Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00198-6
Erna Hastuti, Achmad Subhan, Devi Puspitasari
The use of activated carbon from biomass as an electrode for lithium-ion batteries is promising because of the low cost, natural abundance, and environmentally friendly. Chicken feather is a biomass that has the potential to be a source of activated carbon, because it contains keratin. The activation process affects the quality of activated carbon, thereby increasing battery performance. In this study, chicken feather waste was chemically activated using KOH and combined with physical activation at temperature variations of 750, 850 and 950 °C. The activation process significantly influenced electrochemical properties because of the difference in their microstructure. The activated carbon pyrolyzed at 850 °C (CFCA-850) shows the highest discharge capacity of 285.78 mAhg−1, good cycling stability and rate performance due to its higher interlayer spacing and large surface area. Furthermore, electronic conductivity and ion increase, thus improve battery performance.
{"title":"Synthesis of activated carbon derived from chicken feather for Li-ion batteries through chemical and physical activation process","authors":"Erna Hastuti, Achmad Subhan, Devi Puspitasari","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00198-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-021-00198-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of activated carbon from biomass as an electrode for lithium-ion batteries is promising because of the low cost, natural abundance, and environmentally friendly. Chicken feather is a biomass that has the potential to be a source of activated carbon, because it contains keratin. The activation process affects the quality of activated carbon, thereby increasing battery performance. In this study, chicken feather waste was chemically activated using KOH and combined with physical activation at temperature variations of 750, 850 and 950 °C. The activation process significantly influenced electrochemical properties because of the difference in their microstructure. The activated carbon pyrolyzed at 850 °C (CFCA-850) shows the highest discharge capacity of 285.78 mAhg<sup>−1</sup>, good cycling stability and rate performance due to its higher interlayer spacing and large surface area. Furthermore, electronic conductivity and ion increase, thus improve battery performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00198-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4595662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00197-7
Can Cui, Shuangbin Li, Junyi Gong, Keyan Wei, Xiangjun Hou, Cairong Jiang, Yali Yao, Jianjun Ma
Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) is a promising technology with high energy efficiency and abundant fuel. To date, a variety of DCFC configurations have been investigated, with molten hydroxide, molten carbonate or oxides being used as the electrolyte. Recently, there has been particular interest in DCFC with molten carbonate involved. The molten carbonate is either an electrolyte or a catalyst in different cell structures. In this review, we consider carbonate as the clue to discuss the function of carbonate in DCFCs, and start the paper by outlining the developments in terms of molten carbonate (MC)-based DCFC and its electrochemical oxidation processes. Thereafter, the composite electrolyte merging solid carbonate and mixed ionic–electronic conductors (MIEC) are discussed. Hybrid DCFC (HDCFCs?) combining molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are also touched on. The primary function of carbonate (i.e., facilitating ion transfer and expanding the triple-phase boundaries) in these systems, is then discussed in detail. Finally, some issues are identified and a future outlook outlined, including a corrosion attack of cell components, reactions using inorganic salt from fuel ash, and wetting with carbon fuels.
