During the past few years, reports have indicated that international migration from Asia and the Pacific to the Middle East has been decreasing. To consider this trend, the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) organized the Policy Workshop on International Migration in Asia and the Pacific from 15-21 October, 1986, at Bangkok. The Workshop 1st considered the magnitude of international migration. There were an estimated 930,000 Indian workers in the Middle East in 1983, 800,000 Pakistanis, 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Bangladeshis, and 200,000 each from the Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Workers' remittances to the region reached US $8000-10,000 million per year in 1983. The government policies of the sending countries have been the least adequate in the area of return international labor migration. The Workshop recommended that governments of sending countries 1) ensure that the contracts signed by workers before their departure be honored, 2) provide workers with information on their legal rights in receiving countries before departure, 3) investigate and monitor recruiting agents, and 4) do everything possible to utilize workers' acquired skills on return. The Workshop also recommended that international agencies 1) create standards for data collection on international migration, 2) facilitate the exchange of information on international migration, and 3) sponsor research projects. The Workshop also recommended that governments obtain relevant information on the magnitude, origin, and expenditure of remittances and savings.
{"title":"International migration.","authors":"E. Erdem, Maliha Safri","doi":"10.1787/3213b32f-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/3213b32f-en","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the past few years, reports have indicated that international migration from Asia and the Pacific to the Middle East has been decreasing. To consider this trend, the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) organized the Policy Workshop on International Migration in Asia and the Pacific from 15-21 October, 1986, at Bangkok. The Workshop 1st considered the magnitude of international migration. There were an estimated 930,000 Indian workers in the Middle East in 1983, 800,000 Pakistanis, 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Bangladeshis, and 200,000 each from the Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Workers' remittances to the region reached US $8000-10,000 million per year in 1983. The government policies of the sending countries have been the least adequate in the area of return international labor migration. The Workshop recommended that governments of sending countries 1) ensure that the contracts signed by workers before their departure be honored, 2) provide workers with information on their legal rights in receiving countries before departure, 3) investigate and monitor recruiting agents, and 4) do everything possible to utilize workers' acquired skills on return. The Workshop also recommended that international agencies 1) create standards for data collection on international migration, 2) facilitate the exchange of information on international migration, and 3) sponsor research projects. The Workshop also recommended that governments obtain relevant information on the magnitude, origin, and expenditure of remittances and savings.\u0000","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"75-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42339235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Economic Impact of Migration in the Russian Federation: Taxation of Migrant Workers","authors":"T. Karabchuk, D. Salnikova","doi":"10.18356/839A8861-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/839A8861-EN","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42174429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature on remittance flows has relatively little information on the impacts of remittance outflows on countries. The Russian Federation consistently ranks among the top remittance senders in the world, however the Russian case remains a largely unstudied area. This article addresses this gap. The findings show that remittance outflows are still very small compared with GDP and that the Russian economy will continue to need foreign labour. So-called push factors in neighbouring countries will also continue to make the Russian Federation an attractive workplace for foreign workers. The authors encourage the Government of the Russian Federation to take pre-emptive measures for both political and economic reasons, such as offering more investment opportunities for expatriate workers.
{"title":"Impact of Remittance Outflows on Sending Economies: The Case of the Russian Federation","authors":"G. Naufal, I. Genc","doi":"10.18356/F61BC783-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/F61BC783-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on remittance flows has relatively little information on the impacts of remittance outflows on countries. The Russian Federation consistently ranks among the top remittance senders in the world, however the Russian case remains a largely unstudied area. This article addresses this gap. The findings show that remittance outflows are still very small compared with GDP and that the Russian economy will continue to need foreign labour. So-called push factors in neighbouring countries will also continue to make the Russian Federation an attractive workplace for foreign workers. The authors encourage the Government of the Russian Federation to take pre-emptive measures for both political and economic reasons, such as offering more investment opportunities for expatriate workers.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42674720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article considers the relationship between migration from Central Asia to the Russian Federation and gender relations. In particular, the paper describes the age-sex composition of the migration flows from three countries of the subregion (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) and discusses the case of Kyrgyzstan with its active female migration. Male migrants are more often employed in construction and are paid more than female migrants, who work mostly in trade and services. However, men and women show almost no difference in complying with migration laws, vulnerability in interactions with the state, relations with employers and apartment owners as well as transnational practices. The article also considers possibilities for family reunification, and gendered differences in inter-ethnic communication. The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants’ sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study.
