Vladimir Canudas-Romo, N. Saikia, N. Diamond-Smith
Most research on mortality differentials by sex in India focuses on disparities among children under 5 years of age. In this paper, we assess the changing age and cause patterns of mortality by sex in India and selected States using survey data and including mortality trends over the life span. Since the 1970s, the gap between female and male mortality in India has increased to females’ advantage. This occurred despite persisting higher female mortality below age 5, a disadvantage masked by the large gap favoring women at adult and older ages. This paper finds that the life expectancy gap between females and males in the second half of the 1990s can be attributed mainly to non-communicable diseases and external causes of death. While more developed States (primarily in the South) showed higher female longevity already in the 1970s, the States that lagged behind displayed similar mortality levels for females and males up until the turn of the century.
{"title":"The contribution of age-specific mortality towards male and female life expectancy differentials in India and selected States, 1970-2013","authors":"Vladimir Canudas-Romo, N. Saikia, N. Diamond-Smith","doi":"10.18356/8EC0129D-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/8EC0129D-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Most research on mortality differentials by sex in India focuses on disparities among children under 5 years of age. In this paper, we assess the changing age and cause patterns of mortality by sex in India and selected States using survey data and including mortality trends over the life span. Since the 1970s, the gap between female and male mortality in India has increased to females’ advantage. This occurred despite persisting higher female mortality below age 5, a disadvantage masked by the large gap favoring women at adult and older ages. This paper finds that the life expectancy gap between females and males in the second half of the 1990s can be attributed mainly to non-communicable diseases and external causes of death. While more developed States (primarily in the South) showed higher female longevity already in the 1970s, the States that lagged behind displayed similar mortality levels for females and males up until the turn of the century.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67723907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sylvia Szabo, D. Begum, Sate Ahmad, Z. Matthews, P. Streatfield
This paper provides an overview of population dynamics and scenarios of population change in the environmentally vulnerable coastal Ganges Brahmaputra Delta region. The main data sources used for the study include the most recent and historical census data, data from the Sample Vital Registration System (SVRS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The research adopts the standard cohort component approach for population projections and provides population estimates for the period from 2011 to 2051. Research outcomes include scenarios of future population change in the coastal Ganges Brahmaputra Delta region and district-level population projections by age and sex. The results show that population growth is likely to continue in some, but not all, districts in the study area. The results also suggest that future migration flows are most likely to be the deciding component of population change in the study area. Given the expected shifts in population distribution and population structure, policy initiatives will have to address the challenges related to informal settlements and population ageing.
{"title":"Scenarios of population change in the coastal Ganges Brahmaputra Delta (2011-2051)","authors":"Sylvia Szabo, D. Begum, Sate Ahmad, Z. Matthews, P. Streatfield","doi":"10.18356/35479CD3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/35479CD3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of population dynamics and scenarios of population change in the environmentally vulnerable coastal Ganges Brahmaputra Delta region. The main data sources used for the study include the most recent and historical census data, data from the Sample Vital Registration System (SVRS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The research adopts the standard cohort component approach for population projections and provides population estimates for the period from 2011 to 2051. Research outcomes include scenarios of future population change in the coastal Ganges Brahmaputra Delta region and district-level population projections by age and sex. The results show that population growth is likely to continue in some, but not all, districts in the study area. The results also suggest that future migration flows are most likely to be the deciding component of population change in the study area. Given the expected shifts in population distribution and population structure, policy initiatives will have to address the challenges related to informal settlements and population ageing.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"51-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67692712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present paper, consideration is given to social integration — namely, the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities and rights — in the Asia-Pacific region and how policies can be implemented to achieve this. Although the region is characterized by demographic diversity, there are common challenges across the region as regards enhancing social integration. In order to meet these challenges, rather than just addressing issues of poverty, consideration needs to be given to access to basic services as well as to issues such as stigmatization and discrimination. Population ageing and evolving dependency ratios in the region highlight the need to invest in social protection, which can also act to address social exclusion, such as that faced by children, the unemployed, persons with disabilities and older persons.
