seeds collected from different habitats of the maritime Antarctic. These plants have been maintained in culture in vitro for more than 7 years. The plants include stable chromosome forms comprising diploids (2\u0000 n\u0000 = 26), a diploid plant with B-chromosomes (2\u0000 n\u0000 = 26 + 0–3B), a triploid with rearranged chromosome morphology, and myxoploids with different ratios of diploid and nondiploid cells in the root meristem. The\u0000 D. antarctica\u0000 plants that were studied generally had a similar anatomical structure in culture in vitro and in nature. At the same time, plants of different cultivated genotypes also displayed their own leaf structure features. In particular, qualitative features included asymmetric four-ribs and five-rib leaves instead of typical three-rib leaves for some genotypes, some individuals characterized by the presence of unicellular nonglandular pointed trichomes on an adaxial side, differences in vascular bundle sheath, and other features. No clear dependence of the anatomical structural features on the chromosomal status of the studied genotypes was evident. At the same time, differences were evident in traits that included the number of stomata, thickness of the outer cell walls of the epidermis, bundles sheath state, number of leaf ribs, and the persistent presence of trichomes under prolonged in vitro cloning. The findings indicate that\u0000 D. antarctica\u0000 plants collected from different locations of the maritime Antarctic for long-term cultivation in vitro under standard cultivation conditions retain the anatomical characteristics of the wild plants. The polymorphism of in vitro-cultivated plants is not related to the polymorphism of their karyotype, but is apparently due to the heterogeneity of the original plants and possibly the epigenetic fixation of a number of anatomical features produced in the natural microhabitats of\u0000 D. antarctica\u0000 populations.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46893595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Tsarenko, G. Shikhaleyeva, V. Minarchenko, I. Tymchenko, O. Bulakh
The micromorphological features of the fruit surfaces of nine species of Ukrainian flora, namely Valeriana tuberosa L., Valeriana tripteris L., Valeriana rossica P. Smirn., Valeriana stolonifera Czern., Valeriana grossheimii Worosch, Valeriana sambucifolia Mikan fil., Valeriana officinalis L. s. str., Valeriana wolgensis Kazak. [ Valeriana officinalis var. nitida (Kreyer) Rostanski], and Valeriana simplicifolia (Rchb.) Kabath, were examined. Depending on the presence and localization of pubescence on the surface of the fruit, three groups of species were distinguished: those with glabrous fruits, those with fruits pubescent only on the adaxial side, and those with fruits pubescent on both sides. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the additional characteristics of the fruits (microsculpture of the fruit surface, shape of cuticular formations on the surface of the outer periclinal walls of epidermal cells and on the surface of hairs, and structure of the stomatal complex), which were useful for the identification of the species. At the supraspecific level, the revealed features of the fruit surfaces somewhat overlapped and could be used to identify series and sections only as additional features. Based on the studied samples from herbarium material (KW), V. officinalis var. nitida was considered synonymous with V. wolgensis since there were no micromorphological differences between their fruits. The detailed micromorphological characteristics of the fruit surfaces of all the studied species can be used for further comparative morphological investigations of different aerial parts to identify stable features independent of geographic and ecological conditions.