{"title":"Review of molten carbonate-based direct carbon fuel cells","authors":"Can Cui, Shuangbin Li, Junyi Gong, Keyan Wei, Xiangjun Hou, Cairong Jiang, Yali Yao, Jianjun Ma","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00197-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00197-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) is a promising technology with high energy efficiency and abundant fuel. To date, a variety of DCFC configurations have been investigated, with molten hydroxide, molten carbonate or oxides being used as the electrolyte. Recently, there has been particular interest in DCFC with molten carbonate involved. The molten carbonate is either an electrolyte or a catalyst in different cell structures. In this review, we consider carbonate as the clue to discuss the function of carbonate in DCFCs, and start the paper by outlining the developments in terms of molten carbonate (MC)-based DCFC and its electrochemical oxidation processes. Thereafter, the composite electrolyte merging solid carbonate and mixed ionic–electronic conductors (MIEC) are discussed. Hybrid DCFC (HDCFCs?) combining molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are also touched on. The primary function of carbonate (i.e., facilitating ion transfer and expanding the triple-phase boundaries) in these systems, is then discussed in detail. Finally, some issues are identified and a future outlook outlined, including a corrosion attack of cell components, reactions using inorganic salt from fuel ash, and wetting with carbon fuels.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00197-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4085451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00196-8
Puteri Nor Aznie Fahsyar, Norasikin Ahmad Ludin, Noor Fadhilah Ramli, Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Noh, Rozan Mohamad Yunus, Suhaila Sepeai, Mohd Adib Ibrahim, Mohd Asri Teridi, Kamaruzzaman Sopian
The establishment of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in terms of their power-conversion efficiency (PCE) over silicon-based solar cells is undeniable. The state-of-art of easy device fabrications of PSCs has enabled them to rapidly gain a place in third-generation photovoltaic technology. Numerous obstacles remain to be addressed in device efficiency and stability. Low performance owing to easily degraded surface and deterioration of perovskite film quality resulting from humidity are issues that often arise. This work explored a new approach to producing high-quality perovskite films prepared under high relative humidity (RH?=?40%–50%). In particular, the ubiquitous 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBp) was introduced into lead iodide (PbI2) precursor as an additive, and the films were fabricated using a two-step deposition method followed by a delay-deposition technique of methylammonium iodide (MAI). High crystallinity and controlled nucleation of MAI were needed, and this approach revealed the significance of time control to ensure high-quality films with large grain size, high crystallography, wide coverage on substrate, and precise and evenly coupled MAI molecules to PbI2 films. Compared with the two-step method without time delay, a noticeable improvement in PCE from 3.2 to 8.3% was achieved for the sample prepared with 15?s time delay. This finding was primarily due to the significant enhancement in the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor of the device. This strategy can effectively improve the morphology and crystallinity of perovskite films, as well as reduce the recombination of photogenerated carriers and increase of current density of devices, thereby achieving improved photovoltaic performance.
{"title":"Ambient fabrication of perovskite solar cells through delay-deposition technique","authors":"Puteri Nor Aznie Fahsyar, Norasikin Ahmad Ludin, Noor Fadhilah Ramli, Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Noh, Rozan Mohamad Yunus, Suhaila Sepeai, Mohd Adib Ibrahim, Mohd Asri Teridi, Kamaruzzaman Sopian","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00196-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00196-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The establishment of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in terms of their power-conversion efficiency (PCE) over silicon-based solar cells is undeniable. The state-of-art of easy device fabrications of PSCs has enabled them to rapidly gain a place in third-generation photovoltaic technology. Numerous obstacles remain to be addressed in device efficiency and stability. Low performance owing to easily degraded surface and deterioration of perovskite film quality resulting from humidity are issues that often arise. This work explored a new approach to producing high-quality perovskite films prepared under high relative humidity (RH?=?40%–50%). In particular, the ubiquitous 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBp) was introduced into lead iodide (PbI<sub>2</sub>) precursor as an additive, and the films were fabricated using a two-step deposition method followed by a delay-deposition technique of methylammonium iodide (MAI). High crystallinity and controlled nucleation of MAI were needed, and this approach revealed the significance of time control to ensure high-quality films with large grain size, high crystallography, wide coverage on substrate, and precise and evenly coupled MAI molecules to PbI<sub>2</sub> films. Compared with the two-step method without time delay, a noticeable improvement in PCE from 3.2 to 8.3% was achieved for the sample prepared with 15?s time delay. This finding was primarily due to the significant enhancement in the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor of the device. This strategy can effectively improve the morphology and crystallinity of perovskite films, as well as reduce the recombination of photogenerated carriers and increase of current density of devices, thereby achieving improved photovoltaic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00196-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4305366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-03DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00195-9
Winda Rahmalia, Imelda H. Silalahi, Thamrin Usman, Jean-François Fabre, Zéphirin Mouloungui, Georges Zissis
In this research, treated metakaolinite (TMK) was introduced into the TiO2 photoelectrode to fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photovoltaic cells have four main natural components, i.e., a photosensitizer (carotenoid bixin), photoelectrode (TiO2/kaolinite), electrolyte (glycerine carbonate derivative), and counter-electrode (carbon). Their stability, reusability, and equivalent circuit were studied. The presence of 5% of TMK in anatase TiO2 paste decreased the TiO2 band gap from 3.21 to 3.16?eV. The result showed that the presence of 5% of TMK in TiO2 paste was more favorable to obtain higher energy conversion efficiency. Under a light intensity of 200?W/m2, it produced an energy conversion yield of 0.086%. The combination of the electrolyte and the TMK demonstrated a synergistic effect to improve the electrical properties of the DSSC. The energy storage function worked well until the third day of analysis. The DSSC based on TiO2/TMK photoelectrode exhibited 16 times better stability than pure TiO2-based photoelectrode. The Faraday charge transfer processes showed that the TiO2/TMK photoelectrode is not in direct contact with the carbon counter-electrode.
