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The potential of Ti-6Al-7Nb, and design for manufacturing considerations in mitigating failure of hip implants in service 钛-6Al-7Nb在减轻髋关节植入物在使用中出现故障方面的潜力和制造设计考虑因素
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100136
Kingsley Posiyano , R.V.S. Prasad , Thywill Cephas Dzogbewu , Eyitayo O. Olakanmi , Tshenolo P. Leso , Keagisitswe Setswalo , Amantle T. Sello
The hip prosthesis, used to repair or recreate the diseased or damaged hip joint's articulation functionality, greatly influences the outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Currently, the limited lifespan (10–15 years) of hip prostheses presents a serious challenge stemming from poor materials selection, design, as well as manufacturing techniques and this has been amplified further by the rising human life expectancy. Today's hip prostheses are predominantly made of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which frequently fail owing to wear, modulus mismatch, corrosion, and poor osseointegration. To prolong hip implants’ useful life within the body system, it is crucial to comprehend human hip anatomy and biomechanics, investigate the modes and mechanisms of prosthesis failure, and identify mitigation measures pertaining to materials selection, prosthesis design, and production processes. From this point of view, this article firstly explores the intricate hip joint's structural anatomy in the context of biomechanics principles that influence joint movement and weight bearing. Then, hip implant failure modes and mechanisms are discussed and lastly, the failure mitigation measures are proposed. From this review, Ti-6Al-7Nb known for its excellent corrosion resistance and superior biocompatibility is considered a promising substitute for the mostly used cytotoxic Ti-6Al-4V, functionally graded porosity design mimicking the human bone to enhance mechanical and biomedical properties, more precisely osseointegration and stress shielding, and utilization of the selective laser melting technique capable of fabricating Ti-6Al-7Nb components with intricate shapes and high geometrical accuracy can play a significant role in preventing current hip implant failures.
髋关节假体用于修复或重建病变或受损髋关节的关节功能,对全髋关节置换术(THA)的效果有很大影响。目前,由于材料选择、设计和制造技术不佳,髋关节假体的使用寿命有限(10-15 年),这是一个严峻的挑战。如今的髋关节假体主要由 Ti-6Al-4V 合金制成,经常会因磨损、模量不匹配、腐蚀和骨结合不良而失效。为了延长髋关节假体在人体系统中的使用寿命,了解人体髋关节解剖和生物力学、研究假体失效的模式和机制以及确定与材料选择、假体设计和生产工艺有关的缓解措施至关重要。从这个角度出发,本文首先结合影响关节运动和负重的生物力学原理,探讨了复杂的髋关节结构解剖。然后,讨论了髋关节植入物的失效模式和机制,最后提出了失效缓解措施。综上所述,Ti-6Al-7Nb 以其卓越的耐腐蚀性和良好的生物相容性而闻名,被认为是一种很有前途的替代品,可替代目前使用最多的具有细胞毒性的 Ti-6Al-4V;模仿人体骨骼的功能分级孔隙设计可增强机械和生物医学特性,更精确地实现骨结合和应力屏蔽;利用选择性激光熔化技术可制造出具有复杂形状和高几何精度的 Ti-6Al-7Nb 部件,在防止目前的髋关节植入物失效方面可发挥重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the tunable micro-/macro-structure enabled by alginate-gelatin bioinks for tissue engineering 探索用于组织工程的藻酸盐-明胶生物墨水所带来的可调微/宏观结构
Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100135
Lucas Lemarié , Jérôme Sohier , Edwin-Joffrey Courtial
This study explores the development of optimized alginate-gelatin (AG) bioinks for advanced 3D bioprinting applications, particularly in tissue engineering. Central to our investigation is the establishment of a method for producing AG bioinks with highly tunable viscoelastic properties and the ability to create both macro- and micro-porous scaffolds through a liquid-liquid emulsion technique applied to chemically crosslinked hydrogels and shaped by microextrusion. Our methodology encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of homogenization, pasteurization techniques, and rheological assessments to optimize the mechanical properties of AG hydrogels, ensuring their suitability for bioprinting.
The study demonstrates that dynamic homogenization and conventional pasteurization methods yield superior dissolution and sterility of the bioinks, crucial for maintaining optical quality and biological compatibility. Crosslinking optimization significantly enhanced the elasticity and reduced post-crosslinking shrinkage of the hydrogels, a key factor in achieving desired cell viability and function within the engineered tissues. The incorporation of porosity through a controlled liquid-liquid emulsion process was found to enhance cellular interactions and integration within the bioprinted constructs.