{"title":"Population and social integration policies in Asia and the Pacific","authors":"G. Mujahid","doi":"10.18356/0A7C7F99-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/0A7C7F99-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, consideration is given to social integration — namely, the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities and rights — in the Asia-Pacific region and how policies can be implemented to achieve this. Although the region is characterized by demographic diversity, there are common challenges across the region as regards enhancing social integration. In order to meet these challenges, rather than just addressing issues of poverty, consideration needs to be given to access to basic services as well as to issues such as stigmatization and discrimination. Population ageing and evolving dependency ratios in the region highlight the need to invest in social protection, which can also act to address social exclusion, such as that faced by children, the unemployed, persons with disabilities and older persons.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"29-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67672855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper contains a review of the key trends in sexual and reproductive health and rights in Asia and the Pacific since the adoption of the Programme of Action by the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994. In the paper, key areas of progress, as well as the unfinished agenda and emerging issues in the region are identified and policy recommendations to effectively address them are provided. The paper also contains a discussion on the various barriers to ensuring universal sexual and reproductive health and rights, such as financial, physical and sociocultural barriers, highlighting current deficiencies in health systems across the region. The recommendations to address these challenges focus on reducing disparities in access to a comprehensive and integrated package of sexual and reproductive health services for different population groups, creating an enabling legal and policy framework, measures to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls, and mechanisms to improve monitoring and accountability.
{"title":"Sexual and reproductive health and rights in Asia and the Pacific: the unfinished agenda.","authors":"R. Khosla","doi":"10.18356/325951b7-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/325951b7-en","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contains a review of the key trends in sexual and reproductive health and rights in Asia and the Pacific since the adoption of the Programme of Action by the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994. In the paper, key areas of progress, as well as the unfinished agenda and emerging issues in the region are identified and policy recommendations to effectively address them are provided. The paper also contains a discussion on the various barriers to ensuring universal sexual and reproductive health and rights, such as financial, physical and sociocultural barriers, highlighting current deficiencies in health systems across the region. The recommendations to address these challenges focus on reducing disparities in access to a comprehensive and integrated package of sexual and reproductive health services for different population groups, creating an enabling legal and policy framework, measures to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls, and mechanisms to improve monitoring and accountability.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"5-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67691152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this research was to study the role of labour broker networks in fixing the price for Thai migrants to work abroad. In order to understand the role of these networks, it was necessary to focus on two specific research questions. The first question was how these labour broker networks are formed; and the second question was why, or for what purposes, are these networks being created. Data was collected through in-depth interviews as well as participatory and non-participatory observations with 37 key informants who were labour brokers belonging to legal labour agencies and labour sub-brokers. Key informants were selected by a snowball technique from Udon Thani, Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, and Nongkhai. Data analysis was done using the ATLAS.ti program. The study found that the labour broker networks in the north-east of Thailand are loosely established through ties formed via cultural or community activities without any formal organization. In the main, these networks are set up on the basis of personal relationships among members. The rationale behind the establishment of these networks is to maintain personal relationships and to exchange work-related information. The results of the study indicated that the social networks of labour brokers are informal, and that these networks are linked to other networks that exist among labour brokers and sub-brokers forming larger local and regional networks. The costs incurred by Thai migrant workers having recall to the services of labour broker networks forms part of the overall cost of working abroad. Moreover, it was found that in some cases labour sub-brokers had provided loans to Thai labourers to cover the costs of travelling abroad.
