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Containerless Solidification of a Hollow Droplet with Forced Convection 利用强制对流实现中空液滴的无容器凝固
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10112-0
Nang X. Ho, Binh D. Pham, Truong V. Vu

The phenomenon of solidified suspended hollow droplets is often run into industry and nature. In this study, we focus on the containerless solidification process of a hollow droplet undergoing a forcing flow. We found that when the radius ratio (Rio) varied with different growth angles, it changes the trend of the solidification rate of the solidifying front over time. Specifically, with the growth angle of 5° (i.e., Φgr = 5°), the suspended hollow droplets finished solidification in almost the same time for Rio in the range of 0.2–0.7. When we increase the growth angle by 5°, i.e., Φgr = 10°, the solidification time increases with the increase of Rio. Also following the increase of Rio, this increase in the solidification time is even higher for the growth angle Φgr = 15°. The inlet temperature is also considered. Obviously, increasing the inlet temperature increases the solidification time of the hollow droplets. In addition, when the Reynolds number increases, the solidification time of the droplets also tends to increase. However, the increment of this trend is different under different temperatures of the forcing flow.

工业和自然界中经常会出现悬浮空心液滴凝固的现象。在这项研究中,我们重点研究了空心液滴在强制流作用下的无容器凝固过程。我们发现,当半径比(Rio)随不同的生长角变化时,会改变凝固前沿的凝固速率随时间变化的趋势。具体来说,当生长角为 5°(即 Φgr = 5°)时,当 Rio 在 0.2-0.7 范围内时,悬浮空心液滴在几乎相同的时间内完成凝固。当我们将生长角增加 5°,即 Φgr = 10°时,凝固时间随着 Rio 的增加而增加。同样,随着 Rio 的增加,在生长角 Φgr = 15° 时,凝固时间的增加幅度更大。还考虑了入口温度。很明显,提高入口温度会增加空心液滴的凝固时间。此外,当雷诺数增加时,液滴的凝固时间也有增加的趋势。然而,在不同的强制流温度下,这一趋势的增量是不同的。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Impact of Simulated Microgravity on Cellular DNA: A Comparative Analysis of Cancer and Normal Cell Lines 探索模拟微重力对细胞 DNA 的影响:癌症细胞系与正常细胞系的比较分析
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10116-w
Saifaldeen Altaie, Amera Alrawi, Xuexin Duan, Qater Alnada

The examination of the impact of microgravity on biological systems has gained considerable attention owing to its potential implications for health and disease. Simulated microgravity serves as a valuable methodology for elucidating the intricate cellular responses to altered gravitational conditions. This study investigates the effects of simulated microgravity on cellular DNA, employing four distinct cell lines—breast, brain, and esophageal cancer cells, in conjunction with normal cells for comparative analysis. The experiment utilized the comet assay test to quantitatively assess DNA damage. The results revealed a discernible disparity in the response to simulated microgravity, notably with cancer cells exhibiting a significant increase in DNA damage compared to the relatively minimal effects observed in both control and normal cells. Furthermore, within the cancer cell lines, significant variations in the extent of DNA damage were evident, implying a cell type-dependent response to simulated microgravity. These findings illuminate the potential differential susceptibility of cancerous and normal cells to microgravity-induced DNA damage. Consequently, this research substantially contributes to our comprehension of microgravity-induced cellular responses and unveils promising avenues for targeted interventions in cancer therapy.

由于微重力对健康和疾病的潜在影响,研究微重力对生物系统的影响已经获得了相当多的关注。模拟微重力是阐明细胞对改变的重力条件的复杂反应的重要方法。本研究采用四种不同的细胞系--乳腺癌、脑癌和食管癌细胞,以及正常细胞进行比较分析,研究模拟微重力对细胞DNA的影响。实验利用彗星试验来定量评估DNA损伤。结果显示,癌细胞对模拟微重力的反应存在明显差异,特别是与对照细胞和正常细胞中观察到的相对最小的影响相比,癌细胞的DNA损伤显著增加。此外,在癌细胞系中,DNA损伤程度明显不同,这意味着细胞类型对模拟微重力的反应具有依赖性。这些发现揭示了癌细胞和正常细胞对微重力诱导的DNA损伤的潜在易感性差异。因此,这项研究大大有助于我们理解微重力诱导的细胞反应,并为癌症治疗的靶向干预开辟了前景广阔的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Study on Surface Active Bubble Dynamics Properties under Strong Low-Frequency Sound Waves 强低频声波下的表面活性气泡动力学特性研究
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10101-3
Yun Zhao, Ruiqi Huang, Yong Chen, Qi Feng

