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Novel hole transport materials of pyrogallol-sulfonamide hybrid: synthesis, optical, electrochemical properties and molecular modelling for perovskite solar cells 焦耳酚-磺酰胺杂化物的新型空穴传输材料:用于过氧化物太阳能电池的合成、光学、电化学特性和分子建模
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00275-6
A. Naguib, Ahmed Mourtada Elseman, E. A. Ishak, M. S. A. El-Gaby

Sulfonamide derivatives as semiconductor materials for organic optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic (PV), have received considerable interest. In the present work, the synthesis of novel pyrogallol-sulfonamide derivatives based on a molecular hybridization approach yielded N-((4-((2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide (N-DPSA). The techniques of spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and mass spectrum were utilized to identify the structural composition of the synthesized N-DPSA. The new N-DPSA was investigated by Hall-effect measurement to prove the positive charge carrier (hole mobility) with mobility and conductivity of 2.39 × 103 cm2/Vs and 1.76 × 10–1 1/Ω cm, respectively. Consequently, N-DPSA could be proposed as a strong candidate as a p-type semiconductor (hole transport layer (HTL)). The optical energy gap was computed at 2.03 eV, indicating the direct optical transition nature of N-DPSA. The elaborated molecular semiconductor's thermal features, molecular modelling, and electronic energy levels were also investigated. The new N-DPSA at various concentrations provided easy synthesis, cheap cost, high performance, and a straightforward design approach for a possible HTL in effective perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A PCE of 7.3% is shown for the N-DPSA-based PSC at its optimal concentration.

磺酰胺衍生物作为包括光伏(PV)在内的有机光电器件的半导体材料受到了广泛关注。本研究基于分子杂化方法合成了新型焦醛-磺酰胺衍生物,得到了 N-((4-((2,3,4-三羟基苯基)偶氮)苯基)磺酰基)乙酰胺 (N-DPSA)。利用光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(1H NMR)和质谱等技术来确定合成的 N-DPSA 的结构组成。霍尔效应测量证明了新的 N-DPSA 具有正电荷载流子(空穴迁移率),迁移率和电导率分别为 2.39 × 103 cm2/Vs 和 1.76 × 10-1 1/Ω cm。因此,N-DPSA 被认为是 p 型半导体(空穴传输层(HTL))的有力候选者。计算得出的光能隙为 2.03 eV,这表明 N-DPSA 具有直接光转换的性质。此外,还对精心制作的分子半导体的热特性、分子模型和电子能级进行了研究。不同浓度的新型 N-DPSA 易于合成、成本低廉、性能优异,而且设计方法简单易行,可用于有效的过氧化物太阳能电池(PSCs)中的 HTL。在最佳浓度下,基于 N-DPSA 的 PSC 的 PCE 为 7.3%。
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引用次数: 0
Biodiesel synthesis from low cost biomass wastes and its cost assessment inducing process optimization 利用低成本生物质废料合成生物柴油及其成本评估诱导工艺优化
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00274-7
C. O. Okwelum, R. Nwadiolu, G. I. Okolotu, T. A. Balogun, T. F. Adepoju, J. S. Oboreh, S. C. Chiemeke, J. C. Oboreh, A. E. Essaghah, A. F. Ibimilua, A. Taiga, O. A. Efih