Our findings confirm that the rheological properties of bioinks play a crucial role in determining bioprintability, with temperature modulation emerging as a key tool for tailoring these characteristics. The biocompatibility and functional performance of the AG hydrogels were validated through in vitro experiments, demonstrating promising cell viability and proliferation. This research lays the groundwork for the development of advanced bioinks capable of supporting complex tissue architectures in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. By marrying the versatility of alginate and gelatin with innovative fabrication techniques, our study advances the frontier of 3D bioprinting, paving the way for the creation of biomimetic tissues with enhanced physiological relevance and therapeutic potential.
本研究探索开发优化的藻酸盐-明胶(AG)生物墨水,用于先进的三维生物打印应用,特别是组织工程。我们研究的核心是建立一种生产 AG 生物墨水的方法,这种生物墨水具有高度可调的粘弹性能,并能通过应用于化学交联水凝胶的液-液乳化技术和微挤压成型技术创建大孔和微孔支架。我们的方法包括对均质化、巴氏杀菌技术和流变学评估的全面评估,以优化 AG 水凝胶的机械性能,确保其适用于生物打印。研究表明,动态均质化和传统巴氏杀菌方法可使生物沉淀物获得优异的溶解性和无菌性,这对保持光学质量和生物兼容性至关重要。交联优化大大增强了水凝胶的弹性,减少了交联后的收缩,这是在工程组织中实现所需的细胞活力和功能的关键因素。我们的研究结果证实,生物水凝胶的流变特性在决定生物打印性方面起着至关重要的作用,而温度调节则是定制这些特性的关键工具。AG 水凝胶的生物相容性和功能性能通过体外实验得到了验证,显示出良好的细胞活力和增殖能力。这项研究为开发能够支持再生医学和组织工程中复杂组织结构的先进生物墨水奠定了基础。通过将海藻酸盐和明胶的多功能性与创新制造技术相结合,我们的研究推动了三维生物打印技术的发展,为创造具有更强生理相关性和治疗潜力的仿生组织铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Acoustic airway clearance devices: A systematic review of experimental and numerical studies 声波气道清除装置:实验和数值研究的系统回顾
Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100134
Arife Uzundurukan , Sébastien Poncet , Daria Camilla Boffito , Philippe Micheau
The global respiratory care devices market, including acoustic airway clearance devices (ACDs), is expected to experience a compound annual growth rate of 6.10 % from 2023 to 2030. However, there are a number of inconsistencies in the categorization and working frequency range from one discipline to another one. A better understanding of the mechanisms of action of these devices is therefore of prime importance in order for physicians, physiotherapists, scientists, and engineers to remain abreast of up-to-date studies in the field and specifically on the frequency range used. In the present review, we have categorized acoustic ACDs according to their working principles while reviewing their existing shortcomings in both experimental and numerical studies, thereby paving the way for future research directions. A total of 14 different ACDs are discussed, taking into account their working principle and frequency range, and classified as follows: mechano-acoustic devices, high-frequency chest wall compression (HFCWC), and high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) for high-frequency chest compression (HFCC) and oral high-frequency oscillation (OHFO). Existing studies highlight that ACDs with HFCWC distinguish themselves from other devices by supplying compression in a homogeneous manner, allowing the delivery of both efficient and gentle therapy up to approximately 40 Hz. Notwithstanding, a stark difference in the working frequency range across the various devices was found and identified as a literature gap. Given that this difference arises from both experimental and numerical studies between the various disciplines, the studies are further classified according to their respective objectives, methodology and outputs to help readers quickly and straightforwardly locate the articles of interest for potential future investigations. The review also brings to light the interdisciplinary nature of ACDs, whereby numerical biomedical studies can actively assist experimental studies in terms of reproducibility and reliability, creating a digital twin of the human chest and its respective components.
预计从 2023 年到 2030 年,全球呼吸护理设备市场(包括声学气道通畅设备 (ACD))的复合年增长率将达到 6.10%。然而,各学科在分类和工作频率范围上存在一些不一致。因此,更好地了解这些设备的作用机制对于医生、物理治疗师、科学家和工程师掌握该领域的最新研究成果,特别是所使用的频率范围至关重要。在本综述中,我们根据声学 ACD 的工作原理对其进行了分类,同时回顾了其在实验和数值研究中存在的不足,从而为未来的研究方向铺平了道路。考虑到其工作原理和频率范围,共讨论了 14 种不同的 ACD,并将其分类如下:机械声学设备、高频胸壁压缩(HFCWC)和高频胸壁振荡(HFCWO),用于高频胸壁压缩(HFCC)和口腔高频振荡(OHFO)。现有研究强调,带有 HFCWC 的 ACD 有别于其他设备,因为它能以均匀的方式提供压力,在高达约 40 Hz 的频率下提供高效而温和的治疗。尽管如此,我们发现各种设备的工作频率范围存在明显差异,并将其确定为文献空白。鉴于这种差异来自于不同学科之间的实验和数值研究,我们根据各自的目标、方法和结果对这些研究进行了进一步分类,以帮助读者快速、直接地找到感兴趣的文章,进行潜在的未来调查。本综述还揭示了 ACD 的跨学科性质,即数字生物医学研究可在可重复性和可靠性方面积极协助实验研究,从而创建人体胸部及其各组成部分的数字孪生模型。
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引用次数: 0
Intelligent ultrasonic aspirator: Advancing tissue differentiation through hierarchical classification during hand-held resection 智能超声波吸引器:在手持切除过程中通过分级分类促进组织分化
Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100133
Niclas Erben , Daniel Schetelig , Jan Buggisch , Matteo Mario Bonsanto , Steffen Buschschlüter , Floris Ernst

