Orsolya Horváth, L. Laczkó, Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabó, A. Molnár V., A. Popiela, G. Sramkó
The Pannonian endemic species Vincetoxicum pannonicum was described from specimens collected in Hungary and occurs at only few locations. It is considered “vulnerable” according to the International Red List. The chromosome set was reported to be tetraploid, and the species was hypothesized to be an allotetraploid hybrid of the Balkan species V. fuscatum and the Adriatic species V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum. We investigated the origin of V. pannonicum using molecular phylogenetic methods by separately analyzing the multicopy nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and the plastid-encoded trnH-psbA DNA regions and by evaluating discrepancies between the produced gene trees. Paralogs in the nrITS region clustered in two main groups, one of which was closest to V. fuscatum, and the other included V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum. According to trnH-psbA sequences, V. pannonicum and V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum formed a single group. Our results show that V. pannonicum diversified because of hybrid speciation, in which V. fuscatum was the pollen donor. We discovered a similar placement of V. maeoticum, which suggests a further hybridization event between V. fuscatum and a species of the V. hirundinaria group. Our genome-size estimate indicates almost sixfold larger genome size in V. pannonicum compared to the maternal diploid parent, suggesting hexaploidy; however, V. pannonicum is tetraploid. This may suggest cytological diploidization in the allopolyploid V. pannonicum. We observed substantial genetic distance between V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum and all other subspecies of V. hirundinaria, and we therefore propose that V. adriaticum should be regarded as a separate species.
{"title":"The Phylogenetic Position of Vincetoxicum pannonicum (Borhidi) Holub Supports the Species' Allopolyploid Hybrid Origin","authors":"Orsolya Horváth, L. Laczkó, Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabó, A. Molnár V., A. Popiela, G. Sramkó","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8931","url":null,"abstract":"The Pannonian endemic species Vincetoxicum pannonicum was described from specimens collected in Hungary and occurs at only few locations. It is considered “vulnerable” according to the International Red List. The chromosome set was reported to be tetraploid, and the species was hypothesized to be an allotetraploid hybrid of the Balkan species V. fuscatum and the Adriatic species V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum. We investigated the origin of V. pannonicum using molecular phylogenetic methods by separately analyzing the multicopy nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and the plastid-encoded trnH-psbA DNA regions and by evaluating discrepancies between the produced gene trees. Paralogs in the nrITS region clustered in two main groups, one of which was closest to V. fuscatum, and the other included V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum. According to trnH-psbA sequences, V. pannonicum and V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum formed a single group. Our results show that V. pannonicum diversified because of hybrid speciation, in which V. fuscatum was the pollen donor. We discovered a similar placement of V. maeoticum, which suggests a further hybridization event between V. fuscatum and a species of the V. hirundinaria group. Our genome-size estimate indicates almost sixfold larger genome size in V. pannonicum compared to the maternal diploid parent, suggesting hexaploidy; however, V. pannonicum is tetraploid. This may suggest cytological diploidization in the allopolyploid V. pannonicum. We observed substantial genetic distance between V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum and all other subspecies of V. hirundinaria, and we therefore propose that V. adriaticum should be regarded as a separate species.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46860032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wanqing Wang, Guoqiang Zhao, Shuang Wu, W. Hua, Ting Zhang, R. Ruan, Yanling Cheng
Plants must continually calibrate their growth in response to the environment throughout their whole life cycle. Revealing the regularity of plant early growth and development is of great significance to plant genetic modification. It was previously demonstrated that loss of two key light signaling transcription factors, FHY3 and FAR1, can cause a stunted stature in the plant adult stage, and numerous defense response genes can be continuously activated. In this study, we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis of the early 4 weeks of leaf samples from wild plants and their fhy3 and far1 transcription factors. By comparative transcriptome analysis, we found that during the early 4 weeks of plant growth, plants primarily promoted morphogenesis by organizing their microtubules in the second week. In the third week, plants began to trigger largescale defense responses to resist various external stresses. In the fourth week, increased photosynthetic efficiency promoted rapid biomass accumulation. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis of FHY3 and FAR1 revealed that the two light signaling transcription factors may be originally involved in the regulation of genes during embryonic development, and in the later growth stage, they might regulate gene expression of some defense-related genes to balance plant growth and immunity. Remarkably, our yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments showed that FAR1 interacts with the immune signaling factor EDS1. Taken together, this study demonstrates the major biological processes occurring during the early 4 weeks of plant growth. The light signaling transcription factors, FHY3 and FAR1, may integrate light signals with immune signals to widely regulate plant growth by directly interacting with EDS1.