This study employed low-cost biomass wastes for the synthesis of biodiesel that is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The major raw material (oil) was obtained by steam distillation (SD) from Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth leaf (CHKL) and was characterized for its aptness for biodiesel production. Dwarft green coconut husk ash (DGCHA) was used as a bio-adsorbent for acid value reduction of Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth leaves oil (CHKLO). A novel, highly potassium-based catalyst was derived from Karpuravalli banana peels (KBP), calcined, and characterized using TGA, ZETA, FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRF-FS, and BET analysis. Biodiesel was synthesized using a microwave-assisted method, characterized, and compared with the recommended standard. The catalytic strength of the calcined Karpuravalli banana peel powder (CKBPP) was tested using a reusability test, and the cost evaluation of production was estimated. Results showed that the CHKL was rich in oil (43% wt./wt.), and the oil is highly acidic (5.23 mg KOH/g oil). At high particle size, the dwarf green coconut husk ash (DGCHA) bagasse reduced the acid value to a minimum (1.4 mg KOH/g oil) at 3 days. The developed novel catalyst from CKBPP indicated high potassium-calcium contents for base transesterification. Process optimization indicated that the predicted response data of 95.285% (wt./wt.) at T1 = 90 min, T2 = 60 oC, T3 = 4.5% (wt.), and T4 = 9 (vol./vol.) was validated in triplicate, and the average data value of 95.10% (wt./wt.) was established. Dataset on the quality of biodiesel showed that the produced biodiesel properties were in line with recommended standards. Economic appraisal data showed that the cost of producing 20 L of CHKLOB (biodiesel) was $4.73 at 1,500 to $1. The study concluded that the production of biodiesel from waste can be cost-effective and environmentally friendly if wastes are harness.

Graphical Abstract

本研究利用低成本的生物质废物合成生物柴油,既经济又环保。主要原料(油)是通过蒸汽蒸馏(SD)从巴豆叶(CHKL)中获得的,并对其生产生物柴油的适用性进行了表征。矮绿椰壳灰 (DGCHA) 被用作生物吸附剂,用于降低 Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth 叶油 (CHKLO) 的酸值。从 Karpuravalli 香蕉皮 (KBP) 中提取了一种新型高钾催化剂,对其进行了煅烧,并使用 TGA、ZETA、FTIR、SEM-EDX、XRF-FS 和 BET 分析对其进行了表征。生物柴油采用微波辅助法合成,并进行了表征,与推荐标准进行了比较。利用可重复使用性试验测试了煅烧卡普拉瓦利香蕉皮粉(CKBPP)的催化强度,并估算了生产成本评估。结果表明,CHKL 含有丰富的油(43% wt./wt.),且油呈高酸性(5.23 mg KOH/g)。在高粒度条件下,矮绿椰壳灰(DGCHA)蔗渣可在 3 天内将酸值降至最低(1.4 mg KOH/g 油)。从 CKBPP 中开发出的新型催化剂在碱式酯交换反应中显示出较高的钾钙含量。工艺优化结果表明,在 T1 = 90 分钟、T2 = 60 oC、T3 = 4.5%(重量)和 T4 = 9(体积/体积)条件下,一式三份的预测反应数据为 95.285%(重量/重量),平均数据值为 95.10%(重量/重量)。生物柴油质量数据集显示,生产的生物柴油性能符合推荐标准。经济评估数据显示,以 1,500 美元兑 1 美元的价格计算,生产 20 升 CHKLOB(生物柴油)的成本为 4.73 美元。
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引用次数: 0
Feasibility study on conversion of biowaste of lemon peel into carbon electrode for supercapacitor using ZnCl2 as an activating agent 以氯化锌为活化剂将柠檬皮生物废料转化为超级电容器用碳电极的可行性研究
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00273-8
M. S. Michael, K. Surya

Here, we describe the analysis of the capacitive performance of activated carbon materials derived from the biowaste of lemon. Lemon peel discarded by restaurants after juice extraction is carbonized at 400 0C followed by chemical activation using ZnCl2. The porosity of carbon materials is tailored by varying activation conditions, such as the mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2, duration of heating, and temperature. The Brunauer–Emmett– Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume of carbon materials prepared at different activating conditions range from 1380 to 2120 m2g−1 and 0.38 to 0.69 cm3 g−1 respectively. The derived carbon materials are amorphous indicated by the broad peaks in the XRD pattern as well as disordered structure of the carbon materials is revealed by the Raman spectroscopic analysis. The systematic analysis of capacitive performance of activated carbons by employing electrochemical techniques like Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge/Discharge (GCD) cycles, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in acidic (H2SO4) and alkaline (KOH) media indicates that optimum condition for activation of lemon peel is 600 °C for 60 min with 1:1 mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2. The superior performance of (ALP-600) is attributed to its high surface area and well-connected hierarchical porous structure. The tiny hump at ~ 0.2 V in CV might be due to the pseudocapacitive nature of oxygen functional groups indicated by FTIR. ALP-600 exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 180 Fg−1 and retains 99.7% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles in the acidic electrolyte. The maximum capacitance achieved with ALP-600 symmetric cell in CR2032 coin cell configuration is 0.90F.

