The Indian State of Kerala – known for its remarkable achievements in improving the health of its inhabitants – is now facing several challenges due to population ageing, which is coupled with a tremendous increase in chronic non-communicable diseases among older persons. This has resulted in great demand for inpatient care among older persons. Against this backdrop, an attempt is made in this article to understand the demand for inpatient care by older persons and to examine its implications in terms of direct and indirect monetary costs. The article uses India’s National Sample Survey data for Kerala. Results show that demand for inpatient care among older persons is heavily dependent on economic status, although the differences in utilization between the elderly and non-elderly in each income group are not significant. On average, the cost of inpatient care is higher for older persons when compared with other age cohorts, leading to a consequent greater loss of household income, especially for older persons belonging to poor households. It is concluded that the public health sector will not be able to address the health-care needs of poor older persons and that there is a need to evaluate and promote the capacity of the private health sector in meeting this need.
{"title":"The role of the public and private sectors in responding to older persons? needs for inpatient care: Evidence from Kerala, India","authors":"S. Mukherjee, J. Levesque","doi":"10.18356/F89FB4C3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/F89FB4C3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian State of Kerala – known for its remarkable achievements in improving the health of its inhabitants – is now facing several challenges due to population ageing, which is coupled with a tremendous increase in chronic non-communicable diseases among older persons. This has resulted in great demand for inpatient care among older persons. Against this backdrop, an attempt is made in this article to understand the demand for inpatient care by older persons and to examine its implications in terms of direct and indirect monetary costs. The article uses India’s National Sample Survey data for Kerala. Results show that demand for inpatient care among older persons is heavily dependent on economic status, although the differences in utilization between the elderly and non-elderly in each income group are not significant. On average, the cost of inpatient care is higher for older persons when compared with other age cohorts, leading to a consequent greater loss of household income, especially for older persons belonging to poor households. It is concluded that the public health sector will not be able to address the health-care needs of poor older persons and that there is a need to evaluate and promote the capacity of the private health sector in meeting this need.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"3-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67776228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. AbouZahr, S. Y. Azimi, L. G. Bersales, C. Chandramouli, Lourdes Hufana, Khalid Khan, G. Kulkayeva, J. Marskell, L. Sauyekenova
In the present paper, the civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system experiences of five countries in the region – Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan and the Philippines – are highlighted. In the case studies, a brief account is provided of the progress, challenges and lessons learned on key aspects of importance for CRVS systems in each country, and a glimpse is offered of the diversity of CRVS systems across the region. Some of the key strategies implemented by countries to address challenges in CRVS systems include legal and policy changes; improved collaboration across multiple sectors, in particular between the registration and statistical authorities; the growing involvement of the health sector in the notification of vital events and in improving the ascertainment of causes of death; public information campaigns; and capacity development for the analysis, dissemination and use of vital statistics for policy and planning purposes.
{"title":"Strengthening civil registration and vital statistics in the Asia-Pacific region: learning from country experiences","authors":"C. AbouZahr, S. Y. Azimi, L. G. Bersales, C. Chandramouli, Lourdes Hufana, Khalid Khan, G. Kulkayeva, J. Marskell, L. Sauyekenova","doi":"10.18356/A906CCF5-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/A906CCF5-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, the civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system experiences of five countries in the region – Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan and the Philippines – are highlighted. In the case studies, a brief account is provided of the progress, challenges and lessons learned on key aspects of importance for CRVS systems in each country, and a glimpse is offered of the diversity of CRVS systems across the region. Some of the key strategies implemented by countries to address challenges in CRVS systems include legal and policy changes; improved collaboration across multiple sectors, in particular between the registration and statistical authorities; the growing involvement of the health sector in the notification of vital events and in improving the ascertainment of causes of death; public information campaigns; and capacity development for the analysis, dissemination and use of vital statistics for policy and planning purposes.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"39-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67737193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three periods in the evolution of population policy in Viet Nam are documented in this article: its initiation during the 1960s and 1970s; its maturity in the 1980s and 1990s; and its legalization in the 2000s and early 2010s. A framework was used for stakeholder analysis in the sociopolitical context of Viet Nam to analyse interactions between leading state agencies in the development of population policy and their influence on the organizational structure of the population programme. The current tensions in the implementation of the population programme are highlighted, and a new population policy is called for that would be more conducive to addressing broader population and reproductive health issues, in order to respond more effectively to new challenges arising from the socioeconomic and demographic transition of the country.