{"title":"Revealing the Core Transcriptome Modulating Plant Growth Phase in Arabidopsis thaliana by RNA Sequencing and Coexpression Analysis of the fhy3 far1 Mutant","authors":"Wanqing Wang, Guoqiang Zhao, Shuang Wu, W. Hua, Ting Zhang, R. Ruan, Yanling Cheng","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8924","url":null,"abstract":"Plants must continually calibrate their growth in response to the environment throughout their whole life cycle. Revealing the regularity of plant early growth and development is of great significance to plant genetic modification. It was previously demonstrated that loss of two key light signaling transcription factors, FHY3 and FAR1, can cause a stunted stature in the plant adult stage, and numerous defense response genes can be continuously activated. In this study, we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis of the early 4 weeks of leaf samples from wild plants and their fhy3 and far1 transcription factors. By comparative transcriptome analysis, we found that during the early 4 weeks of plant growth, plants primarily promoted morphogenesis by organizing their microtubules in the second week. In the third week, plants began to trigger largescale defense responses to resist various external stresses. In the fourth week, increased photosynthetic efficiency promoted rapid biomass accumulation. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis of FHY3 and FAR1 revealed that the two light signaling transcription factors may be originally involved in the regulation of genes during embryonic development, and in the later growth stage, they might regulate gene expression of some defense-related genes to balance plant growth and immunity. Remarkably, our yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments showed that FAR1 interacts with the immune signaling factor EDS1. Taken together, this study demonstrates the major biological processes occurring during the early 4 weeks of plant growth. The light signaling transcription factors, FHY3 and FAR1, may integrate light signals with immune signals to widely regulate plant growth by directly interacting with EDS1.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42539782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Chmielowska-Bąk, R. Holubek, M. Frontasyeva, I. Zinicovscaia, Selin İşidoğru, J. Deckert
Seed germination is the earliest process in plant development and is crucial for further plant growth and fitness. The process is regulated by various internal and external factors, including soil pollutants such as nonessential metals. In the present study, we examined in detail the impact of short-term imbibition in Cd solutions at several concentrations (5, 10, and 25 mg/L) on germination rate and physiological state of soybean seeds. The results showed that although Cd was readily absorbed by the seeds, the metal had no effect on seeds cell viability, oxidative stress intensity, or germination percentage. In contrast, imbibition in Cd solution led to slight reduction in antioxidant capacity of seeds. Seedlings grown from seeds pretreated with metal showed no differences in growth in relation to the control. Taken together, the results indicate that soybean seeds are relatively tolerant even to high Cd concentration (up to 25 mg/L).
{"title":"Tough Sprouting – Impact of Cadmium on Physiological State and Germination Rate of Soybean Seeds","authors":"J. Chmielowska-Bąk, R. Holubek, M. Frontasyeva, I. Zinicovscaia, Selin İşidoğru, J. Deckert","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8923","url":null,"abstract":"Seed germination is the earliest process in plant development and is crucial for further plant growth and fitness. The process is regulated by various internal and external factors, including soil pollutants such as nonessential metals. In the present study, we examined in detail the impact of short-term imbibition in Cd solutions at several concentrations (5, 10, and 25 mg/L) on germination rate and physiological state of soybean seeds. The results showed that although Cd was readily absorbed by the seeds, the metal had no effect on seeds cell viability, oxidative stress intensity, or germination percentage. In contrast, imbibition in Cd solution led to slight reduction in antioxidant capacity of seeds. Seedlings grown from seeds pretreated with metal showed no differences in growth in relation to the control. Taken together, the results indicate that soybean seeds are relatively tolerant even to high Cd concentration (up to 25 mg/L).","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42980222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought conditions may have direct or indirect effects on plant physiology, biochemistry, and molecular characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of three different watermelon cultivars with varying levels of drought tolerance (24: drought resistant, CS: moderately tolerant, and 98: drought sensitive). The cultivars exhibited different responses to cope with water stress according to their tolerance level. Drought induced significant reductions in chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content and glutation reductase and ascorbate peroxidase activity in the sensitive cultivar unlike in the moderately tolerant and drought resistant cultivars. Additionally, the expression levels of NAC1, NAC2, ORE1, WRKY24, SAG12, SAG13, KCS2, CER1, DREB2A, LTP3, SWEET15, and PYL9 genes were measured using qRT-PCR. The expression ratios of the genes significantly varied depending on the gene location and on the tolerance of the cultivars. Results showed that the physiology and biochemical and molecular pathways of tolerant cultivars change to adapt to drought conditions. Therefore, the drought-resistant cultivar copes with drought stress by increasing proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as by increasing the expression of specific genes.