在此,我们介绍了对从柠檬生物废料中提取的活性炭材料的电容性能的分析。餐厅榨汁后丢弃的柠檬皮在 400 0C 下碳化,然后使用 ZnCl2 进行化学活化。通过改变活化条件,如碳化柠檬皮和 ZnCl2 的质量比、加热时间和温度,可定制碳材料的孔隙率。在不同活化条件下制备的碳材料的布鲁纳-埃美特-特勒(BET)表面积和孔隙率分别为 1380 至 2120 平方米/克和 0.38 至 0.69 立方厘米/克。X 射线衍射图谱中的宽峰表明所制备的碳材料是无定形的,拉曼光谱分析也显示了碳材料的无序结构。通过在酸性(H2SO4)和碱性(KOH)介质中采用循环伏安法(CV)、静电充电/放电循环(GCD)和电化学阻抗光谱法(EIS)等电化学技术对活性炭的电容性能进行了系统分析,结果表明柠檬皮的最佳活化条件为 600 °C 60 分钟,碳化柠檬皮和氯化锌的质量比为 1:1。ALP-600 的优异性能归功于其高比表面积和连接良好的分层多孔结构。傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)显示,CV 在 0.2 V 左右出现微小驼峰可能是由于氧官能团的假电容性质。ALP-600 的比电容最高,达到 180 Fg-1,在酸性电解液中循环 5000 次后,仍能保持 99.7% 的初始电容。在 CR2032 纽扣电池配置中,ALP-600 对称电池实现的最大电容为 0.90F。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable construction: the use of cork material in the building industry 可持续建筑:软木材料在建筑业中的应用
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00270-x
Madhura Yadav, Ishika Singhal

In the ongoing quest for sustainable construction practices, the exploration of innovative materials is paramount, and cork has emerged as a remarkable eco-friendly building material with vast untapped potential. Cork, harvested from the bark of cork oak trees without harming them, possesses a unique combination of qualities that make it an ideal candidate for environmentally conscious construction. Cork is exceptionally renewable and biodegradable. What makes cork even more promising is its compatibility with various existing construction materials, including cement, plastic, and plywood. By integrating cork with these materials, we can improve their structural integrity, thermal performance, and acoustic insulation, while reducing their environmental impact. By harnessing the potential of cork and seamlessly merging its exceptional performance with a planet-conscious approach, the construction industry can significantly reduce its ecological footprint. Cork emerges as a compelling contender in shaping a greener, more resilient construction landscape, offering a sustainable alternative that aligns with our growing commitment to environmentally responsible building practices. This eco-friendly material not only benefits the environment but also enhances the overall quality and sustainability of our built environment.

在不断追求可持续建筑实践的过程中,对创新材料的探索至关重要,而软木作为一种出色的生态友好型建筑材料,具有巨大的未开发潜力。软木是从栓皮栎树的树皮中提取的,不会对其造成伤害,它具有一系列独特的品质,使其成为具有环保意识的理想建筑材料。软木具有极强的可再生性和生物降解性。使软木更有前途的是它与水泥、塑料和胶合板等各种现有建筑材料的兼容性。通过将软木与这些材料相结合,我们可以改善它们的结构完整性、热性能和隔音性能,同时减少对环境的影响。通过利用软木的潜力,将其卓越的性能与环保意识完美结合,建筑业可以大大减少对生态环境的影响。软木是塑造更环保、更有弹性的建筑景观的有力竞争者,它提供了一种可持续的替代材料,符合我们对环保建筑实践不断增长的承诺。这种生态友好型材料不仅有益于环境,还能提高建筑环境的整体质量和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of high sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) improved with microcrystalline cellulose and 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose for proton exchange membranes 用微晶纤维素和 2,3-二醛纤维素改善质子交换膜用高磺化聚(醚醚酮)的性能
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00267-6
Mohamed Amine Ben Moussa, Zakarya Ahmed, Khaled Charradi, Boutheina Ben Fraj, Sami Boufi, Andreas Koschella, Thomas Heinze, Sherif M. A. S. Keshk, Ibtissem Ben Assaker

Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) has received substantial attention for its potential to improve the electrochemical behavior and thermomechanical capabilities of direct methanol fuel cells. This study examines how the integration by solution casting of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) onto highly sulfonated PEEK (with a sulfonation degree of 80%) affects its physicochemical properties and morphological structures. The mechanical attributes and proton conductivity of the polymer matrix are impacted by MCC and DAC inclusion into SPEEK membrane. The maximum proton conductivity was seen in the SPEEK/MCC membranes at 70 °C (up to 0.1 S cm−1). The proton conductivity in methanol vapor was increased by SPEEK/DAC membranes at high temperatures as opposed to pristine SPEEK and SPEEK/MCC membranes.

磺化聚(醚醚酮)(SPEEK)因其在改善直接甲醇燃料电池的电化学行为和热机械性能方面的潜力而备受关注。本研究探讨了微晶纤维素 (MCC) 和 2,3-二醛纤维素 (DAC) 通过溶液浇铸的方式与高磺化 PEEK(磺化度为 80%)的结合如何影响其物理化学特性和形态结构。在 SPEEK 膜中加入 MCC 和 DAC 会影响聚合物基质的机械属性和质子传导性。SPEEK/MCC 膜在 70 °C 时的质子传导率最大(达 0.1 S cm-1)。与原始 SPEEK 和 SPEEK/MCC 膜相比,SPEEK/DAC 膜在高温下增加了甲醇蒸汽中的质子传导性。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of scandium concentration on the performances of cantilever based AlN unimorph piezoelectric energy harvester with silicon nitride substrate 钪浓度对氮化硅衬底悬臂式氮化铝非晶压电能量收集器性能的影响
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00272-9
Tasnia Sultana, Manjurul Gani, Sharmin Shultana, Abdullah Al Miraj, Asif Mahbub Uddin, Joyprokash Chakrabartty

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) offer its ability to sense, control and actuate on sub-micron scale and exhibit its effect on macro scale. To implement any specific MEMS system, small, efficient and long-lifespan micro power sources are required. Piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) along with radioactive source is one of the most promising approaches to harness electrical energy at micro to millimeter range. In this report, a scandium (Sc) doped Aluminium Nitride (AlN) unimorph piezoelectric energy harvester has been demonstrated. Unimorph piezoelectric layer is built on Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) substrate platform that act as cantilever beam and that can be vibrated by inbuilt radioactive system. In particular, Si3N4 as cantilever material and the impact of Sc doping concentration on electrical and mechanical properties of AlN piezoelectric thin film materials have been studied in MATLAB simulation platform. Results obtained from numerical study suggests that the proposed energy harvester model composed of AlScN unimorph piezoelectric (with 10% Sc doping concentration, Sc-10%) layer and Si3N4 cantilever can yield a maximum power output of ~ 19.33 μW and overall mechanical energy conversion efficiency of ~ 91.07%. These are the maximum output power and mechanical energy conversion efficiency numerically obtained from Sc doped AlN piezoelectric energy harvester systems to the best of our knowledge.

