This article provides a comprehensive analysis of CO2 injection monitoring in the Sleipner Field. Ensuring the safe storage and containment of CO2 in geological formations or assigned storage sites, especially in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. In this study, a seismic inversion method incorporating linear programming sparse spike inversion was employed to observe and analyze the CO2 plume in the Sleipner field, Norway. This approach enhances the understanding of the dynamics and behavior of the CO2 injection, providing valuable insights into the monitoring and assessment of CCS operations in the Sleipner field. The foundational dataset includes 3D post-stack seismic data from the year 1994, with special emphasis on the monitoring data collected in 1999, following four years of CO2 sequestration. The analysis utilized synthetic data to investigate alterations in seismic amplitude, highlighting that amplitude variations were more prominent compared to variations in velocity and density. The findings highlight noticeable shifts in P-wave velocity, signifying a significant 29% reduction, with the most substantial decrease occurring within the 0 to 30% CO2 saturation range. Correspondingly, density changes align with trace variations, demonstrating only a 2–3% reduction in density as gas saturation increases from 0 to 30%. Beyond 30% saturation, density exhibits a further decrease of 30%. The traces collectively reveal a consistent trend, showcasing a 32% reduction in impedance as CO2 saturation levels rise. Through the cross-equalization process, it was observed that the initial data repeatability was low, indicated by a normalized root mean square (NRMS) value of 0.6508. However, significant improvement was achieved, bringing the NRMS value to a more satisfactory level of 0.5581. This improvement underscored the alignment of features both above and below the reservoir, underscoring the efficacy of the cross-equalization technique. The outcomes of the 4D inversion provided insights into the distribution of CO2 within the reservoir, revealing upward migration. Importantly, the results confirmed the secure storage of CO2 within the reservoir, affirming the integrity of the overlying cap layer.
{"title":"Implementing 4D seismic inversion based on Linear Programming techniques for CO2 monitoring at the Sleipner field CCS site in the North Sea, Norway","authors":"Ajay Pratap Singh, Satya Prakash Maurya, Ravi Kant, Kumar Hemant Singh, Raghav Singh, Manoj Kumar Srivastava, Gopal Hema, Nitin Verma","doi":"10.1007/s11600-024-01376-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-024-01376-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article provides a comprehensive analysis of CO<sub>2</sub> injection monitoring in the Sleipner Field. Ensuring the safe storage and containment of CO<sub>2</sub> in geological formations or assigned storage sites, especially in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. In this study, a seismic inversion method incorporating linear programming sparse spike inversion was employed to observe and analyze the CO<sub>2</sub> plume in the Sleipner field, Norway. This approach enhances the understanding of the dynamics and behavior of the CO<sub>2</sub> injection, providing valuable insights into the monitoring and assessment of CCS operations in the Sleipner field. The foundational dataset includes 3D post-stack seismic data from the year 1994, with special emphasis on the monitoring data collected in 1999, following four years of CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration. The analysis utilized synthetic data to investigate alterations in seismic amplitude, highlighting that amplitude variations were more prominent compared to variations in velocity and density. The findings highlight noticeable shifts in P-wave velocity, signifying a significant 29% reduction, with the most substantial decrease occurring within the 0 to 30% CO<sub>2</sub> saturation range. Correspondingly, density changes align with trace variations, demonstrating only a 2–3% reduction in density as gas saturation increases from 0 to 30%. Beyond 30% saturation, density exhibits a further decrease of 30%. The traces collectively reveal a consistent trend, showcasing a 32% reduction in impedance as CO<sub>2</sub> saturation levels rise. Through the cross-equalization process, it was observed that the initial data repeatability was low, indicated by a normalized root mean square (NRMS) value of 0.6508. However, significant improvement was achieved, bringing the NRMS value to a more satisfactory level of 0.5581. This improvement underscored the alignment of features both above and below the reservoir, underscoring the efficacy of the cross-equalization technique. The outcomes of the 4D inversion provided insights into the distribution of CO<sub>2</sub> within the reservoir, revealing upward migration. Importantly, the results confirmed the secure storage of CO<sub>2</sub> within the reservoir, affirming the integrity of the overlying cap layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1007/s11600-024-01377-5
Manel Mosbahi, Soumya Nasraoui, Walid Ben Khélifa
Climate change is one of the most important global challenges of this century, with significant impacts on water resources, economic development and ecological health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of climate change on streamflow in Joumine watershed, upstream the Ichkeul Lake, a RAMSAR wetland and the most productive ecosystems in Tunisia and the Mediterranean. The hydrologic response of the basin was simulated based on Hydrologic Modelling System HEC-HMS. Climate data were generated from the emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from the Irish Regional Climate Model (RCM) for the periods 2030–2060 and 2061–2100. The statistical analysis showed that model performance is satisfactory, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.7 and 0.64 for calibration and validation, respectively. The climate projections exhibited a declining trend in precipitation during the two future periods with more frequent extreme rainfall events in dry season and a rise in temperature which is more accentuated during the period 2061–2100. Climate change is expected to have profound impacts on water resources and resilience of ecosystems. Results showed that Joumine basin is projected to experience reduction in streamflow which is more pronounced under RCP8.5. The frequency and magnitude of hydrological extremes are expected to be intensified, notably during the far future period, leading to pressure on water availability in the end of the twenty-first century. Hence, sustainable water resources management is needed to close the water demand and supply gap in the Joumine river basin.