{"title":"Physiological and Gene-Expression Variations in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) Cultivars Exposed to Drought Stress","authors":"M. E. Erez, B. Inal, M. Z. Karipçin, S. Altıntaş","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8921","url":null,"abstract":"Drought conditions may have direct or indirect effects on plant physiology, biochemistry, and molecular characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of three different watermelon cultivars with varying levels of drought tolerance (24: drought resistant, CS: moderately tolerant, and 98: drought sensitive). The cultivars exhibited different responses to cope with water stress according to their tolerance level. Drought induced significant reductions in chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content and glutation reductase and ascorbate peroxidase activity in the sensitive cultivar unlike in the moderately tolerant and drought resistant cultivars. Additionally, the expression levels of NAC1, NAC2, ORE1, WRKY24, SAG12, SAG13, KCS2, CER1, DREB2A, LTP3, SWEET15, and PYL9 genes were measured using qRT-PCR. The expression ratios of the genes significantly varied depending on the gene location and on the tolerance of the cultivars. Results showed that the physiology and biochemical and molecular pathways of tolerant cultivars change to adapt to drought conditions. Therefore, the drought-resistant cultivar copes with drought stress by increasing proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as by increasing the expression of specific genes.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43519831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mir, M. Faizan, A. Bajguz, F. Sami, H. Siddiqui, S. Hayat
Melatonin is an endogenous indolamine found in many plants. It has been shown to generate a wide range of metabolic, physiological, and cellular responses, thus affecting growth and development, particularly under different environmental stresses. In the present review, we focus on its role in germination, growth and development, photosynthesis, senescence, and antioxidant activity in plants. Further, an effort has been made to discuss its occurrence, biosynthesis, and relationship with other phytohormones in plants. Moreover, melatonin-mediated signaling and its mechanisms of action under stress conditions in plants have been comprehensively discussed. Finally, its role under various abiotic stress conditions has also been discussed in this review.
{"title":"Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Melatonin and Its Exogenous Effect on Plants","authors":"A. Mir, M. Faizan, A. Bajguz, F. Sami, H. Siddiqui, S. Hayat","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8922","url":null,"abstract":"Melatonin is an endogenous indolamine found in many plants. It has been shown to generate a wide range of metabolic, physiological, and cellular responses, thus affecting growth and development, particularly under different environmental stresses. In the present review, we focus on its role in germination, growth and development, photosynthesis, senescence, and antioxidant activity in plants. Further, an effort has been made to discuss its occurrence, biosynthesis, and relationship with other phytohormones in plants. Moreover, melatonin-mediated signaling and its mechanisms of action under stress conditions in plants have been comprehensively discussed. Finally, its role under various abiotic stress conditions has also been discussed in this review.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44219303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Santi Saraphol, S. Vajrodaya, Ekaphan Kraichak, A. Sirikhachornkit, N. Sanevas
This study addressed the environmental factors that affect Trentepohlia spp. in the Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary at altitudes of 399 to 1,503 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) during the rainy, winter, and summer seasons. Species were identified using characteristic morphological identification. The influence of environmental factors on the algae was analyzed using a statistical program, and seasonal changes in the quantity of photosynthetic pigments in the dominant species were evaluated. The average relative humidity was 69.34 ± 12.90%, the average temperature was 26.23 ± 3.79 °C, and the average light intensity was 139.78 ± 42.21 µmol photon m −2 s −1 . Thirteen species were found: Trentepohlia chapmanii , Trentepohlia sp. 1, Trentepohlia sp. 2, Trentepohlia sundarbanensis , Trentepohlia sp. 3, Trentepohlia rigidula , Trentepohlia sp. 4, Trentepohlia effusa , Trentepohlia monilia , Trentepohlia abietina , Trentepohlia sp. 5, Trentepohlia aurea , and Trentepohlia umbrina . The largest number of species (seven to nine) were found at lower altitudes, from 473 to 517 m a.s.l. Species diversity was greatest in the winter season (13 species). Species found at low attitude were grouped together (Group 1) and had the greatest diversity, and the remaining species were divided into Groups 2, 3, and 4. Environmental factors had both positive and negative influences on the species, especially T. chapmanii , which was found below 1,003 m a.s.l., and T. monilia , which was found in areas with a high relative humidity of 74.50% to 83.93%. The ratio of the total carotenoids to chlorophyll of T. rigidula , the dominant species, was relatively high at 4.96:1, and the β-carotene content (46.89 %w/w) was highest during winter.