Modern neurosurgery strives to maximize tumor removal while preserving healthy tissue integrity. Accurate intraoperative differentiation between tumor and healthy tissue is crucial yet challenging. Often neurosurgeons rely on their experience and haptic feedback during palpation to distinguish between tumor and healthy tissue. A commonly used hand-held tool for tissue removal during neurosurgery is the ultrasonic aspirator, which changes its electrical properties as it interacts with tissue. The goal is to equip the ultrasonic aspirator with the ability to differentiate between different types of tissue while at the same time not interfering with the surgical workflow and providing comprehensible outcomes. To this end, a hierarchical classification approach is employed as a proof of concept, enabling precise identification of tissue stiffness during resection.

The hierarchical approach is compared with the standard flat classification, commonly used in machine learning. Within the hierarchical approach, two strategies are employed: mandatory leaf-node predictions (MLNP) and non-mandatory leaf-node predictions (NMLNP). The NMLNP allows prediction to revert to a parent node when certainty is low. Data are acquired on three artificial tissue models – differing in stiffness – with an ultrasonic aspirator in a hand-held manner. The dataset comprises 1,821 data points for training and 186 for testing after balancing.

The results indicate a slight performance advantage for the hierarchical classification MLNP approach over the flat classification approach in the absence of confidence thresholds, with weighted F2-scores of 0.781 and 0.762, respectively. However, the application of confidence thresholds results in both approaches exhibiting comparable performance, with the hierarchical NMLNP approach achieving a weighted F1-score of 0.920, thereby demonstrating superior overall performance. The effects of enforcing these thresholds and excluding data with low certainty are thoroughly investigated. This work emphasizes the feasibility of tissue differentiation using a hand-held ultrasound aspirator while resecting tissue. Moreover, it highlights the capability of hierarchical classification in advancing tissue differentiation accuracy during neurosurgical procedures, which could ultimately aid surgeons and enhance the safety of intraoperative workflows.