微机电系统(MEMS)具有在亚微米尺度上感知、控制和驱动的能力,并能在宏观尺度上显示其效果。要实现任何特定的微机电系统,都需要小型、高效和长寿命的微型电源。压电能量收集器(PEH)和放射源是在微米到毫米范围内利用电能的最有前途的方法之一。本报告展示了一种掺杂钪(Sc)的氮化铝(AlN)非结晶压电能量收集器。非定型压电层建立在氮化硅(Si3N4)基板平台上,该平台可充当悬臂梁,并可通过内置放射性系统进行振动。在 MATLAB 仿真平台上研究了作为悬臂材料的 Si3N4 以及 Sc 掺杂浓度对 AlN 压电薄膜材料电气和机械性能的影响。数值研究结果表明,由 AlScN 单晶压电薄膜(Sc 掺杂浓度为 10%,Sc-10%)层和 Si3N4 悬臂组成的能量收集器模型可产生约 19.33 μW 的最大输出功率和约 91.07% 的整体机械能转换效率。据我们所知,这是目前从掺杂 Sc 的氮化铝压电能量收集器系统中获得的最大输出功率和机械能转换效率。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced electrochemical validation of metal organic frameworks-derived TiO2/Fe-TiO2 as an active electrode for supercapacitors 将金属有机框架衍生的 TiO2/Fe-TiO2 作为超级电容器的活性电极的电化学验证得到加强
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00269-4
Nizamudeen Cherupurakal, R. Krishnapriya, Arjunkumar Bojarajan, Tholkappiyan Ramachandran, Sambasivam Sangaraju, Mohammad Sayem Mozumder, Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad

Developing supercapacitor materials that are both efficient and durable, with high cycle life and specific energy, poses a significant challenge due to issues in electrodes such as volume expansion and electrode degradation that occur over time. This work reports a simple, novel, and cost-effective synthesis method to fabricate high surface area “Iron (Fe) doped TiO2 materials” via the metal-organic framework (MOF) route for supercapacitor application. Morphological analysis revealed a disc-like shaped pattern for pristine TiO2 (PT), and a cuboid form for Fe-doped TiO2 (FeT). The electrochemical investigation of MOF-derived PT and FeT electrode materials demonstrated the superior performance of FeT. Cyclic Voltammetry revealed enhanced electrochemical properties in FeT. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements confirmed FeT’s higher energy storage capacity, reaching a maximum specific capacitance of 925 Fg− 1. Long-term cycling tests exhibited excellent stability, with FeT retaining 67% of its initial capacitance after 6000 cycles and showing prolonged self-discharge. Overall, the results underscore the potential of Fe-doped TiO2 for high-performance supercapacitors.

由于电极会随着时间的推移出现体积膨胀和电极降解等问题,因此开发高效耐用、高循环寿命和高比能量的超级电容器材料是一项重大挑战。本研究报告介绍了一种简单、新颖、经济高效的合成方法,通过金属有机框架(MOF)路线制造出高比表面积的 "铁(Fe)掺杂 TiO2 材料",用于超级电容器。形态学分析表明,原始二氧化钛(PT)呈圆盘状,而掺铁二氧化钛(FeT)呈立方体状。对 MOF 衍生的 PT 和 FeT 电极材料进行的电化学研究表明,FeT 的性能更优越。循环伏安法显示,FeT 的电化学性能有所增强。电静态充放电测量证实了 FeT 具有更高的储能能力,最大比电容达到 925 Fg-1。长期循环测试表明,FeT 具有出色的稳定性,在 6000 次循环后仍能保持 67% 的初始电容,并显示出较长的自放电时间。总之,这些结果凸显了掺铁二氧化钛在高性能超级电容器方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The photothermal properties of hydrogel nanocomposite embedded with ZnO/CuO based on PVA/GA/activated carbon for solar-driven interfacial evaporation 基于 PVA/GA/ 活性炭的嵌入 ZnO/CuO 的水凝胶纳米复合材料的光热特性,用于太阳能驱动的界面蒸发
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00271-w
M. Fargharazi, M. M. Bagheri-Mohagheghi