{"title":"The evolution of population policy in Viet Nam.","authors":"B. Pham, P. Hill, Wayne Hall, C. Rao","doi":"10.18356/2C17020A-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2C17020A-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Three periods in the evolution of population policy in Viet Nam are documented in this article: its initiation during the 1960s and 1970s; its maturity in the 1980s and 1990s; and its legalization in the 2000s and early 2010s. A framework was used for stakeholder analysis in the sociopolitical context of Viet Nam to analyse interactions between leading state agencies in the development of population policy and their influence on the organizational structure of the population programme. The current tensions in the implementation of the population programme are highlighted, and a new population policy is called for that would be more conducive to addressing broader population and reproductive health issues, in order to respond more effectively to new challenges arising from the socioeconomic and demographic transition of the country.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"41-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67687104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policy research on Asia’s demographic transition over the last several decades has been overwhelmingly concerned with detailing the consequences of rapid population growth and measures to lower fertility. This research can point to significant accomplishments. Looking ahead, the now radically changed demographic landscape calls for a new agenda of policy research. Prominent among emerging population-related problems are: rapid population ageing with its major implications for inter-age transfers; changing marriage and family patterns underlying ultra-low fertility and possible population decline; and demographic adaptation to the new environmental conditions likely to be generated by climate change. As was the case with the demographic transition, Asia’s population scientists have the opportunity and arguably the obligation to spread their understanding of these emerging demographic realities and their analyses of how public policy might be brought to bear on them. Asia still needs a vigorous public demography.
{"title":"Repositioning population research and policy in Asia: new issues and new opportunities.","authors":"P. Donaldson, G. Mcnicoll","doi":"10.18356/0E1E2583-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/0E1E2583-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Policy research on Asia’s demographic transition over the last several decades has been overwhelmingly concerned with detailing the consequences of rapid population growth and measures to lower fertility. This research can point to significant accomplishments. Looking ahead, the now radically changed demographic landscape calls for a new agenda of policy research. Prominent among emerging population-related problems are: rapid population ageing with its major implications for inter-age transfers; changing marriage and family patterns underlying ultra-low fertility and possible population decline; and demographic adaptation to the new environmental conditions likely to be generated by climate change. As was the case with the demographic transition, Asia’s population scientists have the opportunity and arguably the obligation to spread their understanding of these emerging demographic realities and their analyses of how public policy might be brought to bear on them. Asia still needs a vigorous public demography.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"119-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67673697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The data presented in this article from selected Asian and Pacific countries show that in the last two decades women have gained significantly in economic and social spheres, such as literacy, enrolment rates, gender inequality in education, age at marriage and participation in formal economic activities. Along with improvements in these empowerment measures, the region has also experienced substantial reductions in fertility, infant and child mortality, and maternal mortality and reported increases in use of contraception. However, not all countries in the Asian and Pacific region have made enough or equal progress in empowering women. Compared with women in many countries in East and South-East Asia, a significant proportion of young South Asian women remain deprived of education beyond the primary level and marry early, with adverse implications for their own health and that of their children.