现代神经外科力求最大限度地切除肿瘤,同时保留健康组织的完整性。术中准确区分肿瘤和健康组织至关重要,但也极具挑战性。神经外科医生通常依靠经验和触诊时的触觉反馈来区分肿瘤和健康组织。神经外科手术中常用的手持式组织切除工具是超声波吸引器,它在与组织相互作用时会改变其电气特性。我们的目标是使超声波吸引器具备区分不同类型组织的能力,同时不干扰手术工作流程并提供可理解的结果。为此,我们采用了分层分类方法作为概念验证,以便在切除过程中精确识别组织硬度。在分层方法中,采用了两种策略:强制性叶节点预测(MLNP)和非强制性叶节点预测(NMLNP)。NMLNP 允许在确定性较低时将预测返回到父节点。数据是通过手持式超声波抽吸器在三种不同硬度的人工组织模型上采集的。结果表明,在没有置信度阈值的情况下,分层分类 MLNP 方法的性能略优于平面分类方法,加权 F2 分数分别为 0.781 和 0.762。然而,应用置信度阈值后,两种方法的性能相当,分层 NMLNP 方法的加权 F1 分数达到 0.920,从而显示出更优越的整体性能。对强制执行这些阈值和排除低确定性数据的效果进行了深入研究。这项工作强调了在切除组织时使用手持式超声吸引器进行组织分化的可行性。此外,它还强调了分级分类在神经外科手术过程中提高组织分化准确性的能力,最终可帮助外科医生提高术中工作流程的安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Advancements in the application of biomaterials in neural tissue engineering: A review 生物材料在神经组织工程中的应用进展:综述
Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100132
Iyad A Hammam, Ryan Winters, Zhongkui Hong

Tissue engineering approaches have revolutionized the treatment of neural nerve injuries caused by disruption to axonal route or tract. Neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and peripheral nerve injury (PNI) change the intricate architecture, resulting in growth inhibition and loss of guidance over long distances. Neural tissue engineering aims to overcome limitations of cell-based therapeutics. Efforts are being made to create an optimal scaffold using natural, synthetic, and conductive polymers that match the biological, mechanical, and electrical properties of the native neural tissue. Combining biomaterials, cells, and biochemicals promotes axonal regrowth, facilitating functional recovery from neural nerve disorders. This review focuses on the recent advancements in neural tissue engineering technologies and their applications.

组织工程方法彻底改变了因轴突路径或神经束中断而导致的神经损伤的治疗方法。神经退行性疾病、创伤性脑损伤(TBI)、脊髓损伤(SCI)和周围神经损伤(PNI)改变了错综复杂的结构,导致生长受抑制和失去远距离引导。神经组织工程旨在克服细胞疗法的局限性。目前正在努力使用天然、合成和导电聚合物创建最佳支架,使其符合原生神经组织的生物、机械和电气特性。将生物材料、细胞和生化物质结合在一起可促进轴突再生,从而促进神经失调的功能恢复。本综述重点介绍神经组织工程技术的最新进展及其应用。
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引用次数: 0
The possibility of using laser surface engineered titanium alloy implants as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases 利用激光表面工程钛合金植入物治疗心血管疾病的可能性
Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100131
Andries MTHISI, Abimbola Patricia Idowu POPOOLA, Lehlogonolo Rudolf KANYANE, Sadiq Abiola RAJI, Nicholus MALATJI

Cardiovascular disorders primarily harm and shorten the lives of countless individuals worldwide. Even while surgical heart transplants and other medical procedures can help people with cardiovascular disease live longer, finding the right donor and the expense of therapy are obstacles that force patients to look for less intrusive and less expensive therapies. The use of synthetic biomaterials, such as titanium-based implants, offers an alternate path with the potential to heal and regenerate the heart. However, in most biomedical cases titanium-based implants are accompanied by surface related limitations which deter them from fulfilling their potential. Over the years, surface related shortfalls are usually addressed by fabrication of coatings exhibiting better properties using different sorts of surface modification techniques. These techniques include physical vapor depositions, plasma spraying, sol-gel and laser cladding etc. However, the exploration of employing lasers to alter the surface of cardiac based implants remains a subject that needs further research. In this work, the developments of functional coatings exhibiting good corrosion resistance and better biocompatibility are reviewed with the aim to deduce the possibility of applying such coatings on titanium based cardiovascular implants thereby alleviating burdens of this disease.