{"title":"Micromorphological Characteristics of Fruit Surfaces of Some Usable Species of the Genus Valeriana (Valerianaceae) Among Ukrainian Flora","authors":"O. Tsarenko, G. Shikhaleyeva, V. Minarchenko, I. Tymchenko, O. Bulakh","doi":"10.5586/aa.7414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7414","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The micromorphological features of the fruit surfaces of nine species of Ukrainian flora, namely\u0000 Valeriana tuberosa\u0000 L.,\u0000 Valeriana tripteris\u0000 L.,\u0000 Valeriana rossica\u0000 P. Smirn.,\u0000 Valeriana stolonifera\u0000 Czern.,\u0000 Valeriana grossheimii\u0000 Worosch,\u0000 Valeriana sambucifolia\u0000 Mikan fil.,\u0000 Valeriana officinalis\u0000 L. s. str.,\u0000 Valeriana wolgensis\u0000 Kazak. [\u0000 Valeriana officinalis\u0000 var.\u0000 nitida\u0000 (Kreyer) Rostanski], and\u0000 Valeriana simplicifolia\u0000 (Rchb.) Kabath, were examined. Depending on the presence and localization of pubescence on the surface of the fruit, three groups of species were distinguished: those with glabrous fruits, those with fruits pubescent only on the adaxial side, and those with fruits pubescent on both sides. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the additional characteristics of the fruits (microsculpture of the fruit surface, shape of cuticular formations on the surface of the outer periclinal walls of epidermal cells and on the surface of hairs, and structure of the stomatal complex), which were useful for the identification of the species. At the supraspecific level, the revealed features of the fruit surfaces somewhat overlapped and could be used to identify series and sections only as additional features. Based on the studied samples from herbarium material (KW),\u0000 V. officinalis\u0000 var.\u0000 nitida\u0000 was considered synonymous with\u0000 V. wolgensis\u0000 since there were no micromorphological differences between their fruits. The detailed micromorphological characteristics of the fruit surfaces of all the studied species can be used for further comparative morphological investigations of different aerial parts to identify stable features independent of geographic and ecological conditions.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48323933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Dvirna, O. Futorna, V. Minarchenko, I. Tymchenko
The genus Crataegus L. is one of the largest species in the family Rosaceae Juss. The fruits are used as medicinal raw materials ( Crataegus fructus ), as they contain a set of biologically active compounds. The genus is voluminous and taxonomically problematic due to significant variability, hybridization, apomixis, and polyploidy. As a result, it is difficult to determine the species of the genus. Species of the genus have a number of diagnostic features, one of which is a distinct fruit with seeds. The aim of our study was to identify and compare the diagnostic features of the fruits of seven species of the genus Crataegus flora of Ukraine, which are most often used as medicinal raw materials and are the most common in Ukraine – Crataegus laevigata , C. monogyna , C. pentagyna , C. pseudokyrtostyla , C. sanguinea , C. fallacina , and C. rhipidophylla . The study was performed using scanning and digital microscopy, and descriptions were made by standard methods. As a result, we identified features that clearly distinguished the studied species from each other. We identified mature fruits that contain only one pyrene ( C. monogyna , C. pseudokyrtostyla , C. fallacina , and C. rhipidophylla ), and several pyrenes ( C. laevigata , C. pentagyna , and C. sanguinea ) among the studied species of the genus. The studied species are characterized by spherical and ellipsoidal fruits. The predominant color is fulvous/brown with different shades, but almost-black fruits of the species C. pentagyna are well distinguished. Fruits of all studied species of the genus are fleshy, except C. sanguinea , which is floury. The species is characterized mainly by yellow flesh fruits, except C. pentagyna , which has ribbed fruits. The fruits of C. monogyna plants differ from those of other studied species by the spinous-tuberous surface relief. Pyrenes of triangular shape are observed only in C. pentagyna . We suggest that these features can be used as additional diagnostic tools to determine the species of the genus Crataegus flora in Ukraine.
山楂属是蔷薇科山楂属中最大的一种。这些果实被用作药用原料(山楂果)，因为它们含有一组生物活性化合物。由于显著的变异、杂交、无融合和多倍体，该属体积庞大，在分类上有问题。因此，很难确定该属的种类。该属的物种具有许多诊断特征，其中之一是具有种子的独特果实。本研究的目的是鉴定和比较乌克兰最常被用作药用原料和最常见的七种山楂属植物的果实的诊断特征，这些植物分别是:克拉特纳斯laevigata、C. monogyna、C. pentagyna、C. pseudokyrtostyla、C. sanguinea、C. fallacina和C. hipidophylla。采用扫描和数码显微镜进行研究，并按标准方法进行描述。结果，我们发现了明显区分所研究物种的特征。我们发现成熟的果实中只含有一种芘(C. monogyna, C. pseudokyrtostyla, C. fallacina和C. hipidophylla)，而在该属的研究物种中含有几种芘(C. laevigata, C. pentagyna和C. sanguinea)。所研究的树种果实呈球形和椭圆形。主要的颜色是黄褐色/棕色与不同的阴影，但几乎黑色的果实的物种C. pentagyna很好地区分。该属的所有研究物种的果实都是肉质的，除了C. sanguinea，它是面粉。本种的主要特征是黄色的果肉果实，除了五角草，它有肋的果实。单胞草属植物的果实与其他研究物种的果实不同，其表面有刺状结节状突起。三角形的比利牛只在五角草中可见。我们认为这些特征可以作为附加的诊断工具来确定乌克兰山楂属植物区系的种类。