{"title":"Stability, reusability, and equivalent circuit of TiO2/treated metakaolinite-based dye-sensitized solar cell: effect of illumination intensity on Voc and Isc values","authors":"Winda Rahmalia, Imelda H. Silalahi, Thamrin Usman, Jean-François Fabre, Zéphirin Mouloungui, Georges Zissis","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00195-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00195-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this research, treated metakaolinite (TMK) was introduced into the TiO<sub>2</sub> photoelectrode to fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photovoltaic cells have four main natural components, i.e., a photosensitizer (carotenoid bixin), photoelectrode (TiO<sub>2</sub>/kaolinite), electrolyte (glycerine carbonate derivative), and counter-electrode (carbon). Their stability, reusability, and equivalent circuit were studied. The presence of 5% of TMK in anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> paste decreased the TiO<sub>2</sub> band gap from 3.21 to 3.16?eV. The result showed that the presence of 5% of TMK in TiO<sub>2</sub> paste was more favorable to obtain higher energy conversion efficiency. Under a light intensity of 200?W/m<sup>2</sup>, it produced an energy conversion yield of 0.086%. The combination of the electrolyte and the TMK demonstrated a synergistic effect to improve the electrical properties of the DSSC. The energy storage function worked well until the third day of analysis. The DSSC based on TiO<sub>2</sub>/TMK photoelectrode exhibited 16 times better stability than pure TiO<sub>2</sub>-based photoelectrode. The Faraday charge transfer processes showed that the TiO<sub>2</sub>/TMK photoelectrode is not in direct contact with the carbon counter-electrode.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00195-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4129793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00194-w
Caroline R. Kwawu, Albert Aniagyei, Destiny Konadu, Boniface Yeboah Antwi
Understanding the mechanism of CO2 reduction on iron is crucial for the design of more efficient and cheaper iron electrocatalyst for CO2 conversion. In the present study, we have employed spin-polarized density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation (DFT-GGA) to elucidate the mechanism of CO2 reduction into carbon monoxide and formic acid on the Fe (100) facet. We also sort to understand the transformations of the other isomers of adsorbed CO2 on iron as earlier mechanistic studies are centred on the transformations of the C2v geometry alone and not the other possible conformations i.e., flip-C2v and Cs modes. Two alternative reduction routes were considered i.e., the direct CO2 dissociation against the hydrogen-assisted CO2 transformation through formate and carboxylate into CO and formic acid. Our results show that CO2 in the C2v mode is the precursor to the formation of both products i.e., CO and formic acid. Both the formation and transformation of CO2 in the Cs and flip-C2v is challenging kinetically and thermodynamically compared to the C2v mode. The formic acid formation is favoured over CO via the reverse water gas shift reaction mechanism on Fe (100). Both formic acid formation and CO formation will proceed via the carboxylate intermediate since formate is a stable intermediate whose transformation into formic acid is challenging both kinetically and thermodynamically.