{"title":"Gender Dimension of Migration from Central Asia to the Russian Federation","authors":"Anna Rocheva, E. Varshaver","doi":"10.18356/E617261D-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/E617261D-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the relationship between migration from Central Asia to the Russian Federation and gender relations. In particular, the paper describes the age-sex composition of the migration flows from three countries of the subregion (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) and discusses the case of Kyrgyzstan with its active female migration. Male migrants are more often employed in construction and are paid more than female migrants, who work mostly in trade and services. However, men and women show almost no difference in complying with migration laws, vulnerability in interactions with the state, relations with employers and apartment owners as well as transnational practices. The article also considers possibilities for family reunification, and gendered differences in inter-ethnic communication. The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants’ sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42471490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remittances in North and Central Asian Countries: Enhancing Development Potential","authors":"A. Prokhorova","doi":"10.18356/26C33C69-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/26C33C69-EN","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48932240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analysis of time use patterns and the role of bargaining power enhance our understanding of household dynamics and factors impacting women’s labour market participation in China. It is a useful tool for policymakers seeking to promote gender equality and improve women’s well-being. Using a sample of 13,505 couples from the 2008 China National Time Use Survey (CTUS), this study examines the relationship between bargaining power and the amount of time allocated to household and care work and market work. It is found that wives spend a longer time working in a day (556 minutes) than husbands (520 minutes). The findings also show that the impact of bargaining power on women’s time in unpaid work is complicated. Husbands with higher bargaining power (as proxied by the education gap between spouses) spend less time on housework and more time on market work. However, the education gap does not influence women’s time spent on household work, while the bargaining power proxied by age gap between spouses does not affect the husband’s household work time. Having young children increases the time spent in housework for both spouses, but the wife’s housework increases considerably more than her husband’s (89.3 minutes vs. 29.8 minutes). The presence of older, retired household members reduces the wife’s housework and increases her market work, indicating their support in domestic chores performed by women.
{"title":"Bargaining power and the household division of labour: Evidence from 2008 China time-use survey","authors":"Shi Fengdan, Pan Xuhua, Caryn Bruyere, M. Floro","doi":"10.18356/BB63671B-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/BB63671B-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of time use patterns and the role of bargaining power enhance our understanding of household dynamics and factors impacting women’s labour market participation in China. It is a useful tool for policymakers seeking to promote gender equality and improve women’s well-being. Using a sample of 13,505 couples from the 2008 China National Time Use Survey (CTUS), this study examines the relationship between bargaining power and the amount of time allocated to household and care work and market work. It is found that wives spend a longer time working in a day (556 minutes) than husbands (520 minutes). The findings also show that the impact of bargaining power on women’s time in unpaid work is complicated. Husbands with higher bargaining power (as proxied by the education gap between spouses) spend less time on housework and more time on market work. However, the education gap does not influence women’s time spent on household work, while the bargaining power proxied by age gap between spouses does not affect the husband’s household work time. Having young children increases the time spent in housework for both spouses, but the wife’s housework increases considerably more than her husband’s (89.3 minutes vs. 29.8 minutes). The presence of older, retired household members reduces the wife’s housework and increases her market work, indicating their support in domestic chores performed by women.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"63-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67748767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the impact of access to basic infrastructure such as water supply and sanitation systems on the unpaid work time of women and men in Mongolia. This is particularly important to address the country’s human development goals, given that only one out of five households has piped-in water and inadequate sanitation remains prevalent especially in rural areas. Using the 2011 National Time Use Survey (TUS) of Mongolia that covers 4,000 households across five geographic regions, the study employs the Tobit model to explore the relationship between household access to basic infrastructure and the amount of time spent on collecting water and household work. The results provide empirical evidence on how lack of adequate infrastructure such as water and sanitation systems can impose a greater unpaid work burden on women and lengthens the time required to perform activities related to household survival and social reproduction. The findings are likely to vary across regions and wealth tertiles.
{"title":"How does public infrastructure (or lack thereof) affect time use in Mongolia","authors":"Mungunsuvd Terbish, M. Floro","doi":"10.18356/EA68EB4C-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/EA68EB4C-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of access to basic infrastructure such as water supply and sanitation systems on the unpaid work time of women and men in Mongolia. This is particularly important to address the country’s human development goals, given that only one out of five households has piped-in water and inadequate sanitation remains prevalent especially in rural areas. Using the 2011 National Time Use Survey (TUS) of Mongolia that covers 4,000 households across five geographic regions, the study employs the Tobit model to explore the relationship between household access to basic infrastructure and the amount of time spent on collecting water and household work. The results provide empirical evidence on how lack of adequate infrastructure such as water and sanitation systems can impose a greater unpaid work burden on women and lengthens the time required to perform activities related to household survival and social reproduction. The findings are likely to vary across regions and wealth tertiles.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"43-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67768665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The findings of this paper show that time-use data can deepen our understanding of human behaviour, such as how women, men and children across socioeconomic strata conduct their daily lives and make choices. Based on a review of existing research it shows that time-use information reveals a much wider range of economic contributions from women, men and children than conventional measures of economic activities, and yields more comprehensive estimates of aggregate production. In addition, household production and caregiving contribute to all aspects of the well-being of household members and yet typically remain unmeasured. Time-use data and analyses uncover the commonly hidden time dimensions of income poverty by exposing the time pressure faced by household members. The effectiveness of various development policies and investments will be a major concern in the coming years as countries and development agencies work towards the 17 SDGs. This review of time-use research shows that any assessment of that effectiveness can be enriched by documenting and analyzing how those policies and programmes lead to shifts in people’s time allocation. Cost-effectiveness measures of programmes and investments are incomplete when they ignore the required time inputs of users. There have been major improvements in conceptualizing, collecting and analyzing time-use information. Many countries are now collecting time-use data, but many more improvements are needed to address the practical difficulties that face developing countries in implementing data collection instruments.