{"title":"Morphological Features of Fruits and Seeds of Some Species of the Genus Crataegus L. of the Flora of Ukraine","authors":"T. Dvirna, O. Futorna, V. Minarchenko, I. Tymchenko","doi":"10.5586/aa.7418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7418","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The genus\u0000 Crataegus\u0000 L. is one of the largest species in the family Rosaceae Juss. The fruits are used as medicinal raw materials (\u0000 Crataegus fructus\u0000 ), as they contain a set of biologically active compounds. The genus is voluminous and taxonomically problematic due to significant variability, hybridization, apomixis, and polyploidy. As a result, it is difficult to determine the species of the genus. Species of the genus have a number of diagnostic features, one of which is a distinct fruit with seeds. The aim of our study was to identify and compare the diagnostic features of the fruits of seven species of the genus\u0000 Crataegus\u0000 flora of Ukraine, which are most often used as medicinal raw materials and are the most common in Ukraine –\u0000 Crataegus laevigata\u0000 ,\u0000 C. monogyna\u0000 ,\u0000 C. pentagyna\u0000 ,\u0000 C. pseudokyrtostyla\u0000 ,\u0000 C. sanguinea\u0000 ,\u0000 C. fallacina\u0000 , and\u0000 C. rhipidophylla\u0000 . The study was performed using scanning and digital microscopy, and descriptions were made by standard methods. As a result, we identified features that clearly distinguished the studied species from each other. We identified mature fruits that contain only one pyrene (\u0000 C. monogyna\u0000 ,\u0000 C. pseudokyrtostyla\u0000 ,\u0000 C. fallacina\u0000 , and\u0000 C. rhipidophylla\u0000 ), and several pyrenes (\u0000 C. laevigata\u0000 ,\u0000 C. pentagyna\u0000 , and\u0000 C. sanguinea\u0000 ) among the studied species of the genus. The studied species are characterized by spherical and ellipsoidal fruits. The predominant color is fulvous/brown with different shades, but almost-black fruits of the species\u0000 C. pentagyna\u0000 are well distinguished. Fruits of all studied species of the genus are fleshy, except\u0000 C. sanguinea\u0000 , which is floury. The species is characterized mainly by yellow flesh fruits, except\u0000 C. pentagyna\u0000 , which has ribbed fruits. The fruits of\u0000 C. monogyna\u0000 plants differ from those of other studied species by the spinous-tuberous surface relief. Pyrenes of triangular shape are observed only in\u0000 C. pentagyna\u0000 . We suggest that these features can be used as additional diagnostic tools to determine the species of the genus\u0000 Crataegus\u0000 flora in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47221489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gynoecium and fruit micromorphology and anatomy were studied using light microscopy in three species of Campanuloideae belonging to the tribes Cyanantheae ( Platycodon grandiflorus ), Wahlenbergieae ( Jasione montana ), and Campanuleae ( Adenophora liliifolia ) of the native and cultivated flora of Ukraine, to elucidate structural adaptations for fruit dehiscence. The studied species differed in flower/fruit orientation, carpel number, ovary insertion, and capsule-opening position, and the information provided a background for the discovery of common anatomical features influencing fruit dehiscence. In the studied species, the synascidiate and symplicate zones in the ovary and prominent placentae were found to be located near the mid-region of the ovary. The distinct innervation of the ovary wall and ovules was described. In P. grandiflorus , the septa and fruit wall contained a lignified parenchyma in a subepidermal position, while in J. montana and A. liliifolia , lignification was observed only in proximal portions of the septa, above the placenta ( J. montana ), or was noted as a narrow strand from the ovary base to the mid-region, called “axicorn” ( A. liliifolia ). In all the studied species, unlignified endocarpium was detected. The semi-inferior capsule of P. grandiflorus has been defined as a capsule of the Forsythia -type, with a sclerenchymatous layer in the inner zone of the mesocarpium. In J. montana and A. liliifolia , a new histogenetic type of capsule is described as Campanula -type, without lignified layers in the fruit wall and with lignified tissue in the septa, which enabled dehiscence. Our study proposed for the first time the classification of the capsules found in the studied species based on the development of openings in the superior or inferior regions of the fruits. The upright fruits of P. grandiflorus and J. montana reveal incomplete dorsiventral dehiscence in the superior region of the fruit, while dehiscence of pendent fruits of A. liliifolia is hippocrepiform-septifragal interlocular and occurs in the inferior region of the fruit at its base, as revealed previously in Campanula latifolia fruit.