{"title":"Mechanisms of CO2 reduction into CO and formic acid on Fe (100): a DFT study","authors":"Caroline R. Kwawu, Albert Aniagyei, Destiny Konadu, Boniface Yeboah Antwi","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00194-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00194-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the mechanism of CO<sub>2</sub> reduction on iron is crucial for the design of more efficient and cheaper iron electrocatalyst for CO<sub>2</sub> conversion. In the present study, we have employed spin-polarized density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation (DFT-GGA) to elucidate the mechanism of CO<sub>2</sub> reduction into carbon monoxide and formic acid on the Fe (100) facet. We also sort to understand the transformations of the other isomers of adsorbed CO<sub>2</sub> on iron as earlier mechanistic studies are centred on the transformations of the C<sub>2v</sub> geometry alone and not the other possible conformations i.e., flip-C<sub>2v</sub> and Cs modes. Two alternative reduction routes were considered i.e., the direct CO<sub>2</sub> dissociation against the hydrogen-assisted CO<sub>2</sub> transformation through formate and carboxylate into CO and formic acid. Our results show that CO<sub>2</sub> in the C<sub>2v</sub> mode is the precursor to the formation of both products i.e., CO and formic acid. Both the formation and transformation of CO<sub>2</sub> in the Cs and flip-C<sub>2v</sub> is challenging kinetically and thermodynamically compared to the C<sub>2v</sub> mode. The formic acid formation is favoured over CO via the reverse water gas shift reaction mechanism on Fe (100). Both formic acid formation and CO formation will proceed via the carboxylate intermediate since formate is a stable intermediate whose transformation into formic acid is challenging both kinetically and thermodynamically.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00194-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5108850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00193-x
Da-Ming Feng, Ying Sun, Zhong-Yong Yuan, Yang Fu, Baohua Jia, Hui Li, Tianyi Ma
The electrochemical production of green and low-cost ammonia requests the development of high-performance electrocatalysts. In this work, the ampoule method was applied to modulate the surface of the zinc electrode by implanting defects and low-valent active sites. The N-doped ZnS electrocatalyst was thus generated by sulfurization with thiourea and applied for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). Given the rich sulfur vacancies and abundant Zn-N active sites on the surface, excellent catalytic activity and selectivity were obtained, with an NH3 yield rate of 2.42?×?10–10?mol?s?1?cm?2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 7.92% at ??0.6?V vs. RHE in 0.1?M KOH solution. Moreover, the as-synthesized zinc electrode exhibits high stability after five recycling tests and a 24?h potentiostatic test. The comparison with Zn foil, non-doping ZnS/Zn and recent metal sulfide electrocatalysts further demonstrated advanced catalytic performance of N@ZnS/Zn for ENRR. By simple synthesis, S vacancies, and N-doping defects, this promising electrocatalyst would represent a good addition to the arena of transition-metal-based catalysts with superior performance in ENRR.
绿色低成本氨的电化学生产要求开发高性能的电催化剂。在本工作中,安瓿法通过植入缺陷和低价活性位点来调制锌电极的表面。采用硫脲硫化法制备了n掺杂ZnS电催化剂,并将其应用于电催化氮还原反应(ENRR)。由于表面具有丰富的硫空位和丰富的Zn-N活性位点,获得了良好的催化活性和选择性,NH3的产率为2.42 × 10-10 mol s - 1 cm?2,在0.6°时的法拉第效率为7.92%。V和RHE在0.1?KOH溶液。此外,经5次循环试验和24?恒电位试验。通过与锌箔、未掺杂ZnS/Zn和新型金属硫化物电催化剂的比较,进一步证明了N@ZnS/Zn对ENRR的先进催化性能。通过简单的合成、S空位和n掺杂缺陷,这种有前途的电催化剂将代表着在ENRR中具有优越性能的过渡金属基催化剂领域的一个很好的补充。