心血管疾病主要伤害和缩短了全世界无数人的生命。尽管心脏移植手术和其他医疗程序可以帮助心血管疾病患者延长寿命,但寻找合适的供体和治疗费用是迫使患者寻找侵入性较小和费用较低的疗法的障碍。合成生物材料(如钛基植入物)的使用提供了另一条可能治愈和再生心脏的途径。然而,在大多数生物医学案例中,钛基植入物都存在与表面相关的局限性,使其无法发挥潜力。多年来,与表面相关的不足通常是通过使用不同的表面改性技术制造具有更好性能的涂层来解决的。这些技术包括物理气相沉积、等离子喷涂、溶胶-凝胶和激光熔覆等。然而,利用激光改变心脏植入物表面的探索仍是一个需要进一步研究的课题。本研究综述了具有良好耐腐蚀性和生物相容性的功能涂层的发展情况,旨在推断在钛基心血管植入物上应用此类涂层的可能性,从而减轻这种疾病的负担。
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引用次数: 0
Leaflet stresses during crimping simulations of a CoreValve Evolut Pro model using a compression loading system 使用压缩加载系统模拟 CoreValve Evolut Pro 模型卷曲过程中的瓣叶应力
Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100130
Oguz C. Eren , Neil W. Bressloff

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is experiencing continued growth as an option for the treatment of aortic stenosis. With larger numbers of procedures being performed on lower risk and younger patients, there is increased scrutiny on valve durability. Leaflet stresses and potential damage have a significant role to play in this regard. Predictions of leaflet stresses have so far focused on either fluid-structure interaction simulations of blood flow through the prosthesis or, crimping simulations using a cylindrical surface. However, in reality, when a compression loading system (CLS) is used in the crimping of self-expanding valves, this could result in different stresses in the valve leaflets relative to those that might occur in crimping with a cylindrical surface.

Method: A full model of a CoreValve Evolut Pro (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) device was developed, comprising the frame, skirt and leaflets along with a representative model for the CLS as used in clinical practice. The full device was crimped to a final diameter of 18 Fr using the CLS model and the distribution and intensity of leaflet stresses was assessed. A similar assessment of leaflet stresses was also performed for crimping using radial displacement of a cylindrical surface. Comparison of the predicted leaflet stresses between the two models was undertaken, alongside a comparison of the stresses produced when dynamically loading the leaflets after deployment of the valve.

Results: Both the CLS and cylinder crimping methods produced higher average and peak stresses on the leaflets compared to those produced during leaflet loading. The peak von Mises stresses for CLS crimping, cylinder crimping, and leaflet loading were 3.42 MPa, 3.92 MPa, and 1.77 MPa respectively. The leaflet folding pattern between the CLS crimping and cylinder crimping methods were different, resulting in different high stress locations on the leaflets. However, the average stress magnitude at the final crimped stage between the two crimping methods were similar.

Conclusions: High fidelity simulations of crimping and expansion of a complete CoreValve Evolut Pro model using a compression loading system model have been performed, wherein the results showed that peak leaflet stresses in the crimped valve were approximately twice as high as the maximum leaflet stresses under dynamic loading. This finding has significant implications for device durability due to the high stresses and possible damage they might inflict on the leaflets. It was also found that crimping using a compression loading system versus a simpler cylindrical surface produced different folding patterns and stress distributions. However, for future studies that are not concerned with accurately capturing the leaflet folding patterns and stresses throughout the crimping process, crimping via a cylindrical surface can be used inst