This paper delves into the dynamics of surface-active bubbles under low-frequency acoustic waves, with a focus on the stability effect and basic principle of rupture. The Rayleigh-Plesset equation is extended and modified based on real biological data, resulting in a model of surface-active bubbles with nonlinear surface tension. Using the Runge-Kutta method for numerical calculations, it is observed that larger acoustic wave amplitudes lead to larger bubble amplitudes. The acoustic wave frequency only affects the bubble vibration frequency in the low-frequency range, but at the resonance frequency, the bubble oscillations are violent. To further explain bubble rupture, the stress-strain relationship of the surface active layer of the bubble is studied, with the stress on the wall increasing sharply with the bubble radius. The stability of the non-spherical interface of the surface-active bubbles reveals a critical radius value, with bubbles in a stable state when the radius is smaller than this value. Through simulation, it is observed that bubbles vibrate in a steady state under stable conditions, but when the radius exceeds the critical value, a non-spherical interface appears ultimately resulting in inward depression and rupture.

本文深入探讨了表面活性气泡在低频声波作用下的动力学特性,重点研究了气泡的稳定性效应和破裂的基本原理。根据实际生物数据对 Rayleigh-Plesset 方程进行了扩展和修改,从而建立了一个具有非线性表面张力的表面活性气泡模型。利用 Runge-Kutta 方法进行数值计算,发现声波振幅越大,气泡振幅越大。声波频率只在低频范围内影响气泡振动频率,但在共振频率下,气泡振荡剧烈。为了进一步解释气泡破裂,研究了气泡表面活性层的应力-应变关系,气泡壁上的应力随着气泡半径的增加而急剧增加。表面活性气泡非球形界面的稳定性揭示了一个临界半径值,当半径小于该值时,气泡处于稳定状态。通过模拟观察发现,气泡在稳定状态下振动,但当半径超过临界值时,会出现非球形界面,最终导致气泡向内凹陷和破裂。
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引用次数: 0
Landing Style Influences Peak ‘Ground’ Reaction Forces during Repeated Jumping Using a Supine Jump Sled in Microgravity 在微重力条件下使用仰卧跳橇反复跳跃时,着地方式对 "地面 "反作用力峰值的影响
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10114-y
Phil DB Price, John E Kennett, Jonathan PR Scott, David A Green, Daniel J Cleather

Repeated jumping has been demonstrated as a feasible exercise countermeasure in microgravity and has been shown to reduce deconditioning in head down bed rest studies. However, varying landing stiffness may provide greater contribution of both axial and medio-lateral bone strain and muscle loading at greater muscle lengths, which may help minimize bone and muscle deconditioning. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of different landing styles on the force profile and ground contact time during repeated jumping using HIFIm in microgravity. Two participants performed repeated jumping on the HIFIm jump sled in microgravity during a parabolic flight campaign. ‘Ground’ forces and ground contact time were compared between landing styles where increased landing stiffness was instructed to the jumper, and increased spring resistance. The results show that the forces experienced when performing repeated jumps in microgravity are sensitive to the landing style employed. As greater stiffness was instructed, peak forces increased, and ground contact time decreased significantly. Peak forces and ground contact time also significantly increased when spring resistance increased. These results highlight that landing instructions and spring configurations could be used as training variables when developing an astronaut training program, which can use different jump styles to minimize bone and muscle deconditioning. Further research using bed rest analogs and repeated jumping using HIFIm is needed to demonstrate varied repeated jumping interventions as an effective exercise method for minimizing deconditioning in astronauts.