{"title":"Ampoule method fabricated sulfur vacancy-rich N-doped ZnS electrodes for ammonia production in alkaline media","authors":"Da-Ming Feng, Ying Sun, Zhong-Yong Yuan, Yang Fu, Baohua Jia, Hui Li, Tianyi Ma","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00193-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00193-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electrochemical production of green and low-cost ammonia requests the development of high-performance electrocatalysts. In this work, the ampoule method was applied to modulate the surface of the zinc electrode by implanting defects and low-valent active sites. The N-doped ZnS electrocatalyst was thus generated by sulfurization with thiourea and applied for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). Given the rich sulfur vacancies and abundant Zn-N active sites on the surface, excellent catalytic activity and selectivity were obtained, with an NH<sub>3</sub> yield rate of 2.42?×?10<sup>–10</sup>?mol?s<sup>?1</sup>?cm<sup>?2</sup> and a Faradaic efficiency of 7.92% at ??0.6?V vs. RHE in 0.1?M KOH solution. Moreover, the as-synthesized zinc electrode exhibits high stability after five recycling tests and a 24?h potentiostatic test. The comparison with Zn foil, non-doping ZnS/Zn and recent metal sulfide electrocatalysts further demonstrated advanced catalytic performance of N@ZnS/Zn for ENRR. By simple synthesis, S vacancies, and N-doping defects, this promising electrocatalyst would represent a good addition to the arena of transition-metal-based catalysts with superior performance in ENRR.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00193-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4783421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00192-y
V. N. Kitenge, K. O. Oyedotun, O. Fasakin, D. J. Tarimo, N. F. Sylla, X. Van Heerden, N. Manyala
This study has investigated the effect of the incorporation of graphene foam (GF) into the matrix of a ternary transition-metals hydroxide containing nickel, cobalt, and manganese for optimal electrochemical performances as electrodes for supercapacitors applications. An adopted simple, low-cost co-precipitation synthesis method involved the loading a mass of the ternary metal hydroxides (NiCoMn-TH) onto various GF mass loading so as to find ints effect on the electrochemical properties of the hydroxides. Microstructural and chemical composition of the various composite materials were investigated by employing scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and N2 physisorption analysis among others. Electrochemical performances of the NiCoMn-TH/200?mg GF composite material evaluated in a three-electrode system using 1?M KOH solution revealed a maximum specific capacity around 178.6 mAh g?1 compared to 76.2 mAh g?1 recorded for the NiCoMn-TH pristine material at a specific current of 1 A g?1. The best mass loading of GF nanomaterial (200?mg GF), was then utilised as a positive electrode material for the design of a novel hybrid device. An assembled hybrid NiCoMn-TH/200?mg GF//CSDAC device utilizing the NiCoMn-TH/200?mg GF and activated carbon derived from the cocoa shell (CSDAC) as a positive and negative electrode, respectively, demonstrated a sustaining specific capacity of 23.4 mAh g?1 at a specific current of 0.5 A g?1. The device also yielded sustaining a specific energy and power of about 22.32 Wh kg?1 and 439.7?W?kg?1, respectively. After a cycling test of over 15,000 cycles, the device could prove a coulombic efficiency of?~?99.9% and a capacity retention of around 80% within a potential range of 0.0–1.6?V at a specific current of 3?A?g?1. These results have demonstrated the prodigious electrochemical potentials of the as-synthesized material and its capability to be utilized as an electrode for supercapacitor applications.
本研究研究了将泡沫石墨烯(GF)掺入含有镍、钴和锰的三元过渡金属氢氧化物基体中,作为超级电容器电极的最佳电化学性能的影响。采用了一种简单、低成本的共沉淀法,将大量的三元金属氢氧化物(nicom - th)加载到不同的GF质量负载上,以寻找其对氢氧化物电化学性能的影响。采用扫描/透射电镜(SEM/TEM)、x射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy)和N2物理吸附分析等方法研究了各种复合材料的微观结构和化学成分。nicom - th /200?mg GF复合材料在1?KOH溶液的最大比容量约为178.6 mAh g?与76.2毫安时相比?1记录了NiCoMn-TH原始材料在特定电流为1g ?1的情况下。GF纳米材料的最佳质量负载(200?mg GF),然后用作设计新型混合装置的正极材料。组装混合nicom - th /200?mg GF//CSDAC器件采用nicom - th /200?mg GF和从可可壳中提取的活性炭(CSDAC)分别作为正极和负极,显示出23.4 mAh g?在0.5 a g?1的特定电流下。该装置还产生了约22.32 Wh / kg的比能量和功率。1和439.7? wkg ?1,分别。经过超过15000次的循环测试,该装置可以证明库仑效率为99.9%,在0.0-1.6 μ的电位范围内容量保持在80%左右。在特定电流为3? a ?g?1的情况下。这些结果证明了合成材料的巨大电化学潜力及其作为超级电容器电极应用的能力。