{"title":"The role of labour broker networks in setting the price of working abroad for thai migrant workers","authors":"D. Ayuwat, T. Chamaratana","doi":"10.18356/B5C04140-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/B5C04140-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was to study the role of labour broker networks in fixing the price for Thai migrants to work abroad. In order to understand the role of these networks, it was necessary to focus on two specific research questions. The first question was how these labour broker networks are formed; and the second question was why, or for what purposes, are these networks being created. Data was collected through in-depth interviews as well as participatory and non-participatory observations with 37 key informants who were labour brokers belonging to legal labour agencies and labour sub-brokers. Key informants were selected by a snowball technique from Udon Thani, Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, and Nongkhai. Data analysis was done using the ATLAS.ti program. The study found that the labour broker networks in the north-east of Thailand are loosely established through ties formed via cultural or community activities without any formal organization. In the main, these networks are set up on the basis of personal relationships among members. The rationale behind the establishment of these networks is to maintain personal relationships and to exchange work-related information. The results of the study indicated that the social networks of labour brokers are informal, and that these networks are linked to other networks that exist among labour brokers and sub-brokers forming larger local and regional networks. The costs incurred by Thai migrant workers having recall to the services of labour broker networks forms part of the overall cost of working abroad. Moreover, it was found that in some cases labour sub-brokers had provided loans to Thai labourers to cover the costs of travelling abroad.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"51-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67743810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study estimates the fertility-inhibiting effects of the four important proximate determinants, namely marriage, contraception, induced abortion and post-partum infecundability in Viet Nam. It is based on using data obtained from the 1997 and 2002 round of the Viet Nam Demographic and Health Survey (VNDHS). The Bongaarts model is used to determine the contribution of the proximate determinants in fertility change. The analysis shows that the major factors responsible for fertility change are the proportion of married women, level of contraceptive use and induced abortion in rural Viet Nam. In urban areas, induced abortion, post-partum infecundability and the proportion of married women have been found to be major determinants in fertility change during the above period, whereas contraceptive use has had a marginal effect on it. The estimated total fertility rate (TFR) is probably smaller than the actual one and the difference between the two has narrowed over the period.
{"title":"Proximate determinants and their influences on fertility reduction in viet nam","authors":"C. Shekhar, K. Das, T. Nguyen","doi":"10.18356/B8259A41-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/B8259A41-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The present study estimates the fertility-inhibiting effects of the four important proximate determinants, namely marriage, contraception, induced abortion and post-partum infecundability in Viet Nam. It is based on using data obtained from the 1997 and 2002 round of the Viet Nam Demographic and Health Survey (VNDHS). The Bongaarts model is used to determine the contribution of the proximate determinants in fertility change. The analysis shows that the major factors responsible for fertility change are the proportion of married women, level of contraceptive use and induced abortion in rural Viet Nam. In urban areas, induced abortion, post-partum infecundability and the proportion of married women have been found to be major determinants in fertility change during the above period, whereas contraceptive use has had a marginal effect on it. The estimated total fertility rate (TFR) is probably smaller than the actual one and the difference between the two has narrowed over the period.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"122 1","pages":"5-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67745015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper contains an analysis of the complex links between population dynamics and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific that have developed over the last 20 years. Basic changes in population dynamics in the region since 1990 are first described, followed by an examination of critical issues regarding the links between population dynamics and the three defining dimensions of sustainable development, namely economic growth, social justice and environmental sustainability.
{"title":"Population dynamics and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific","authors":"A. Hayes","doi":"10.18356/FFFA3F7C-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/FFFA3F7C-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper contains an analysis of the complex links between population dynamics and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific that have developed over the last 20 years. Basic changes in population dynamics in the region since 1990 are first described, followed by an examination of critical issues regarding the links between population dynamics and the three defining dimensions of sustainable development, namely economic growth, social justice and environmental sustainability.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"57-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67781299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we show that health insurance and health-care services have been expanded in Viet Nam over the past decade and had the potential to reach various groups of older persons (defined as those aged 60 or more). Yet, a number of challenges still remain that greatly influence the current health-care system as regards affordability and adequate service provision. The most critical of these issues is that the most vulnerable groups among older persons have lower access rates and a greater financial burden (that is, out-of-pocket expenses). To deal with those issues, we suggest certain policy directions, including developing communal health systems and guaranteeing the financial sustainability of the health insurance fund by monitoring both service providers and users.