{"title":"Morpho-Anatomy of the Gynoecium and Fruit in Three Ornamental Members of Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae)","authors":"Roksolana Andreychuk, A. Odintsova","doi":"10.5586/aa.7415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.7415","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Gynoecium and fruit micromorphology and anatomy were studied using light microscopy in three species of Campanuloideae belonging to the tribes Cyanantheae (\u0000 Platycodon grandiflorus\u0000 ), Wahlenbergieae (\u0000 Jasione montana\u0000 ), and Campanuleae (\u0000 Adenophora liliifolia\u0000 ) of the native and cultivated flora of Ukraine, to elucidate structural adaptations for fruit dehiscence. The studied species differed in flower/fruit orientation, carpel number, ovary insertion, and capsule-opening position, and the information provided a background for the discovery of common anatomical features influencing fruit dehiscence. In the studied species, the synascidiate and symplicate zones in the ovary and prominent placentae were found to be located near the mid-region of the ovary. The distinct innervation of the ovary wall and ovules was described. In\u0000 P. grandiflorus\u0000 , the septa and fruit wall contained a lignified parenchyma in a subepidermal position, while in\u0000 J. montana\u0000 and\u0000 A. liliifolia\u0000 , lignification was observed only in proximal portions of the septa, above the placenta (\u0000 J. montana\u0000 ), or was noted as a narrow strand from the ovary base to the mid-region, called “axicorn” (\u0000 A. liliifolia\u0000 ). In all the studied species, unlignified endocarpium was detected. The semi-inferior capsule of\u0000 P. grandiflorus\u0000 has been defined as a capsule of the\u0000 Forsythia\u0000 -type, with a sclerenchymatous layer in the inner zone of the mesocarpium. In\u0000 J. montana\u0000 and\u0000 A. liliifolia\u0000 , a new histogenetic type of capsule is described as\u0000 Campanula\u0000 -type, without lignified layers in the fruit wall and with lignified tissue in the septa, which enabled dehiscence. Our study proposed for the first time the classification of the capsules found in the studied species based on the development of openings in the superior or inferior regions of the fruits. The upright fruits of\u0000 P. grandiflorus\u0000 and\u0000 J. montana\u0000 reveal incomplete dorsiventral dehiscence in the superior region of the fruit, while dehiscence of pendent fruits of\u0000 A. liliifolia\u0000 is hippocrepiform-septifragal interlocular and occurs in the inferior region of the fruit at its base, as revealed previously in\u0000 Campanula latifolia\u0000 fruit.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44076532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pear rootstock OHF 333 ( Pyrus communis L.), which is included in the US ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’ series, is characterized by good compatibility with most other varieties, high yields, and a moderate degree of resistance to fire blight. Micropropagation in vitro has shown promise for rapid, large-scale cloning of disease-free plant material throughout the year. However, pear shoots are often recalcitrant to rooting, and this process is highly genotype-dependent. This study aimed to improve the micropropagation protocol by ex vitro rooting of pear rootstock OHF 333 ( Pyrus communis L. ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’). Charkor, a new plant growth regulator of natural origin was used, which contains metabolism products of symbiotic fungus-endophytes of ginseng roots, as an alternative to synthetically produced plant growth regulators (PGRs). Microcuttings were obtained from in vitro cultured shoots and subjected to four different treatments for ex vitro rooting: 1 g L −1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (as a powder), 0.5 mL L −1 Charkor for 3 hr or 6 hr, or the same concentration of Charkor prepared as a powder. Microshoots dipped in sterile distilled water with no additional hormonal treatments served as controls. Cultures were kept in a growth chamber under a 16-hr photoperiod, with air humidity maintained close to 100% (above 96%) for 2 weeks and then gradually reduced to 60%. Data on final acclimatization rate (survival rate; %), mean number of roots per plant, stem and root length, mean number of leaves per plant, and final acclimatization rate were collected 90 days after transplanting to ex vitro conditions. All treatments induced a successful acclimatization rate of more than 31%. The highest survival rate (86%) and longest stems were achieved by treatment with 0.5 mL L −1 Charkor for 6 hr. The greatest mean number of roots per plant, root length, and number of leaves was achieved in the variant treated with 1 g L −1 powdered NAA.