{"title":"Enhancing the electrochemical properties of a nickel–cobalt-manganese ternary hydroxide electrode using graphene foam for supercapacitors applications","authors":"V. N. Kitenge, K. O. Oyedotun, O. Fasakin, D. J. Tarimo, N. F. Sylla, X. Van Heerden, N. Manyala","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00192-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00192-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study has investigated the effect of the incorporation of graphene foam (GF) into the matrix of a ternary transition-metals hydroxide containing nickel, cobalt, and manganese for optimal electrochemical performances as electrodes for supercapacitors applications. An adopted simple, low-cost co-precipitation synthesis method involved the loading a mass of the ternary metal hydroxides (NiCoMn-TH) onto various GF mass loading so as to find ints effect on the electrochemical properties of the hydroxides. Microstructural and chemical composition of the various composite materials were investigated by employing scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and N<sub>2</sub> physisorption analysis among others. Electrochemical performances of the NiCoMn-TH/200?mg GF composite material evaluated in a three-electrode system using 1?M KOH solution revealed a maximum specific capacity around 178.6 mAh g<sup>?1</sup> compared to 76.2 mAh g<sup>?1</sup> recorded for the NiCoMn-TH pristine material at a specific current of 1 A g<sup>?1</sup>. The best mass loading of GF nanomaterial (200?mg GF), was then utilised as a positive electrode material for the design of a novel hybrid device. An assembled hybrid NiCoMn-TH/200?mg GF//CSDAC device utilizing the NiCoMn-TH/200?mg GF and activated carbon derived from the cocoa shell (CSDAC) as a positive and negative electrode, respectively, demonstrated a sustaining specific capacity of 23.4 mAh g<sup>?1</sup> at a specific current of 0.5 A g<sup>?1</sup>. The device also yielded sustaining a specific energy and power of about 22.32 Wh kg<sup>?1</sup> and 439.7?W?kg<sup>?1</sup>, respectively. After a cycling test of over 15,000 cycles, the device could prove a coulombic efficiency of?~?99.9% and a capacity retention of around 80% within a potential range of 0.0–1.6?V at a specific current of 3?A?g<sup>?1</sup>. These results have demonstrated the prodigious electrochemical potentials of the as-synthesized material and its capability to be utilized as an electrode for supercapacitor applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00192-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4906089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00191-z
Aleksandrs Vališevskis, Uģis Briedis, Miguel Carvalho, Fernando Ferreira
There is one component that virtually any embedded wearable needs—a power source. This paper proposes an energy source, which contains no harmful substances, can be stored in a stand-by dry state for indefinite time period, is flexible and has tactile characteristics similar to that of textile. The main feature of this energy source is the separation of the electrolyte and the electrodes—the electrolyte is applied only when the battery needs to be activated. This makes storage time in a dry state virtually infinite. It expands their potential use to storage solutions and healthcare/health monitoring solutions, because the design of the battery allows it to be used as an active sensor, which generates electric current, when it detects liquid. We stress that this solution is suitable for specific applications only, outlined in the paper. The main components of the battery include aluminium anode, air cathode and the cotton shell. The design includes only textile-based materials, which ensure greater flexibility and better fusion with textile materials, where the battery is intended to be integrated. Besides that, results of the experiments with multi-cell battery prototype are presented.