背景:作为治疗主动脉瓣狭窄的一种选择,经导管主动脉瓣植入术正在经历持续增长。随着越来越多的低风险和年轻患者接受手术,对瓣膜耐久性的审查也越来越严格。瓣叶应力和潜在损伤在这方面起着重要作用。迄今为止,对瓣叶应力的预测主要集中在对流经假体的血流进行流体-结构相互作用模拟,或使用圆柱表面进行卷曲模拟。然而,在现实中,当压缩加载系统(CLS)用于自扩张瓣膜的卷曲时,可能会导致瓣叶应力不同于圆柱表面卷曲时的应力:开发了 CoreValve Evolut Pro(美敦力,美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市)装置的完整模型,包括框架、裙边和瓣叶,以及临床实践中使用的 CLS 代表模型。使用 CLS 模型将整个装置卷曲到 18 Fr 的最终直径,并评估瓣叶应力的分布和强度。在使用圆柱表面径向位移进行卷曲时,也对瓣叶应力进行了类似的评估。对两种模型预测的瓣叶应力进行了比较,同时还对瓣膜展开后对瓣叶进行动态加载时产生的应力进行了比较:与瓣叶加载时产生的应力相比,CLS 和气缸压接法产生的瓣叶平均应力和峰值应力都更高。CLS 卷边、气缸卷边和瓣叶加载的峰值 von Mises 应力分别为 3.42 兆帕、3.92 兆帕和 1.77 兆帕。CLS 压边法和圆柱压边法的小叶折叠模式不同,导致小叶上的高应力位置也不同。然而,两种卷边方法在最后卷边阶段的平均应力大小相似:使用压缩加载系统模型对完整的 CoreValve Evolut Pro 模型的卷曲和扩张进行了高保真模拟,结果显示卷曲瓣膜的瓣叶应力峰值大约是动态加载下最大瓣叶应力的两倍。由于高应力及其可能对瓣叶造成的损坏,这一发现对设备的耐用性有重大影响。研究还发现,使用压缩加载系统卷曲与使用简单的圆柱表面卷曲会产生不同的折叠模式和应力分布。不过,在未来的研究中,如果不需要准确捕捉整个卷曲过程中的小叶折叠模式和应力,则可以使用圆柱面卷曲,而不是模拟完整的 CLS 模型。
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引用次数: 0
The advantages of microneedle patches compared to conventional needle-based drug delivery and biopsy devices in medicine 微针贴片与传统针式给药和活检设备相比在医学上的优势
Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100127
Alissa Reinke , Eliza J Whiteside , Louisa Windus , Devang Desai , Emma Stehr , Zahra Faraji Rad

Microneedle (MN) patches are composed of micron-sized needles organised in arrays and attached to the backing of a patch. The most common type is the transdermal patch, designed to uniformly penetrate the stratum corneum to reach the dermis of the skin. Recent advances in 3D printing technology have allowed the development of reproducible, efficient methods to create microneedles on a large scale, which had previously been a factor in the limited clinical uptake. In comparison to conventional drug delivery methods, MN patches have been shown to significantly reduce pain and scar generation while maintaining effective and reliable delivery of vaccines, immunotherapies, and slow-release drug therapies. The MN design has also been investigated as an alternative to conventional tissue biopsy, with positive results. Synchronous delivery of medications while monitoring biomarkers in dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) is also a promising clinical development with wide-reaching benefits. MNs are diverse in design and material composition, and with developments in fabrication technology, transdermal drug delivery has been applied to many clinical fields, including chronic illnesses such as arthritis or diabetes, cancer, immunotherapies, epidemic disease prevention and ocular treatments. While the majority of MN patch applications are still in the pre-clinical testing phase in animal models, further translation of this technology to the clinic could aid in medication and vaccine compliance, improve treatment access in rural and remote communities, improve targeted therapy applications and provide financial cost savings to the public health sector. This review evaluates the designs and applications of current transdermal MN patches for drug delivery, biomarker monitoring and diagnostic biopsies compared to conventional needle-based methods.