反复跳跃已被证明是微重力条件下一种可行的运动对策,并且在头部向下的卧床休息研究中也被证明可以减少机能减退。然而,不同的着地刚度可能会在更大的肌肉长度上提供更大的轴向和内外侧骨骼应变和肌肉负荷,这可能有助于最大限度地减少骨骼和肌肉的衰减。因此,本研究调查了在微重力条件下使用 HIFIm 重复跳跃时,不同着陆方式对力曲线和地面接触时间的影响。在一次抛物线飞行活动中,两名参与者在微重力状态下使用 HIFIm 跳跃雪橇进行了反复跳跃。比较了不同着陆方式下的 "地面 "力和地面接触时间,在不同着陆方式下,跳伞者的着陆刚度增加,弹簧阻力增加。结果表明,在微重力条件下进行重复跳跃时所受的力对所采用的着陆方式非常敏感。随着指示的刚度增大,峰值力增加,地面接触时间显著减少。当弹簧阻力增加时,峰值力和地面接触时间也明显增加。这些结果突出表明,在制定宇航员训练计划时,可以将着陆指令和弹簧配置作为训练变量,利用不同的跳跃方式最大限度地减少骨骼和肌肉的衰减。还需要利用卧床休息模拟和使用 HIFIm 的重复跳跃进行进一步研究,以证明不同的重复跳跃干预是一种有效的锻炼方法,可以最大限度地减少宇航员的衰减。
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引用次数: 0
Hypergravity Impact on Fertility of Apis mellifera carnica Queens – Case Study 超重力对蜂后繁殖力的影响 - 案例研究
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10111-1
Dagmara Stasiowska, Michał Kolasa

The launch is considered the most stressful rocket flight stage due to the hypergravity occurrences. The possibility of using honey bees (Apis mellifera) as the extraterrestrial pollinator depends on their ability to reproduce correctly after experiencing hypergravity. The described study aims to verify the impact of a launching rocket’s acceleration on honey bee queen’s egg-laying behavior. Four artificially inseminated A. mellifera carnica queens were placed in the Human Training Centrifuge and given to the acceleration pattern of the launching Soyuz rocket. Next, the data on the number of food stores, eggs, larvae, and worker and drone pupae were collected from the test and control hives using the modified Liebefeld method. The pilot study results imply that accelerated queen’s egg-laying behavior may change twofold: limiting or maximizing the number of laid eggs, with the control queen egg-laying rate remaining stable for all samples. The number of drone pupae is greater for the test sample colonies, with its earlier appearance in the hive. No impact on overwintering success was observed. Authors indicate limitations of the results and a need to continue the study to verify the occurrence of anomalies potentially related to the examined factor.

由于会出现超重力现象,发射被认为是压力最大的火箭飞行阶段。利用蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)作为地外授粉者的可能性取决于蜜蜂在经历超重力后正确繁殖的能力。本研究旨在验证发射火箭的加速度对蜂王产卵行为的影响。研究人员将四只人工授精的蜜蜂蜂王置于人类训练离心机中,并让其体验联盟号火箭的发射加速模式。然后,使用改良的利伯菲尔德方法从试验蜂箱和对照蜂箱中收集了有关食物储存量、卵、幼虫、工蜂和无人蜂蛹数量的数据。试验研究结果表明,加速蜂王的产卵行为可能会发生两方面的变化:限制或最大化产卵数量,而对照蜂王的产卵率在所有样本中都保持稳定。试验样本蜂群的无人蛹数量较多,在蜂巢中出现的时间较早。未观察到对越冬成功率的影响。作者指出了研究结果的局限性,并指出有必要继续进行研究,以验证可能与所研究因素有关的异常现象的发生。
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引用次数: 0
A Proposed Methodology for Assessment of Li-ion Cell Suitability and Safety for Suborbital Vehicle Applications 亚轨道飞行器应用中锂离子电池适用性和安全性的拟议评估方法
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10110-2
Luciana Pereira Simões, Carlos Renato dos Santos, Alison Moraes

Lithium-ion batteries are a feasible solution to store energy efficiently. However, in safety-critical environments such as the suborbital rockets, the introduced technologies do not may compromise safety. This research explores the possibility of replacing Ni-MH batteries with Li-ion batteries. However, before replacing technologies, the reliability of Li-ion cells needs to be evaluated, and the potential benefits must be considered against the risks to ensure the mission’s success. The main objective is to ensure the safety and integrity of suborbital missions during the technology transition. To assess the technology exchange, a method where the battery cell experiences a sequence of tests that cover aspects of safety encountered during the vehicle missions, such as vacuum, capacity, short circuit behavior, over-current discharge, behavior at higher environment temperature, and pulsed discharge behavior. To experience the proposed method, two Li-ion cells commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) from different manufacturers are evaluated. The results indicated that only one of the two cell models evaluated can substitute the Ni-MH. This research concludes that replacing Ni-MH cells with Li-ion cells is feasible, for such an application. The proposed acceptance flow design based on the test collectively validates the replacement, showing that the Li-ion cells can offer reliability, safety, and efficiency to suborbital vehicles to fulfill this mission profile.