{"title":"Development of flexible textile aluminium-air battery prototype","authors":"Aleksandrs Vališevskis, Uģis Briedis, Miguel Carvalho, Fernando Ferreira","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00191-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00191-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is one component that virtually any embedded wearable needs—a power source. This paper proposes an energy source, which contains no harmful substances, can be stored in a stand-by dry state for indefinite time period, is flexible and has tactile characteristics similar to that of textile. The main feature of this energy source is the separation of the electrolyte and the electrodes—the electrolyte is applied only when the battery needs to be activated. This makes storage time in a dry state virtually infinite. It expands their potential use to storage solutions and healthcare/health monitoring solutions, because the design of the battery allows it to be used as an active sensor, which generates electric current, when it detects liquid. We stress that this solution is suitable for specific applications only, outlined in the paper. The main components of the battery include aluminium anode, air cathode and the cotton shell. The design includes only textile-based materials, which ensure greater flexibility and better fusion with textile materials, where the battery is intended to be integrated. Besides that, results of the experiments with multi-cell battery prototype are presented.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00191-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4117873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-02DOI: 10.1007/s40243-020-00187-1
Yonis Fornazier Filho, Ana Caroliny Carvalho da Cruz, Rolando Pedicini, José Ricardo Cezar Salgado, Priscilla Paiva Luz, Josimar Ribeiro
Physical and electrochemical properties of Pd catalysts combined with Ru and Mo on carbon support were investigated. To this end, Pd, Pd1.3Ru1.0, Pd3.2Ru1.3Mo1.0 and Pd1.5Ru0.8Mo1.0 were synthesized on Carbon Vulcan XC72 support by the method of thermal decomposition of polymeric precursors and then physically and electrochemically characterized. The highest reaction yields are obtained for Pd3.2Ru1.3Mo1.0/C and Pd1.5Ru0.8Mo1.0/C and, as demonstrated by thermal analysis, they also show the smallest metal/carbon ratio compared the other catalysts. XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and Raman analyses show the presence of PdO and RuO2 for the Pd/C and the Pd1.3Ru1.0/C catalysts, respectively, a fact not observed for the Pd3.2Ru1.3 Mo1.0 /C and the Pd1.5Ru0.8Mo1.0/C catalysts. The catalytic activities were tested for the ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows Pd1.3Ru1.0/C exhibiting the highest peak of current density, followed by Pd3.2Ru1.3Mo1.0/C, Pd1.5Ru0.8Mo1.0/C and Pd/C. From, chronoamperometry (CA), it is possible to observe the lowest rate of poisoning for the Pd1.3Ru1.0/C, followed by Pd3.2Ru1.3Mo1.0/C, Pd1.5Ru0.8Mo1.0/C and Pd/C. These results suggested that catalytic activity of the binary and the ternary catalysts are improved in comparison with Pd/C. The presence of RuO2 activated the bifunctional mechanism and improved the catalytic activity in the Pd1.3Ru1.0/C catalyst. The addition of Mo in the catalysts enhanced the catalytic activity by the intrinsic mechanism, suggesting a synergistic effect between metals. In summary, we suggest that it is possible to synthesize ternary PdRuMo catalysts supported on Carbon Vulcan XC72, resulting in materials with lower poisoning rates and lower costs than Pd/C.
{"title":"Development of palladium catalysts modified by ruthenium and molybdenum as anode in direct ethanol fuel cell","authors":"Yonis Fornazier Filho, Ana Caroliny Carvalho da Cruz, Rolando Pedicini, José Ricardo Cezar Salgado, Priscilla Paiva Luz, Josimar Ribeiro","doi":"10.1007/s40243-020-00187-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-020-00187-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physical and electrochemical properties of Pd catalysts combined with Ru and Mo on carbon support were investigated. To this end, Pd, Pd<sub>1.3</sub>Ru<sub>1.0</sub>, Pd<sub>3.2</sub>Ru<sub>1.3</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub> and Pd<sub>1.5</sub>Ru<sub>0.8</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub> were synthesized on Carbon Vulcan XC72 support by the method of thermal decomposition of polymeric precursors and then physically and electrochemically characterized. The highest reaction yields are obtained for Pd<sub>3.2</sub>Ru<sub>1.3</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub>/C and Pd<sub>1.5</sub>Ru<sub>0.8</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub>/C and, as demonstrated by thermal analysis, they also show the smallest metal/carbon ratio compared the other catalysts. XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and Raman analyses show the presence of PdO and RuO<sub>2</sub> for the Pd/C and the Pd<sub>1.3</sub>Ru<sub>1.0</sub>/C catalysts, respectively, a fact not observed for the Pd<sub>3.2</sub>Ru<sub>1.3</sub> Mo<sub>1.0</sub> /C and the Pd<sub>1.5</sub>Ru<sub>0.8</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub>/C catalysts. The catalytic activities were tested for the ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows Pd<sub>1.3</sub>Ru<sub>1.0</sub>/C exhibiting the highest peak of