Using the renewable energy, especially solar energy, is an environmental-friendly approach for seawater desalination. Solar evaporation is a promising freshwater harvesting strategy rich in energy, including solar and water energy. Herein, we propose a solar evaporation hybrid hydrogel including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) as a polymer network, semiconductor oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, CuO) and activated carbon as a photothermal material. Structural properties of hybrid hydrogel were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, surface morphology by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), chemical bonding by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical absorption and absorption coefficient (α) of components by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The result showed in visible region, PVA:ZnO:AC hydrogel nanocomposite has a strong absorption (55%) compare of the PVA:CuO:AC hydrogel nanocomposite (35%). In addition, by distillation measurements, the evaporator system demonstrated for PVA:CuO:AC and PVA:ZnO:AC Hydrogel an evaporation rate of 2.29 kg m−2 h−1 and 5.19 kg m−2 h−1 with the evaporation efficiency of 30.66% and 70.80%, respectively, under 0.1 sun irradiation. For PVA:CuO:AC hydrogel, the hardness of Caspian seawater decreased from 6648 to 115 ppm and ion conductance from 8641 (μS) to 244 (μS) and for the PVA:ZnO:AC Hydrogel decreased to 97 ppm and ion conductance to 206 (μS). Experiments showed that with changing type of the ZnO or CuO semiconductor oxide nanoparticles can effectively on regulate the optical properties of the evaporator. Eventually, this work begins a new point of synthesizing cost-effective photothermal absorbers based on metal oxides material and activated carbon nanocomposite.

利用可再生能源,特别是太阳能,是一种环保的海水淡化方法。太阳能蒸发是一种富含能量(包括太阳能和水能)、前景广阔的淡水收集策略。在此,我们提出了一种太阳能蒸发混合水凝胶,包括作为聚合物网络的聚乙烯醇(PVA)和戊二醛(GA),作为光热材料的半导体氧化物纳米颗粒(ZnO、CuO)和活性炭。通过 X 射线衍射(XRD)分析、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)观察表面形貌、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)观察化学键、紫外可见光谱观察各组分的光吸收和吸收系数(α),对混合水凝胶的结构特性进行了表征。结果表明,在可见光区域,PVA:ZnO:AC 水凝胶纳米复合材料的吸收率(55%)比 PVA:CuO:AC 水凝胶纳米复合材料的吸收率(35%)高。此外,通过蒸馏测量,蒸发器系统显示在 0.1 太阳光照射下,PVA:CuO:AC 和 PVA:ZnO:AC 水凝胶的蒸发率分别为 2.29 kg m-2 h-1 和 5.19 kg m-2 h-1,蒸发效率分别为 30.66% 和 70.80%。对于 PVA:CuO:AC 水凝胶,里海海水的硬度从 6648 ppm 降至 115 ppm,离子电导率从 8641 (μS) 降至 244 (μS) ;对于 PVA:ZnO:AC 水凝胶,里海海水的硬度从 6648 ppm 降至 115 ppm,离子电导率从 8641 (μS) 降至 244 (μS)。实验表明,通过改变 ZnO 或 CuO 半导体氧化物纳米粒子的类型,可以有效调节蒸发器的光学特性。最终,这项工作为基于金属氧化物材料和活性炭纳米复合材料合成具有成本效益的光热吸收剂开辟了新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Formulation and development of composite materials for thermally driven and storage-integrated cooling technologies: a review 热驱动和存储集成冷却技术复合材料的配制与开发:综述
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00268-5
Emiliano Borri, Svetlana Ushak, Yongliang Li, Andrea Frazzica, Yannan Zhang, Yanio E. Milian, Mario Grageda, Dacheng Li, Luisa F. Cabeza, Vincenza Brancato

The energy consumption for cooling takes up 50% of all the consumed final energy in Europe, which still highly depends on the utilization of fossil fuels. Thus, it is required to propose and develop new technologies for cooling driven by renewable energy. Also, thermal energy storage is an emerging technology to relocate intermittent low-grade heat source, like solar thermal energy and industrial waste heat as well as to exploit off-peak electricity, for cooling applications. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in thermally driven cooling and cold storage technologies, focusing on the formation and fabrication of adopted composites materials, including sorption materials, phase change materials, and slurries. Herein, first the classifications, selection criteria, and properties for these three types of materials is discussed. Then, the application potentials of all the materials are prospected in terms of economic analysis and sustainability.