{"title":"Impact assessment of climate change on water resources in the upstream of a Tunisian RAMSAR heritage site (Ichkeul Lake) using HEC-HMS model","authors":"Manel Mosbahi, Soumya Nasraoui, Walid Ben Khélifa","doi":"10.1007/s11600-024-01377-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-024-01377-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is one of the most important global challenges of this century, with significant impacts on water resources, economic development and ecological health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of climate change on streamflow in Joumine watershed, upstream the Ichkeul Lake, a RAMSAR wetland and the most productive ecosystems in Tunisia and the Mediterranean. The hydrologic response of the basin was simulated based on Hydrologic Modelling System HEC-HMS. Climate data were generated from the emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from the Irish Regional Climate Model (RCM) for the periods 2030–2060 and 2061–2100. The statistical analysis showed that model performance is satisfactory, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.7 and 0.64 for calibration and validation, respectively. The climate projections exhibited a declining trend in precipitation during the two future periods with more frequent extreme rainfall events in dry season and a rise in temperature which is more accentuated during the period 2061–2100. Climate change is expected to have profound impacts on water resources and resilience of ecosystems. Results showed that Joumine basin is projected to experience reduction in streamflow which is more pronounced under RCP8.5. The frequency and magnitude of hydrological extremes are expected to be intensified, notably during the far future period, leading to pressure on water availability in the end of the twenty-first century. Hence, sustainable water resources management is needed to close the water demand and supply gap in the Joumine river basin.</p>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141187913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seismic data analysis often faces the challenge of random noise contamination from various sources. To overcome this, innovative noise attenuation methods utilizing seismic signal properties are needed. This study focuses on efficiently suppressing random noise in the domain of time and frequency by accurately estimating instantaneous frequency using the single-valued group delay characteristic of seismic signals. The time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform (TSST) and its second-order variant (TSST2) offer high-resolution time-frequency representations (TFRs) for noise suppression. Expanding on these advancements, we propose an efficient noise suppression method that integrates the adaptive thresholding model into the TSST2 framework and employs sparse representation of the TFR through low-rank estimation. This method effectively attenuates noise while preserving essential signal information. The proposed approach operates trace by trace on recorded data, initially transforming it into a sparse subspace using TSST2. The adaptive thresholding model then decomposes the resulting TFR into sparse and semi-low-rank components, achieving a high-resolution and sparse TFR for efficient separation of noise and signal. After noise suppression, the seismic data can be fully reconstructed by inversely transforming the semi-low-rank component data into the time domain. This method addresses previous limitations in noise attenuation techniques and provides a practical solution for enhancing seismic data quality.
{"title":"Random noise attenuation in seismic data using an adaptive thresholding and the second-order variant time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform","authors":"Rasoul Anvari, Amin Roshandel Kahoo, Mehrdad Soleimani Monfared, Mokhtar Mohammadi","doi":"10.1007/s11600-024-01355-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-024-01355-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic data analysis often faces the challenge of random noise contamination from various sources. To overcome this, innovative noise attenuation methods utilizing seismic signal properties are needed. This study focuses on efficiently suppressing random noise in the domain of time and frequency by accurately estimating instantaneous frequency using the single-valued group delay characteristic of seismic signals. The time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform (TSST) and its second-order variant (TSST2) offer high-resolution time-frequency representations (TFRs) for noise suppression. Expanding on these advancements, we propose an efficient noise suppression method that integrates the adaptive thresholding model into the TSST2 framework and employs sparse representation of the TFR through low-rank estimation. This method effectively attenuates noise while preserving essential signal information. The proposed approach operates trace by trace on recorded data, initially transforming it into a sparse subspace using TSST2. The adaptive thresholding model then decomposes the resulting TFR into sparse and semi-low-rank components, achieving a high-resolution and sparse TFR for efficient separation of noise and signal. After noise suppression, the seismic data can be fully reconstructed by inversely transforming the semi-low-rank component data into the time domain. This method addresses previous limitations in noise attenuation techniques and provides a practical solution for enhancing seismic data quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141166403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1007/s11600-024-01369-5
Qidong Li, Zhuojuan Xie
Using the earthquake catalog provided by the Sichuan Earthquake Network Center, spatial and temporal b-value variations were calculated for in regional and local scales based on assessing the completeness of the earthquake catalog and declustering. The results show that (1) b-value temporal variations in regional scale ranged from 0.689 to 1.169, with a mean value of 0.928; while, the local-scale temporal variations ranged from 0.694 to 1.223, with a mean value of 0.925. The b-values in the study area were below the mean value before the moderate and large earthquakes occurrence, and all b-values exhibited the anomalous feature of a sudden decrease before the earthquake low peak rise after the earthquake. (2) The seismotectonic characteristic of the area is the higher value of slip rate of the NW section of Xianshui River Fault Zone; therefore, a large amount of stress was accumulated in the Moxi section of the SE section, leading to a M = 6.8 earthquake in Luding. Before the earthquake, the study area has a low b-value area. The b-value decreased within a short period after the earthquake, dividing the area into asperity. This area still has a future risk of moderate to strong earthquakes. (3) The error in the b-values for most of the earthquakes in the regional and local scales regions is between 0.05 and 0.15, and only individual grid points have larger b-value errors (> 0.2), indicating high confidence in the information. In addition, when conducting a b-value study, choosing a suitable study area is important to avoid missing the b-value anomaly area.