current density, followed by Pd<sub>3.2</sub>Ru<sub>1.3</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub>/C, Pd<sub>1.5</sub>Ru<sub>0.8</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub>/C and Pd/C. From, chronoamperometry (CA), it is possible to observe the lowest rate of poisoning for the Pd<sub>1.3</sub>Ru<sub>1.0</sub>/C, followed by Pd<sub>3.2</sub>Ru<sub>1.3</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub>/C, Pd<sub>1.5</sub>Ru<sub>0.8</sub>Mo<sub>1.0</sub>/C and Pd/C. These results suggested that catalytic activity of the binary and the ternary catalysts are improved in comparison with Pd/C. The presence of RuO<sub>2</sub> activated the bifunctional mechanism and improved the catalytic activity in the Pd<sub>1.3</sub>Ru<sub>1.0</sub>/C catalyst. The addition of Mo in the catalysts enhanced the catalytic activity by the intrinsic mechanism, suggesting a synergistic effect between metals. In summary, we suggest that it is possible to synthesize ternary PdRuMo catalysts supported on Carbon Vulcan XC72, resulting in materials with lower poisoning rates and lower costs than Pd/C.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-020-00187-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4076381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1007/s40243-021-00188-8
Ayaz Ahmed, Adnan Qayoum
The demand for natural insulation materials is increasing with special attention to the use of such materials for exploiting renewable energy. Natural insulation materials tremendously influence the sustainability development and energy efficiency enhancement in the buildings. Natural fibers from animal’s origin absorb great amount of moisture on exposed to the environment which significantly affects the performance and thermal insulation properties. The thermal degradation of such material strongly influences the accidental burning characteristics, an important selection criteria for building materials. In the present study, three different kind of natural insulation materials namely sheep wool, goat wool and horse mane have been characterized in terms of moisture absorption, thermal degradation and morphology using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry techniques, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. In addition, antibacterial behavioral study has been also carried out for untreated raw wool and treated wool (copper nitrate). These properties are vital for a holistic evaluation of the insulation material. Moisture absorption results indicate that the sheep wool and goat wool absorb less moisture content as compared to horse mane. Unlike this horse mane shows great stability than goat wool and sheep wool in the temperature range not exceeding 470?°C. TGA data indicate 50% mass loss (T50%) at 306?°C, 322?°C and 318?°C for sheep wool, goat wool and horse mane, respectively. In addition the tests show that the content of fire retardant elements like nitrogen and sulphur is more in horse mane as compared to sheep wool and goat wool. The treated wool samples showed excellent antibacterial properties as compared to untreated wool samples.
{"title":"Investigation on the thermal degradation, moisture absorption characteristics and antibacterial behavior of natural insulation materials","authors":"Ayaz Ahmed, Adnan Qayoum","doi":"10.1007/s40243-021-00188-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-021-00188-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The demand for natural insulation materials is increasing with special attention to the use of such materials for exploiting renewable energy. Natural insulation materials tremendously influence the sustainability development and energy efficiency enhancement in the buildings. Natural fibers from animal’s origin absorb great amount of moisture on exposed to the environment which significantly affects the performance and thermal insulation properties. The thermal degradation of such material strongly influences the accidental burning characteristics, an important selection criteria for building materials. In the present study, three different kind of natural insulation materials namely sheep wool, goat wool and horse mane have been characterized in terms of moisture absorption, thermal degradation and morphology using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry techniques, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. In addition, antibacterial behavioral study has been also carried out for untreated raw wool and treated wool (copper nitrate). These properties are vital for a holistic evaluation of the insulation material. Moisture absorption results indicate that the sheep wool and goat wool absorb less moisture content as compared to horse mane. Unlike this horse mane shows great stability than goat wool and sheep wool in the temperature range not exceeding 470?°C. TGA data indicate 50% mass loss (<i>T</i><sub>50%</sub>) at 306?°C, 322?°C and 318?°C for sheep wool, goat wool and horse mane, respectively. In addition the tests show that the content of fire retardant elements like nitrogen and sulphur is more in horse mane as compared to sheep wool and goat wool. The treated wool samples showed excellent antibacterial properties as compared to untreated wool samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40243-021-00188-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4022447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}