锂离子电池是有效储存能量的可行解决方案。然而,在亚轨道火箭等对安全至关重要的环境中,所引入的技术可能不会危及安全。这项研究探讨了用锂离子电池取代镍氢电池的可能性。不过,在更换技术之前,需要对锂离子电池的可靠性进行评估,并且必须考虑潜在的好处与风险,以确保任务的成功。主要目标是在技术过渡期间确保亚轨道飞行任务的安全性和完整性。为了评估技术交流,需要采用一种方法,让电池芯经历一系列测试,这些测试涵盖飞行器任务期间遇到的安全问题,如真空、容量、短路行为、过流放电、较高环境温度下的行为和脉冲放电行为。为了体验所提出的方法,对来自不同制造商的两种现成商用(COTS)锂离子电池进行了评估。结果表明,在评估的两种电池型号中,只有一种可以替代镍氢电池。这项研究得出结论,在这种应用中,用锂离子电池替代镍氢电池是可行的。根据测试提出的验收流程设计共同验证了这种替换,表明锂离子电池可为亚轨道飞行器提供可靠性、安全性和效率,以完成这一任务。
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引用次数: 0
Autoclave Design for Microgravity Hydrothermal Synthesis 微重力水热合成高压釜设计
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10109-9
Jessica J. Frick, Rachel Ormsby, Zhou Li, Yaprak Ozbakir, Chen Liu, Jasmine M. Cox, Carlo Carraro, Roya Maboudian, Debbie G. Senesky

Microgravity offers an enticing synthetic knob for materials scientists to explore—however, this environment creates major challenges in hardware development that can turn a simple 3-day experiment into a 3-year long nightmare. This paper provides an overview of engineering an autoclave, compatible with NASA’s Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA) furnace, to enable microgravity hydrothermal synthesis—an acceleration-sensitive technique that processes aqueous samples above the boiling point of water. Hydrothermal synthesis is a universal chemical transformation technique that is used to produce a range of advanced materials with applications in alternative energy, healthcare, and the food industry. In this work, we use the synthesis of graphene hydrogel as a case study to verify our hardware design on Earth before launching to the International Space Station for microgravity testing. The design addresses pertinent challenges which include enabling thermal expansion while preventing air bubble formation in solution and implementing a pressure fail-safe above the maximum operating temperature. Our goal in presenting this autoclave design is to provide a step forward towards commercial-of-the-shelf microgravity hardware.

微重力为材料科学家提供了一个极具诱惑力的合成平台--然而,这种环境给硬件开发带来了巨大挑战,可能会将一个简单的 3 天实验变成一个长达 3 年的噩梦。本文概述了与 NASA 的 "利用密封安瓿中的挡板进行凝固"(SUBSA)炉兼容的高压釜工程,以实现微重力水热合成--一种对加速度敏感的技术,用于处理高于水沸点的水性样品。水热合成是一种通用的化学转化技术,可用于生产一系列先进材料,应用于替代能源、医疗保健和食品工业。在这项工作中,我们将石墨烯水凝胶的合成作为一个案例研究,在发射到国际空间站进行微重力测试之前,在地球上验证我们的硬件设计。该设计解决了相关挑战,包括在防止溶液中形成气泡的同时实现热膨胀,以及在最高工作温度之上实施压力故障安全保护。我们提出这一高压釜设计的目的是向商用微重力硬件迈出一步。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Dufour/Soret and Space-Dependent Internal Heat Source on Combined Convection of Non-Newtonian Fluids Flow Past a Vertical Full Cone in Porous Media: The VHF/VMF Case 杜富尔/索雷特和空间相关内部热源对多孔介质中流经垂直全锥体的非牛顿流体联合对流的影响:VHF/VMF 案例
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10100-4
Kuo-Ann Yih, Heng-Pin Hsu

This paper numerically analyzes the influence of Dufour/Soret and space-dependent internal heat source (exponential decaying form) on combined convection (entire regime) of non-Newtonian fluids (power-law model of Ostwald-de-Waele) flow past a vertical full cone in porous media with the boundary conditions of VHF/VMF case. The transformed governing equations (non-similar equations) are solved by Keller box method (KBM). Numerical data for the dimensionless temperature profile, the dimensionless concentration profile, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are graphically and tabularly presented for the nine parameters: the buoyancy ratio (N), the Lewis number (Le), the Dufour parameter (Df), the Soret parameter (Sr), the cone angle parameter (m), the mixed convection parameter (xi), the VHF/VMF exponent (lambda), the non-Newtonian fluid power-law index (n), the space-dependent internal heat source coefficient ({A}^{*}). The increase of the buoyancy ratio (N) and the VHF/VMF exponent (lambda) tends to increase both the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number. The Nusselt number enhances with increasing the Soret parameter (Sr). Increasing the Lewis number (Le), the Dufour parameter (Df), the space-dependent internal heat source coefficient ({A}^{*}) enhances the Sherwood number. When the power-law index (n) is decreased, the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are increased. The physical aspects of the problem are discussed in details.