梨砧木ohf333 (Pyrus communis L.)属于美国“Old Home”דfarmdale”系列，其特点是与大多数其他品种相容性好，产量高，对火疫病具有中等程度的抗性。体外微繁技术已显示出一年四季快速、大规模克隆无病植物材料的前景。然而，梨芽往往难以生根，这一过程高度依赖于基因型。以梨砧木ohf333 (Pyrus communis L. ' Old Home ' × ' Farmingdale ')为材料，通过离体生根技术，改进了其微繁技术。采用天然植物生长调节剂Charkor作为合成植物生长调节剂(pgr)的替代品，该调节剂含有人参根内生共生真菌的代谢产物。从离体培养的芽中获得微扦插，并进行四种不同的离体生根处理:1 g L - 1-萘乙酸(NAA)(粉末)，0.5 mL L - 1 Charkor, 3小时或6小时，或相同浓度的Charkor制成粉末。微芽浸泡在无菌蒸馏水中，没有额外的激素处理作为对照。培养物在生长室内光周期为16小时，空气湿度保持接近100%(96%以上)2周，然后逐渐降低到60%。最终驯化率(存活率;在离体条件下移栽90 d后，采集平均单株根数、茎长和根长、平均单株叶数和最终驯化率。所有处理的驯化成功率均在31%以上。0.5 mL L−1 Charkor处理6小时，存活率最高(86%)，茎段最长。每株平均根数、根长和叶数在1 g L−1 NAA粉处理的变异株中达到最大。
{"title":"An Optimized Micropropagation Protocol by Ex Vitro Rooting of Pear Rootstock OHF 333 (Pyrus communis L.)","authors":"N. Dimitrova, L. Nacheva","doi":"10.5586/aa.744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.744","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pear rootstock OHF 333 (\u0000 Pyrus communis\u0000 L.), which is included in the US ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’ series, is characterized by good compatibility with most other varieties, high yields, and a moderate degree of resistance to fire blight. Micropropagation in vitro has shown promise for rapid, large-scale cloning of disease-free plant material throughout the year. However, pear shoots are often recalcitrant to rooting, and this process is highly genotype-dependent. This study aimed to improve the micropropagation protocol by ex vitro rooting of pear rootstock OHF 333 (\u0000 Pyrus communis\u0000 L. ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’). Charkor, a new plant growth regulator of natural origin was used, which contains metabolism products of symbiotic fungus-endophytes of ginseng roots, as an alternative to synthetically produced plant growth regulators (PGRs). Microcuttings were obtained from in vitro cultured shoots and subjected to four different treatments for ex vitro rooting: 1 g L\u0000 −1\u0000 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (as a powder), 0.5 mL L\u0000 −1\u0000 Charkor for 3 hr or 6 hr, or the same concentration of Charkor prepared as a powder. Microshoots dipped in sterile distilled water with no additional hormonal treatments served as controls. Cultures were kept in a growth chamber under a 16-hr photoperiod, with air humidity maintained close to 100% (above 96%) for 2 weeks and then gradually reduced to 60%. Data on final acclimatization rate (survival rate; %), mean number of roots per plant, stem and root length, mean number of leaves per plant, and final acclimatization rate were collected 90 days after transplanting to ex vitro conditions. All treatments induced a successful acclimatization rate of more than 31%. The highest survival rate (86%) and longest stems were achieved by treatment with 0.5 mL L\u0000 −1\u0000 Charkor for 6 hr. The greatest mean number of roots per plant, root length, and number of leaves was achieved in the variant treated with 1 g L\u0000 −1\u0000 powdered NAA.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44698942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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