{"title":"Environmental Factors Affecting the Diversity and Photosynthetic Pigments of Trentepohlia Species in Northern Thailand’s Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary","authors":"Santi Saraphol, S. Vajrodaya, Ekaphan Kraichak, A. Sirikhachornkit, N. Sanevas","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8912","url":null,"abstract":"This study addressed the environmental factors that affect Trentepohlia spp. in the Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary at altitudes of 399 to 1,503 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) during the rainy, winter, and summer seasons. Species were identified using characteristic morphological identification. The influence of environmental factors on the algae was analyzed using a statistical program, and seasonal changes in the quantity of photosynthetic pigments in the dominant species were evaluated. The average relative humidity was 69.34 ± 12.90%, the average temperature was 26.23 ± 3.79 °C, and the average light intensity was 139.78 ± 42.21 µmol photon m −2 s −1 . Thirteen species were found: Trentepohlia chapmanii , Trentepohlia sp. 1, Trentepohlia sp. 2, Trentepohlia sundarbanensis , Trentepohlia sp. 3, Trentepohlia rigidula , Trentepohlia sp. 4, Trentepohlia effusa , Trentepohlia monilia , Trentepohlia abietina , Trentepohlia sp. 5, Trentepohlia aurea , and Trentepohlia umbrina . The largest number of species (seven to nine) were found at lower altitudes, from 473 to 517 m a.s.l. Species diversity was greatest in the winter season (13 species). Species found at low attitude were grouped together (Group 1) and had the greatest diversity, and the remaining species were divided into Groups 2, 3, and 4. Environmental factors had both positive and negative influences on the species, especially T. chapmanii , which was found below 1,003 m a.s.l., and T. monilia , which was found in areas with a high relative humidity of 74.50% to 83.93%. The ratio of the total carotenoids to chlorophyll of T. rigidula , the dominant species, was relatively high at 4.96:1, and the β-carotene content (46.89 %w/w) was highest during winter.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49110302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Sitek, B. Nowak, Michał Fecowicz, Z. Gajewski, P. Dańda, K. Kapała, Barbara Kozik-Dąbek
Our study aimed at active conservation of the last location of Primula farinosa, an endangered species in Poland, and assessed reproduction by seeds and plant propagation on sterile media in tissue culture conditions. We identified gibberellic acid (GA3) as the key factor stimulating germination of P. farinosa seeds. Growing juvenile plants under controlled temperature of 18/16 °C day/night yielded good quality plant material without mycorrhization. In tissue culture, the most favorable medium for shoot propagation was MS supplemented with the lowest tested concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 0.05 mg dm−3) and 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP; 0.1 mg dm−3). The rooting ability of shoots was high and comparable for all auxins used. 2C DNA content of seed-derived and micropropagated plants did not indicate any change in the ploidy level during in vitro cultivation. Plants derived from seeds and tissue cultures were compared in a 2-year study. Of all the characteristics compared, only the number of flowers per inflorescence was lower for micropropagated plants when compared with the seed-origin plants in the first year of observation. The difference was of transient nature and was not observed in the second year of the study. Effective protocols for in vivo and in vitro propagation of P. farinosa were developed, which can be used in practical species protection.