本文数值分析了杜富尔/索雷特和空间依赖性内热源(指数衰减形式)对流经多孔介质中垂直全锥的非牛顿流体(奥斯特瓦尔德-德-瓦耶勒幂律模型)的联合对流(整个制度)的影响,边界条件为 VHF/VMF 情况。转换后的控制方程(非相似方程)采用凯勒箱法(KBM)求解。九个参数的无量纲温度曲线、无量纲浓度曲线、局部努塞尔特数和局部舍伍德数的数值数据以图表形式给出:浮力比(N)、路易斯数(Le/)、杜弗参数(Df/)、索雷特参数(Sr/)、锥角参数(m/)、混合对流参数(xi/)、VHF/VMF 指数(lambda)、非牛顿流体幂律指数(n)、与空间相关的内部热源系数({A}^{*})。浮力比 (N) 和 VHF/VMF 指数 (lambda) 的增加往往会增加局部努塞尔特数和局部舍伍德数。随着索雷特参数(Soret)的增加,努塞尔特数也会增加。增加路易斯数(Lewis number)、杜福参数(Dufour parameter)、与空间相关的内部热源系数({A}^{*})会提高舍伍德数。当幂律指数 (n) 减小时,局部努塞尔特数和舍伍德数会增大。详细讨论了问题的物理方面。
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引用次数: 0
DNS of Nonlinear Electrophoresis 非线性电泳的 DNS
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10108-w
Elizaveta Frants, Sakir Amiroudine, Evgeny Demekhin

A numerical modelling of electrophoresis of dielectric particle is proposed under low and moderate homogeneous electric fields. As surface charge at the surface of the particle increases, nonlinear effects associated with surface conduction become more prominent. Current analytical methodologies addressing this issue employ asymptotic techniques, necessitating the establishment of effective boundary conditions. Consequently, solutions within the thin boundary layer, which substantially contribute to the emergence of nonlinear phenomena, are overlooked. While the asymptotic approach is capable of capturing principal effects, it falls short in providing a comprehensive understanding of the complete picture with non-linear effects. Our numerical modelling, incorporating a full formulation, is designed to bridge this knowledge gap. The numerical algorithm is tested in this work for the case of dielectric particle and can be readily extended to other particle types by altering the boundary conditions. The proposed method can be effortlessly generalized for various particle categories, such as ion-selective, flexible, biological, Janus particles, and those with hydrophobic surfaces. It operates without constraints concerning Debye, Dukhin, and Péclet numbers, which are associated with the emergence of nonlinear effects. The numerical algorithm was validated using an analytical solution for a weak electric field and experimental results for moderate and high electric fields. It was found that the electric field intensity and the surface charge density on the particle have the most significant impact on the emergence of non-linear effects. When there is a high degree of non-linearity, a structure of thin boundary layers nested within one another forms around the particle’s surface. In particular, the formation of a space charge region (SCR) around a non-conducting surface was discovered. It was previously believed that SCR only forms around surfaces with ion-exchange properties.

提出了在低度和中度均匀电场下电介质粒子电泳的数值模型。随着粒子表面电荷的增加,与表面传导相关的非线性效应变得更加突出。目前解决这一问题的分析方法采用渐近技术,需要建立有效的边界条件。因此,薄边界层内的解被忽视了,而这些解对非线性现象的出现起到了重要作用。虽然渐近方法能够捕捉主要效应,但却无法全面了解非线性效应的全貌。我们的数值建模结合了完整的公式,旨在弥补这一知识空白。在这项工作中,我们对介质粒子的数值算法进行了测试,通过改变边界条件,可以很容易地扩展到其他粒子类型。所提出的方法可以毫不费力地推广到各种粒子类型,如离子选择性粒子、柔性粒子、生物粒子、Janus 粒子和具有疏水表面的粒子。它在运行时不受德拜数、杜欣数和佩克莱特数的限制,因为这些数字与非线性效应的出现有关。利用弱电场的解析解以及中等和高电场的实验结果对数值算法进行了验证。结果发现,电场强度和粒子表面电荷密度对非线性效应的出现影响最大。当非线性程度较高时,粒子表面周围会形成薄边界层相互嵌套的结构。特别是在非导电表面周围形成的空间电荷区(SCR)被发现。以前人们认为空间电荷区只在具有离子交换特性的表面周围形成。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Confinement on Opposed-Flow Flame Spread over Cellulose and Polymeric Solids in Microgravity 封闭对微重力条件下纤维素和聚合物固体上对置流火焰蔓延的影响
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12217-024-10106-y
Ankit Sharma, Yanjun Li, Ya-Ting T. Liao, Paul V. Ferkul, Michael C. Johnston, Charles Bunnell