{"title":"Empowerment of women and its impact on population","authors":"L. Visaria","doi":"10.18356/65B7F1C3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/65B7F1C3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The data presented in this article from selected Asian and Pacific countries show that in the last two decades women have gained significantly in economic and social spheres, such as literacy, enrolment rates, gender inequality in education, age at marriage and participation in formal economic activities. Along with improvements in these empowerment measures, the region has also experienced substantial reductions in fertility, infant and child mortality, and maternal mortality and reported increases in use of contraception. However, not all countries in the Asian and Pacific region have made enough or equal progress in empowering women. Compared with women in many countries in East and South-East Asia, a significant proportion of young South Asian women remain deprived of education beyond the primary level and marry early, with adverse implications for their own health and that of their children.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"33-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67709140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Throughout Asia, family change is occurring, although trends vary significantly between subregions and countries. In most cases common elements are rising levels of female education and labour force participation, reductions in gender-based divisions of labour, fertility decline (partly due to postponement of marriage) and increasing rates of divorce. Families are generally growing smaller. The average age at marriage is rising for both males and females throughout Asia, although from a base that varies greatly. Ageing of populations is a nearly universal trend and, although the proportions of older persons living with a child or grandchild are much higher than in the West, they are tending to decline. The relative roles of family, community and State in supporting the older persons is one of the key issues for the future.
{"title":"Changing family sizes, structures and functions in Asia","authors":"Gavin W. Jones","doi":"10.18356/91819AE8-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/91819AE8-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout Asia, family change is occurring, although trends vary significantly between subregions and countries. In most cases common elements are rising levels of female education and labour force participation, reductions in gender-based divisions of labour, fertility decline (partly due to postponement of marriage) and increasing rates of divorce. Families are generally growing smaller. The average age at marriage is rising for both males and females throughout Asia, although from a base that varies greatly. Ageing of populations is a nearly universal trend and, although the proportions of older persons living with a child or grandchild are much higher than in the West, they are tending to decline. The relative roles of family, community and State in supporting the older persons is one of the key issues for the future.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"83-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67724572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The youth population of Asia is in the midst of a remarkable transformation with enormous implications for the future of the region. Rapid population growth of the youth population is beginning to ease and to decline in China and other low fertility Asian countries. An increase in spending on human capital has accompanied the decline in fertility rates, however, so that incoming cohorts of youth will be smaller but much more educated than in the past. The rise in education and other factors have influenced the transition into adulthood for youth. They are staying longer in school and entering the labour force at a later age supported by a combination of public and private transfers. A willingness to invest in youth has been an essential element to realizing the benefits of the demographic dividend in Asia.
{"title":"Youth and their changing economic roles in Asia.","authors":"A. Mason, Sang-Hyop Lee","doi":"10.18356/6A706C08-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/6A706C08-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The youth population of Asia is in the midst of a remarkable transformation with enormous implications for the future of the region. Rapid population growth of the youth population is beginning to ease and to decline in China and other low fertility Asian countries. An increase in spending on human capital has accompanied the decline in fertility rates, however, so that incoming cohorts of youth will be smaller but much more educated than in the past. The rise in education and other factors have influenced the transition into adulthood for youth. They are staying longer in school and entering the labour force at a later age supported by a combination of public and private transfers. A willingness to invest in youth has been an essential element to realizing the benefits of the demographic dividend in Asia.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"61-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67710089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 25 years since the Asia-Pacific Population Journal first appeared have seen momentous change both globally and within Asia. In 1986, Japan was one of the most dynamic economies in the world with the four "Tiger" economies of Hong Kong, then still a colony; the Republic of Korea; Taiwan Province of China; and Singapore not far behind. The reforms in China, implemented from 1979, were well under way but the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had still a few more years of existence before a series of independent nation States were to appear in the central part of Asia. The term "globalization" had yet to make its way into mainstream development discourse but it is Asia's uneven but dramatic development, political, social and economic, over those 25 years that has moulded and guided population migrations both within and from the region. Equally, it is Asia's changing position in the world as it has come to challenge the West that has contributed to and been a result of these changing population flows.