{"title":"The present and future of time-use analysis in developing countries","authors":"M. Floro, E. King","doi":"10.18356/748E616D-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/748E616D-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The findings of this paper show that time-use data can deepen our understanding of human behaviour, such as how women, men and children across socioeconomic strata conduct their daily lives and make choices. Based on a review of existing research it shows that time-use information reveals a much wider range of economic contributions from women, men and children than conventional measures of economic activities, and yields more comprehensive estimates of aggregate production. In addition, household production and caregiving contribute to all aspects of the well-being of household members and yet typically remain unmeasured. Time-use data and analyses uncover the commonly hidden time dimensions of income poverty by exposing the time pressure faced by household members. The effectiveness of various development policies and investments will be a major concern in the coming years as countries and development agencies work towards the 17 SDGs. This review of time-use research shows that any assessment of that effectiveness can be enriched by documenting and analyzing how those policies and programmes lead to shifts in people’s time allocation. Cost-effectiveness measures of programmes and investments are incomplete when they ignore the required time inputs of users. There have been major improvements in conceptualizing, collecting and analyzing time-use information. Many countries are now collecting time-use data, but many more improvements are needed to address the practical difficulties that face developing countries in implementing data collection instruments.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"5-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67714279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phanwin Yokying, Budsara Sangaroon, Tassanee Sushevagul, M. Floro
The multiple responsibilities faced by married women in Thailand have made work-life balance an important issue for policymakers, as long work hours and lack of time for socializing and leisure can lead to a deterioration of health and well-being. Using the merged 2009 Thailand Labour Force Survey and National Time Use Survey data, the paper examines work-life balance situations by analyzing the determinants of unpaid work, market work and leisure time among 12,437 married individuals aged 25 to 60 years old. Rural women cope with tensions between their market work and household tasks by reducing their leisure time. Urban women manage their care responsibilities by reducing their time spent on market work. Although both women and men confront tensions between household and market work and between work and leisure, the tensions are likely to be more intense for women, affecting their participation in the labour market as well as their ability to achieve a healthy work-life balance. Some policy options to address this issue conclude this paper.
{"title":"Work-life balance and time use: Lessons from Thailand","authors":"Phanwin Yokying, Budsara Sangaroon, Tassanee Sushevagul, M. Floro","doi":"10.18356/1A175191-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/1A175191-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The multiple responsibilities faced by married women in Thailand have made work-life balance an important issue for policymakers, as long work hours and lack of time for socializing and leisure can lead to a deterioration of health and well-being. Using the merged 2009 Thailand Labour Force Survey and National Time Use Survey data, the paper examines work-life balance situations by analyzing the determinants of unpaid work, market work and leisure time among 12,437 married individuals aged 25 to 60 years old. Rural women cope with tensions between their market work and household tasks by reducing their leisure time. Urban women manage their care responsibilities by reducing their time spent on market work. Although both women and men confront tensions between household and market work and between work and leisure, the tensions are likely to be more intense for women, affecting their participation in the labour market as well as their ability to achieve a healthy work-life balance. Some policy options to address this issue conclude this paper.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"87-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67678038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2011 Census of Population and Housing of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is the eleventh such census conducted since 1920. The main objective of the present paper is to highlight trends in population growth, fertility, mortality and migration, using the 2011 census. The 2011 census, conducted on 5 April 2011, recorded a total population of 53,158; it collected comprehensive information on the fertility history of women 15 to 54 years of age, which included questions on children ever born and children still living by sex. The fertility history also included the date of birth of the last child born alive. These data have been used to estimate current fertility and to indirectly estimate life expectancy at birth and infant mortality by sex. The current paper provides recommendations on: relevant government policies to improve existing or emerging socioeconomic conditions revealed by the census results; and areas of census planning, field management and data utilization in the Marshall Islands and in the rest of the Pacific countries.
{"title":"Demography of a Small Island Nation: Findings from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing of the Republic of the Marshall Island","authors":"B. Gubhaju, A. Jorari, G. Haberkorn","doi":"10.18356/CDF66074-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/CDF66074-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The 2011 Census of Population and Housing of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is the eleventh such census conducted since 1920. The main objective of the present paper is to highlight trends in population growth, fertility, mortality and migration, using the 2011 census. The 2011 census, conducted on 5 April 2011, recorded a total population of 53,158; it collected comprehensive information on the fertility history of women 15 to 54 years of age, which included questions on children ever born and children still living by sex. The fertility history also included the date of birth of the last child born alive. These data have been used to estimate current fertility and to indirectly estimate life expectancy at birth and infant mortality by sex. The current paper provides recommendations on: relevant government policies to improve existing or emerging socioeconomic conditions revealed by the census results; and areas of census planning, field management and data utilization in the Marshall Islands and in the rest of the Pacific countries.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"21-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67755688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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