Opposed-flow flame spread over solid materials has been investigated in the past few decades owing to its importance in fundamental understanding of fires. These studies provided insights on the behavior of opposed-flow flames in different environmental conditions (e.g., flow speed, oxygen concentration). However, the effect of confinement on opposed-flow flames remains under-explored. It is known that confinement plays a critical role in concurrent-flow flame spread in normal and microgravity conditions. Hence, for a complete understanding it becomes important to understand the effects of confinement for opposed-flow flames. In this study, microgravity experiments are conducted aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to investigate opposed-flow flame spread in different confined conditions. Two materials, cotton-fiberglass blended textile fabric (SIBAL) and 1 mm thick polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) slab are burned between a pair of parallel flow baffles in a small flow duct. By varying the sample-baffle distance, various levels of confinement are achieved (H = 1–2 cm). Three types of baffles, transparent, black, and reflective, are used to create different radiative boundary conditions. The purely forced flow speed is also varied (between 2.6 and 10.5 cm/s) to investigate its interplay with the confinement level. For both sample materials, it is observed that the flame spread rate decreases when the confinement level increases (i.e., when H decreases). In addition, flame spread rate is shown to have a positive correlation with flow speed, up to an optimal value. The results also indicate that the optimal flow speed for flame spread can decrease in highly confined conditions. Surface radiation on the confinement boundary is shown to play a key role. For SIBAL fabric, stronger flames are observed when using black baffles compared to transparent. For PMMA, reflective baffles yield stronger flames compared to black baffles. When comparing the results to the concurrent-flow case, it is also noticed that opposed-flow flames spread slower and blow off at larger flow speeds but are not as sensitive to the flow speed. This work provides unique long-duration microgravity experimental data that can inform the design of future opposed-flow experiments in microgravity and the development of theory and numerical models.

摘要 在过去的几十年里,人们一直在研究固体材料上的对流式火焰蔓延,因为这对从根本上了解火灾具有重要意义。这些研究提供了在不同环境条件(如流速、氧气浓度)下对流式火焰行为的见解。然而,封闭对对流式火焰的影响仍未得到充分探讨。众所周知,在正常和微重力条件下,束缚对并流火焰的扩散起着至关重要的作用。因此,要全面了解对流火焰的限制效应就变得非常重要。本研究在国际空间站(ISS)上进行了微重力实验,以研究不同封闭条件下的对流式火焰蔓延。两种材料,即棉纤维玻璃纤维混纺织物(SIBAL)和 1 毫米厚的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)板,在一个小型流动管道中的一对平行挡板之间燃烧。通过改变样品与挡板的距离,可实现不同程度的封闭(H = 1-2 厘米)。透明、黑色和反射式三种类型的障板用于创造不同的辐射边界条件。此外,还改变了纯强制流速(2.6 厘米/秒至 10.5 厘米/秒),以研究其与封闭水平的相互作用。对于这两种样品材料,可以观察到当约束水平增加时(即 H 减小时),火焰蔓延率降低。此外,火焰蔓延率与流速呈正相关,直至达到一个最佳值。结果还表明,在高度密闭条件下,火焰传播的最佳流速会降低。密闭边界上的表面辐射起到了关键作用。对于 SIBAL 织物,与透明挡板相比,使用黑色挡板可观察到更强的火焰。对于 PMMA,与黑色障板相比,反射障板产生的火焰更强。在将结果与并流情况进行比较时,还注意到对流式火焰的扩散速度较慢,在流速较大时会被吹灭,但对流速的敏感性并不高。这项工作提供了独特的长时间微重力实验数据,可为未来微重力对流实验的设计以及理论和数值模型的开发提供参考。
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