{"title":"Access of older persons to health insurance and health-care services in viet nam: current state and policy options","authors":"G. T. Long, Bui Dai Thu","doi":"10.18356/F868068C-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/F868068C-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we show that health insurance and health-care services have been expanded in Viet Nam over the past decade and had the potential to reach various groups of older persons (defined as those aged 60 or more). Yet, a number of challenges still remain that greatly influence the current health-care system as regards affordability and adequate service provision. The most critical of these issues is that the most vulnerable groups among older persons have lower access rates and a greater financial burden (that is, out-of-pocket expenses). To deal with those issues, we suggest certain policy directions, including developing communal health systems and guaranteeing the financial sustainability of the health insurance fund by monitoring both service providers and users.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"69-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67775720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present paper, labour income, consumption and the life-cycle deficit (LCD) by gender for India is considered. From the individual’s perspective, private and public consumption for education, health and other goods and services has been taken into account. For either sex, the share of public consumption is about 17 per cent of the total consumption for health, education and others. Throughout the life cycle, the per capita annual labour income of a woman is lower than that of a man; even at the peak age of earning, it is only about one-sixth of a man’s per capita labour income at the corresponding age. Though a male consumes more for health, education and other goods and services, the gender gap is not as wide as that of income from labour. At the per capita level, a male experiences a monetary surplus during the working age range of 20 to 64 years and faces a life-cycle deficit only before entering the labour market and during old age, but a female must deal with a life-cycle deficit all through the life cycle.
{"title":"Gender accounting of consumption and the life-cycle deficit for india","authors":"L. Ladusingh","doi":"10.18356/47352040-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/47352040-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, labour income, consumption and the life-cycle deficit (LCD) by gender for India is considered. From the individual’s perspective, private and public consumption for education, health and other goods and services has been taken into account. For either sex, the share of public consumption is about 17 per cent of the total consumption for health, education and others. Throughout the life cycle, the per capita annual labour income of a woman is lower than that of a man; even at the peak age of earning, it is only about one-sixth of a man’s per capita labour income at the corresponding age. Though a male consumes more for health, education and other goods and services, the gender gap is not as wide as that of income from labour. At the per capita level, a male experiences a monetary surplus during the working age range of 20 to 64 years and faces a life-cycle deficit only before entering the labour market and during old age, but a female must deal with a life-cycle deficit all through the life cycle.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"27-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67700660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Migration is often portrayed in terms of net gain or loss in which remittances provide the compensation for those States or territories which are seen as disadvantaged in the competition for especially skilled workers. In the Pacific region this dichotomy is illustrated through the loss for countries of origin (Pacific island countries and territories) of their “best and brightest” to the region’s larger and more prosperous States. This has occurred to such an extent that many see the limited development gains made by small island States and territories in the post World War Two period as being largely explained by the failure to counter the resulting inequalities in both “brain drain” and “brain gain”. This article argues that such a dichotomy misses those shared development gains reaped through increased labour mobility. Indeed, migration can underpin a “development dividend” for the region through the enhancement of increased mobility, including for low-skilled workers. Recent schemes have sought to balance both migration opportunities and development needs. While these are promising, much more could be done to support the conditions in which Pacific Islanders of all socio-economic status can circulate.
{"title":"Mobility as development strategy: The case of the Pacific Islands","authors":"D. Storey, Vanessa Steinmayer","doi":"10.18356/6D72B34B-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/6D72B34B-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Migration is often portrayed in terms of net gain or loss in which remittances provide the compensation for those States or territories which are seen as disadvantaged in the competition for especially skilled workers. In the Pacific region this dichotomy is illustrated through the loss for countries of origin (Pacific island countries and territories) of their “best and brightest” to the region’s larger and more prosperous States. This has occurred to such an extent that many see the limited development gains made by small island States and territories in the post World War Two period as being largely explained by the failure to counter the resulting inequalities in both “brain drain” and “brain gain”. This article argues that such a dichotomy misses those shared development gains reaped through increased labour mobility. Indeed, migration can underpin a “development dividend” for the region through the enhancement of increased mobility, including for low-skilled workers. Recent schemes have sought to balance both migration opportunities and development needs. While these are promising, much more could be done to support the conditions in which Pacific Islanders of all socio-economic status can circulate.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"57-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67711382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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