在欧洲,冷却能源消耗占最终能源消耗总量的 50%,这在很大程度上仍依赖于化石燃料的利用。因此,需要提出并开发由可再生能源驱动的冷却新技术。此外,热能储存也是一种新兴技术,可将间歇性低品位热源(如太阳能热能和工业废热)转移到冷却应用中,还可利用非峰值电力。本综述旨在总结热驱动冷却和蓄冷技术的最新进展,重点关注所采用的复合材料的形成和制造,包括吸附材料、相变材料和泥浆。本文首先讨论了这三类材料的分类、选择标准和特性。然后,从经济分析和可持续性角度探讨了所有材料的应用潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Novel Nafion nanocomposite membranes embedded with TiO2-decorated MWCNTs for high-temperature/low relative humidity fuel cell systems 用于高温/低相对湿度燃料电池系统的嵌入了 TiO2 装饰的 MWCNT 的新型 Nafion 纳米复合膜
IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00266-7
Isabella Nicotera, Luigi Coppola, Cataldo Simari

Extending the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) at high temperature (i.e., 120 °C) and/or low relative humidity (< 50% RH) remains a significant challenge due to dehydration and subsequent performance failure of the Nafion electrolyte. We approached this problem by integrating the Nafion matrix with a novel hybrid nanofiller, created through direct growth of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of carbon nanotubes. This synthetic approach allowed to preserve an effective nanodispersion of Titania particles in the hosting matrix, thereby boosting dimensional stability, hydrophilicity, and physiochemical properties of the Nafion/MWCNTs-TiO2 (NMT-x) nanocomposites compared to parental Nafion. At optimal concentration (i.e., 3 wt% with respect to the polymer), the nanocomposite membrane exhibited high transport characteristics with impressive water retention capabilities, resulting in a proton conductivity of 8.3 mS cm− 1 at 80 °C and 20% RH. The Titania nanoparticles plays a key role in retaining water molecules even under dehydrating conditions, while also directly contributing to proton transport. Additionally, the long carbon nanotubes promote the formation of additional paths for proton conductivity. These combined features enabled the NMT-3 membrane to achieve a maximum power output of 307.7 mW/cm2 in a single H2/air fuel cell (5 cm2 active electrode area and 0.5 mg Pt/cm2 at both electrodes) under very challenging conditions, specifically at 120 °C and 30% RH. This represents a significant advancement towards overcoming the limitations of traditional Nafion membranes and opens up new possibilities for high-temperature, low-humidity H2/air fuel cell applications.

由于 Nafion 电解质的脱水和随之而来的性能故障,在高温(即 120 °C)和/或低相对湿度(50% RH)条件下延长质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的运行时间仍然是一项重大挑战。我们通过在碳纳米管表面直接生长 TiO2 纳米粒子,将 Nafion 基体与新型混合纳米填料结合起来,从而解决了这一问题。这种合成方法可以在寄主基质中保持钛粒子的有效纳米分散,从而与母体 Nafion 相比,提高了 Nafion/MWCNTs-TiO2 (NMT-x) 纳米复合材料的尺寸稳定性、亲水性和理化特性。在最佳浓度下(即相对于聚合物为 3 wt%),纳米复合膜表现出高传输特性和令人印象深刻的保水能力,在 80 °C 和 20% 相对湿度条件下,质子电导率为 8.3 mS cm-1。即使在脱水条件下,钛纳米颗粒也能在保留水分子方面发挥关键作用,同时还能直接促进质子传输。此外,长碳纳米管还促进了质子传输路径的形成。这些综合特性使 NMT-3 膜能够在极具挑战性的条件下,特别是在 120 °C 和 30% 相对湿度条件下,在单个 H2/air 燃料电池中实现 307.7 mW/cm2 的最大功率输出(活性电极面积为 5 cm2,两个电极的 Pt/cm2 均为 0.5 mg)。这表明在克服传统 Nafion 膜的局限性方面取得了重大进展,并为高温、低湿度 H2/air 燃料电池的应用开辟了新的可能性。
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Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy
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