微针(MN)贴片是由微米大小的针组成的阵列,并附在贴片的背面。最常见的类型是透皮贴片,旨在均匀地穿透角质层到达皮肤真皮层。三维打印技术的最新进展使得可重复、高效地大规模制造微针的方法得以发展,而这曾是临床应用有限的一个因素。与传统给药方法相比,微针贴片已被证明能显著减少疼痛和疤痕的产生,同时保持疫苗、免疫疗法和缓释药物疗法的有效可靠给药。MN 设计还被研究用于替代传统的组织活检,并取得了积极的成果。在监测真皮层间液(ISF)中生物标志物的同时同步给药也是一项前景广阔的临床开发,具有广泛的益处。MN 的设计和材料成分多种多样,随着制造技术的发展,透皮给药已应用于许多临床领域,包括关节炎或糖尿病等慢性疾病、癌症、免疫疗法、流行病预防和眼部治疗。虽然大多数 MN 贴片的应用仍处于动物模型的临床前测试阶段,但将这种技术进一步转化到临床中,可以帮助人们遵守用药和接种疫苗的规定,改善农村和偏远社区的治疗条件,改进靶向治疗的应用,并为公共卫生部门节约成本。本综述评估了目前用于给药、生物标记物监测和诊断性活检的透皮 MN 贴片的设计和应用,并与传统的针式方法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of upper extremity kinematics using Markerless motion capture 利用无标记运动捕捉验证上肢运动学
Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100128
Robyn M. Hansen, Sara L. Arena, Robin M. Queen

Movement research has typically been performed using three-dimensional (3D) marker-based motion capture, which is considered the “gold-standard” for biomechanical assessment. However, limitations exist due to the lack of portability, extensive preparation for data collection, marker placement training, error due to marker movement, and possible skin irritation due to marker adhesives. There is inherent error due to motion artifact stemming from skin movement and differences in marker placement between testers. Markerless motion capture systems are emerging as a new method of kinematic assessment. These methods require little preparation and there is no need to alter participant clothing. Markerless motion capture has also been validated for the lower extremity in healthy older adults during gait. However, it has not been validated for other populations or for the assessment of upper extremity (UE) motion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine differences in calculated UE kinematics between marker-based and a markerless motion capture system. Participants attended two data collection sessions. Marker-based and markerless motion capture data was collected simultaneously while participants completed the Box and Blocks test (BBT). Kinematic and spatiotemporal data from both systems was exported using identical time series to ensure the same conditions for comparisons. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine between session reliability for both systems on range of motion and peak joint angular data to ensure movement variability was not affecting measurement consistency. ICCs and Bland Altman statistics were also calculated between the systems. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) values were determined between demeaned UE joint angles for the two systems to examine movement pattern differences. The resulting between-session ICCs for each system showed that the markerless system shared similar reliability during this task as the marker-based system, further supporting the effect of variability on between-session reliability. Between-system ICCs resulted in good (0.7<ICC<0.9) to excellent (ICC>0.9) agreement. Bland Altman results confirmed the existence of measurement bias between the systems. RMSD values for all UE joint angles were found to be less than 6°. Overall, the results from this study support the use of markerless motion capture in clinical settings to examine upper extremity biomechanics in children.

运动研究通常使用基于三维(3D)标记的运动捕捉来进行,这被认为是生物力学评估的 "黄金标准"。然而,由于缺乏便携性、数据采集前的大量准备工作、标记放置训练、标记移动造成的误差以及标记粘合剂可能对皮肤造成的刺激等原因,这种方法存在局限性。由于皮肤运动造成的运动伪影和测试者之间标记位置的差异,会产生固有误差。无标记运动捕捉系统正在成为一种新的运动学评估方法。这些方法几乎不需要准备工作,也不需要改变参与者的服装。无标记运动捕捉也已在健康老年人的下肢步态中得到验证。然而,该方法尚未在其他人群或上肢(UE)运动评估中得到验证。因此,本研究的目的是考察基于标记和无标记运动捕捉系统计算出的上肢运动学数据之间的差异。参与者参加了两个数据采集环节。基于标记和无标记的运动捕捉数据是在受试者完成 "方块测试"(BBT)时同时采集的。两个系统的运动学和时空数据均使用相同的时间序列导出,以确保在相同条件下进行比较。通过计算类内相关系数(ICC)来确定两套系统在运动范围和关节角度峰值数据上的疗程间可靠性,以确保运动变异性不会影响测量的一致性。还计算了两个系统之间的 ICC 和 Bland Altman 统计量。两个系统的去均方根偏差 (RMSD) 值被确定在去均方根 UE 关节角度之间,以检查运动模式的差异。结果显示,无标记系统与有标记系统在这项任务中的可靠性相似,这进一步证明了变异性对不同系统间可靠性的影响。系统间 ICC 的一致性从良好(0.7<ICC<0.9)到优秀(ICC>0.9)不等。Bland Altman 结果证实了系统间存在测量偏差。所有 UE 关节角度的 RMSD 值均小于 6°。总之,这项研究的结果支持在临床环境中使用无标记运动捕捉来检查儿童上肢生物力学。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling the intricacies of protein-protein interactions and membrane fouling: Exploring hetero-protein complex formation in binary mixtures 揭开蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用和膜堵塞的神秘面纱:探索二元混合物中异种蛋白复合物的形成
Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100129
Majak Mapiour , Amira Abdelrasoul