{"title":"Application of Horticultural and Tissue Culture Methods for Ex Situ Conservation of Endangered Primula farinosa L.","authors":"E. Sitek, B. Nowak, Michał Fecowicz, Z. Gajewski, P. Dańda, K. Kapała, Barbara Kozik-Dąbek","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8913","url":null,"abstract":"Our study aimed at active conservation of the last location of Primula farinosa, an endangered species in Poland, and assessed reproduction by seeds and plant propagation on sterile media in tissue culture conditions. We identified gibberellic acid (GA3) as the key factor stimulating germination of P. farinosa seeds. Growing juvenile plants under controlled temperature of 18/16 °C day/night yielded good quality plant material without mycorrhization. In tissue culture, the most favorable medium for shoot propagation was MS supplemented with the lowest tested concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 0.05 mg dm−3) and 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP; 0.1 mg dm−3). The rooting ability of shoots was high and comparable for all auxins used. 2C DNA content of seed-derived and micropropagated plants did not indicate any change in the ploidy level during in vitro cultivation. Plants derived from seeds and tissue cultures were compared in a 2-year study. Of all the characteristics compared, only the number of flowers per inflorescence was lower for micropropagated plants when compared with the seed-origin plants in the first year of observation. The difference was of transient nature and was not observed in the second year of the study. Effective protocols for in vivo and in vitro propagation of P. farinosa were developed, which can be used in practical species protection.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44382825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In conifers with spiral phyllotaxis, two numbers: one of the vascular sympodia and the second of cortical resin canals, define the shoot anatomic diameter. This in turn reflects the size and vigor of the apical meristem. Both numbers belong to the mathematical series, associated with the shoot phyllotactic pattern. The number of canals is one step lower in a series than the number of sympodia. The first one, easier to determine, automatically defines the second. Using this protocol and screening the large number of branching shoots of selected conifers, we have discovered strong correlation between orientation of vascular sympodia in the lateral and supporting branches. There was no such correlation with regard to the chiral configurations of phyllotaxis. This finding reveals the presence of special phyllotactic compensation in the case of differences in anatomic diameter of the parental and lateral shoot under the imperative of maintaining the sympodia orientation within one branching unit. Phyllotaxis of the axillary apex is evidently not established at random but adapted to the condition of the subtending axis. The monopodial, regularly branching shoot of conifers is an attractive example of biological system, which is not a sum of independent, iteratively formed units. Rather, it appears to be an entity organized on hierarchically higher level, which emerges from coordination of developmental processes in a population of the units.
{"title":"Structural Integrity of Vascular System in Branching Units of Coniferous Shoot","authors":"A. Banasiak, B. Zagórska-Marek","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8915","url":null,"abstract":"In conifers with spiral phyllotaxis, two numbers: one of the vascular sympodia and the second of cortical resin canals, define the shoot anatomic diameter. This in turn reflects the size and vigor of the apical meristem. Both numbers belong to the mathematical series, associated with the shoot phyllotactic pattern. The number of canals is one step lower in a series than the number of sympodia. The first one, easier to determine, automatically defines the second. Using this protocol and screening the large number of branching shoots of selected conifers, we have discovered strong correlation between orientation of vascular sympodia in the lateral and supporting branches. There was no such correlation with regard to the chiral configurations of phyllotaxis. This finding reveals the presence of special phyllotactic compensation in the case of differences in anatomic diameter of the parental and lateral shoot under the imperative of maintaining the sympodia orientation within one branching unit. Phyllotaxis of the axillary apex is evidently not established at random but adapted to the condition of the subtending axis. The monopodial, regularly branching shoot of conifers is an attractive example of biological system, which is not a sum of independent, iteratively formed units. Rather, it appears to be an entity organized on hierarchically higher level, which emerges from coordination of developmental processes in a population of the units.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43747728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Çağla Kızılarslan Hançer, E. Sevgi, Betül Büyükkılıç Altınbaşak, Ernaz Altundağ Çakır, M. Akkaya
Biga, located in the southwestern part of the Marmara Region of Turkey, is the largest district of Çanakkale. Wild edible plants and the ways in which they are used in Biga have not previously been documented. This ethnobotanical study of Biga was conducted between June 2011 and September 2014. In this study, we recorded information such as the local names of plants, the manner in which they are used, and the particular parts of the plants used. The cultural importance index was calculated for each taxon. One hundred and sixty-five interviews were conducted in 49 villages. The study revealed that 55 wild edible plant taxa belonging to 41 genera are used in this area. The most frequently used families are Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae, and Apiaceae. The genera that represented the greatest number of taxa included Rumex (six taxa), Thymus, Eryngium, Mentha, Oenanthe, Papaver, Prunus, Rubus, and Urtica (each containing two taxa). The most culturally important species were Urtica dioica, U. urens, Malva sylvestris, Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus, and Cornus mas. Local people consumed plants in the form of vegetables, fruits, beverages like herbal teas, spices, and other products. Edible parts of plants included leaves, aerial parts, young stems, and fruits. The results of our study showed that even in districts located close to cities, the use of wild edible plants still continues.