{"title":"Migration and Asia: Reflections on continuities and change.","authors":"R. Skeldon","doi":"10.18356/F627F5C3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/F627F5C3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The 25 years since the Asia-Pacific Population Journal first appeared have seen momentous change both globally and within Asia. In 1986, Japan was one of the most dynamic economies in the world with the four \"Tiger\" economies of Hong Kong, then still a colony; the Republic of Korea; Taiwan Province of China; and Singapore not far behind. The reforms in China, implemented from 1979, were well under way but the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had still a few more years of existence before a series of independent nation States were to appear in the central part of Asia. The term \"globalization\" had yet to make its way into mainstream development discourse but it is Asia's uneven but dramatic development, political, social and economic, over those 25 years that has moulded and guided population migrations both within and from the region. Equally, it is Asia's changing position in the world as it has come to challenge the West that has contributed to and been a result of these changing population flows.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"103-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67774960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Asian and Pacific region is in the midst of profound transformation, and the process that accelerated since the middle of the twentieth century has had impacts on every facet of human life. Unprecedented growth in population has been recorded during this period, a trend that will continue well into the twenty-first century, albeit at a declining pace. The region, especially since the 1980s, has also seen rapid economic growth and social progress, despite concerns raised by many that population growth would impede development and progress. Yet, change has not been uniform, and a number of factors account for the extreme diversity that exists today among countries and population groups. Still, despite significant challenges, there is promise that the rapid transformation heralds a future that is far more promising than what appeared a mere half century ago.
{"title":"Twenty-five years of transition in Asia’s population and development: A review of progress and potential","authors":"K. Seetharam","doi":"10.18356/A9374BA9-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/A9374BA9-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The Asian and Pacific region is in the midst of profound transformation, and the process that accelerated since the middle of the twentieth century has had impacts on every facet of human life. Unprecedented growth in population has been recorded during this period, a trend that will continue well into the twenty-first century, albeit at a declining pace. The region, especially since the 1980s, has also seen rapid economic growth and social progress, despite concerns raised by many that population growth would impede development and progress. Yet, change has not been uniform, and a number of factors account for the extreme diversity that exists today among countries and population groups. Still, despite significant challenges, there is promise that the rapid transformation heralds a future that is far more promising than what appeared a mere half century ago.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"13-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67737760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India has seen an upsurge in economic growth since 1991. The 2001 census shows that internal migration picked up rapidly during the 1990s. Compared with intrastate (short-distance) movement interstate (long-distance) migration particularly rural-to-urban migration has grown much faster. The states with a higher per capita income and a larger dominance of the non-agricultural sector not only show high in-migration rates but also high out-migration rates. The poverty ratio is not found to be related with out-migration rates at the state level. By contrast migration rates are found to be higher in households with higher monthly per capita expenditure. Also the socially disadvantaged groups such as scheduled castes and scheduled tribes do not show higher mobility compared with other population categories. Thus the increased mobility of India’s population after liberalization of the economy in 1991 seems to be confined to better-off sections of the society.
{"title":"Internal migration in India: Are the underprivileged migrating more?","authors":"R. Bhagat","doi":"10.18356/B748277D-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/B748277D-EN","url":null,"abstract":"India has seen an upsurge in economic growth since 1991. The 2001 census shows that internal migration picked up rapidly during the 1990s. Compared with intrastate (short-distance) movement interstate (long-distance) migration particularly rural-to-urban migration has grown much faster. The states with a higher per capita income and a larger dominance of the non-agricultural sector not only show high in-migration rates but also high out-migration rates. The poverty ratio is not found to be related with out-migration rates at the state level. By contrast migration rates are found to be higher in households with higher monthly per capita expenditure. Also the socially disadvantaged groups such as scheduled castes and scheduled tribes do not show higher mobility compared with other population categories. Thus the increased mobility of India’s population after liberalization of the economy in 1991 seems to be confined to better-off sections of the society.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"27-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67744413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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