In practical applications, protein fouling studies often face limitations due to their reliance on single-protein feed experiments. It is crucial to acknowledge that interprotein interactions can significantly differ from intraprotein interactions, leading to variations in adsorption and membrane fouling behaviors. In this review, we delve into the dynamics of adsorption and membrane fouling, with a specific focus on single and binary solutions of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Lysozyme (LYZ) at or near physiological pH. These two proteins differ in terms of size, charge, and conformational stability, allowing for comparisons between small and large proteins, positively and negatively charged proteins, as well as rigid and flexible proteins. To gain further insights, we compare the findings from LYZ in single and binary solutions with those of alpha lactalbumin (α-LA), which, despite having opposite charges, shares a similar size with LYZ. The formation of BSA-LYZ heteroprotein complexes may introduce unique fouling trends in binary solutions compared to single solutions. This interplay can either enhance, reduce, or leave fouling unaffected. While studies employing the Extended DLVO (Derjaguin, Landau, Vervey, and Overbeek) theory to predict fouling in protein mixtures are limited, preliminary investigations using DLVO show promise. This approach has the potential to extend to binary and multi-protein feeds, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of fouling behavior in complex protein solutions. Considering that BSA is often used as a surrogate for Human Serum Albumin (HSA), the findings of this endeavor hold particular significance. HSA ranks the most abundant plasma proteins and, therefore, represents a crucial subject in numerous protein-related studies.

在实际应用中,蛋白质污垢研究往往由于依赖单一蛋白质进料实验而面临限制。必须承认,蛋白质之间的相互作用可能与蛋白质内部的相互作用有很大不同,从而导致吸附和膜堵塞行为的变化。在这篇综述中,我们将深入研究吸附和膜堵塞的动态,特别关注生理 pH 值或接近生理 pH 值的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和溶菌酶(LYZ)的单一和二元溶液。这两种蛋白质在大小、电荷和构象稳定性方面存在差异,因此可以对小蛋白和大蛋白、带正电和负电的蛋白以及刚性蛋白和柔性蛋白进行比较。为了获得更深入的见解,我们将 LYZ 在单溶液和二元溶液中的发现与α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)的发现进行了比较,后者尽管电荷相反,但大小与 LYZ 相似。与单一溶液相比,BSA-LYZ 杂蛋白复合物的形成可能会在二元溶液中产生独特的堵塞趋势。这种相互作用可以增强、减少或使污垢不受影响。虽然采用扩展 DLVO(Derjaguin、Landau、Vervey 和 Overbeek)理论来预测蛋白质混合物污垢的研究还很有限,但使用 DLVO 进行的初步研究显示了前景。这种方法有可能扩展到二元和多元蛋白质进料,为了解复杂蛋白质溶液中的污垢行为动态提供宝贵的见解。考虑到 BSA 经常被用作人血清白蛋白 (HSA) 的替代物,这项研究的发现具有特别重要的意义。HSA 是血浆中含量最高的蛋白质,因此是众多蛋白质相关研究中的重要课题。
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引用次数: 0
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Biomedical engineering advances
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