{"title":"Traditional Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants of Biga (Çanakkale), Turkey","authors":"Çağla Kızılarslan Hançer, E. Sevgi, Betül Büyükkılıç Altınbaşak, Ernaz Altundağ Çakır, M. Akkaya","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8914","url":null,"abstract":"Biga, located in the southwestern part of the Marmara Region of Turkey, is the largest district of Çanakkale. Wild edible plants and the ways in which they are used in Biga have not previously been documented. This ethnobotanical study of Biga was conducted between June 2011 and September 2014. In this study, we recorded information such as the local names of plants, the manner in which they are used, and the particular parts of the plants used. The cultural importance index was calculated for each taxon. One hundred and sixty-five interviews were conducted in 49 villages. The study revealed that 55 wild edible plant taxa belonging to 41 genera are used in this area. The most frequently used families are Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae, and Apiaceae. The genera that represented the greatest number of taxa included Rumex (six taxa), Thymus, Eryngium, Mentha, Oenanthe, Papaver, Prunus, Rubus, and Urtica (each containing two taxa). The most culturally important species were Urtica dioica, U. urens, Malva sylvestris, Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus, and Cornus mas. Local people consumed plants in the form of vegetables, fruits, beverages like herbal teas, spices, and other products. Edible parts of plants included leaves, aerial parts, young stems, and fruits. The results of our study showed that even in districts located close to cities, the use of wild edible plants still continues.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47234593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiancheng Wang, Honglan Yang, T. Bozorov, D. Albach, Daoyuan Zhang
Patterns in traits and trait combinations reflect how organisms cope with their environment. Owing to different degrees of variability, the performance of traits varies during adaption to the changing environment. In this study, we focused on a taxon dominant in arid regions – the subfamily Zygophylloideae. We analyzed the evolutionary patterns of functional traits to clarify the impact of trait attributes on niche shifts. The results of phylogenetic signal analysis of traits revealed that quantitative traits, such as plant height, were not evolutionarily conserved. Phylogenetic regression pointed out that there are synergistic changes in environmental factors and in some traits within a phylogenetic context. These traits can meet the requirements of different environments more easily, possibly owing to their high variability. As a result, species in the subfamily Zygophylloideae showed clustering in some phenotypic spaces. Thus, the adaptive evolution of traits reduced niche restrictions of related environmental factors on species. The evolutionary analysis of functional traits in subfamily Zygophylloideae proved that high variability of traits allows fine-tuning according to the related environmental factors during the evolutionary process and promotes niche shifts.
{"title":"Evolutionary Pattern of High Variation Traits in Subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae)","authors":"Jiancheng Wang, Honglan Yang, T. Bozorov, D. Albach, Daoyuan Zhang","doi":"10.5586/asbp.8911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.8911","url":null,"abstract":"Patterns in traits and trait combinations reflect how organisms cope with their environment. Owing to different degrees of variability, the performance of traits varies during adaption to the changing environment. In this study, we focused on a taxon dominant in arid regions – the subfamily Zygophylloideae. We analyzed the evolutionary patterns of functional traits to clarify the impact of trait attributes on niche shifts. The results of phylogenetic signal analysis of traits revealed that quantitative traits, such as plant height, were not evolutionarily conserved. Phylogenetic regression pointed out that there are synergistic changes in environmental factors and in some traits within a phylogenetic context. These traits can meet the requirements of different environments more easily, possibly owing to their high variability. As a result, species in the subfamily Zygophylloideae showed clustering in some phenotypic spaces. Thus, the adaptive evolution of traits reduced niche restrictions of related environmental factors on species. The evolutionary analysis of functional traits in subfamily Zygophylloideae proved that high variability of traits allows fine-tuning according to the related environmental factors during the evolutionary process and promotes niche shifts.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46836463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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