Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71385
M. Kastner, E. Entin, D. Castañón, D. Serfaty, J. Deckert
A model of human decision-making in distributed detection problems is developed and described. The model, called TOSCA, involves a team of two decision-makers (DMs), a primary DM and a consultant, whose goal is to solve a sequential binary hypothesis-testing problem. The model is based on the work of J.D. Papastavrou and M. Athans (1986), which modeled the primary DM and the consultant as members of a team with a common goal. TOSCA extends their work by including other features involved in distributed detection and team decision-making. TOSCA extends the model of Papastavrou and Athans by not only developing a normative mathematical formulation with these features, but also designing and running an experimental paradigm with human subjects to generate descriptive data. After analyzing how humans deviated from predicted normative behavior, the parameters in the normative model were adjusted to reflect human statistical misperception, resulting in a normative-descriptive model.<>
{"title":"A normative-descriptive study of team detection with communication alternatives","authors":"M. Kastner, E. Entin, D. Castañón, D. Serfaty, J. Deckert","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71385","url":null,"abstract":"A model of human decision-making in distributed detection problems is developed and described. The model, called TOSCA, involves a team of two decision-makers (DMs), a primary DM and a consultant, whose goal is to solve a sequential binary hypothesis-testing problem. The model is based on the work of J.D. Papastavrou and M. Athans (1986), which modeled the primary DM and the consultant as members of a team with a common goal. TOSCA extends their work by including other features involved in distributed detection and team decision-making. TOSCA extends the model of Papastavrou and Athans by not only developing a normative mathematical formulation with these features, but also designing and running an experimental paradigm with human subjects to generate descriptive data. After analyzing how humans deviated from predicted normative behavior, the parameters in the normative model were adjusted to reflect human statistical misperception, resulting in a normative-descriptive model.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"44 1","pages":"699-705 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75588319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71502
David Drascic, P. Milgram, J. Grodski
An investigation has been carried out on the effects of skill acquisition of the type of closed circuit video system being used in a teleoperation system. Two experiments were performed, using a mobile explosive ordnance disposal robot equipped with a switchable monoscopic/stereoscopic video system. One experiment comprised a simple, repetitive approach-and-touch task. The other involved a Fitts' law type of speed/accuracy tradeoff task. In both experiments, subjects' learning data were recorded. The results are discussed in terms of relative performance of stereoscopic versus monoscopic viewing, as a function of repetition number and of task difficulty. An important result is that for highly repetitive tasks it is less demanding to perform the task using a stereoscopic display than using a monoscopic display at all levels of experience.<>
{"title":"Learning effects in telemanipulation with monoscopic versus stereoscopic remote viewing","authors":"David Drascic, P. Milgram, J. Grodski","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71502","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation has been carried out on the effects of skill acquisition of the type of closed circuit video system being used in a teleoperation system. Two experiments were performed, using a mobile explosive ordnance disposal robot equipped with a switchable monoscopic/stereoscopic video system. One experiment comprised a simple, repetitive approach-and-touch task. The other involved a Fitts' law type of speed/accuracy tradeoff task. In both experiments, subjects' learning data were recorded. The results are discussed in terms of relative performance of stereoscopic versus monoscopic viewing, as a function of repetition number and of task difficulty. An important result is that for highly repetitive tasks it is less demanding to perform the task using a stereoscopic display than using a monoscopic display at all levels of experience.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1244-1249 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74062421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71359
M. Chantler, D. Lane, A. McFadzean
A knowledge-based architecture currently being implemented is reported, that addresses the problems of responsive and time-constrained reasoning within an autonomous vehicle. The architecture is implemented on a multiprocessor system and uses task scheduling to achieve minimum response times to external stimuli. Time-constrained reasoning is achieved by reasoning at different abstraction levels within the multiprocessor architecture, thereby trading off solution quality against solution time.<>
{"title":"Responsive and time-constrained reasoning in autonomous vehicles","authors":"M. Chantler, D. Lane, A. McFadzean","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71359","url":null,"abstract":"A knowledge-based architecture currently being implemented is reported, that addresses the problems of responsive and time-constrained reasoning within an autonomous vehicle. The architecture is implemented on a multiprocessor system and uses task scheduling to achieve minimum response times to external stimuli. Time-constrained reasoning is achieved by reasoning at different abstraction levels within the multiprocessor architecture, thereby trading off solution quality against solution time.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"1 1","pages":"566-567 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78608125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71495
M. Chignell, P. Hancock
It is argued that the information processing model represents an incomplete foundation for a human-factors account of cognitive tasks. The authors propose the inclusion of purposive and proactive accounts that are more consistent with the requirements for explaining goal-oriented reasoning and behavior. They review a number of related approaches and sketch out the beginnings of a theoretical foundation for human factors in the form of assumptions that bound human behavior. The initial focus is on basic assumptions governing the availability and use of cognitive resources, but the assumptions suggested elsewhere (e.g. the model human processor approach) are also utilized.<>
{"title":"The operator as a purposive system: a new approach to human factors","authors":"M. Chignell, P. Hancock","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71495","url":null,"abstract":"It is argued that the information processing model represents an incomplete foundation for a human-factors account of cognitive tasks. The authors propose the inclusion of purposive and proactive accounts that are more consistent with the requirements for explaining goal-oriented reasoning and behavior. They review a number of related approaches and sketch out the beginnings of a theoretical foundation for human factors in the form of assumptions that bound human behavior. The initial focus is on basic assumptions governing the availability and use of cognitive resources, but the assumptions suggested elsewhere (e.g. the model human processor approach) are also utilized.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"147 1","pages":"1210-1215 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78745865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71379
M. Oguztoreli
Neural computations reported earlier by the author and coworkers (1988) are extended to more complex visual phenomena by introducing anisotropic receptive fields and using three-dimensional graphs, contour plots, and gray-scale plots. Evolutions of neural activities in image processing in the visual system are simulated. Activity is achieved in 25 ms. It is felt that the visual system operates as a nonlinear 2-D spatio-temporal finite-extent impulse response filter.<>
{"title":"Neural computations in some visual processes","authors":"M. Oguztoreli","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71379","url":null,"abstract":"Neural computations reported earlier by the author and coworkers (1988) are extended to more complex visual phenomena by introducing anisotropic receptive fields and using three-dimensional graphs, contour plots, and gray-scale plots. Evolutions of neural activities in image processing in the visual system are simulated. Activity is achieved in 25 ms. It is felt that the visual system operates as a nonlinear 2-D spatio-temporal finite-extent impulse response filter.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"24 1","pages":"664-670 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72655810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71421
J. H. Lind
Implementation of fully adaptive aiding systems is difficult and expensive, requiring the programming of many variables. Two techniques are proposed for simplifying adaptive aid development by severely limiting the levels and kinds of assistance provided. These simplifying strategies are termed operator tailoring and mission-phase tailoring. Each of these techniques has been used at the US Naval Weapons Center to design a different military system, each of which might be termed a semi-adaptive aiding computer program. The two strategies rely on partitioning the levels and kinds of aiding into a few discrete states, rather than providing a continuum of assistance for all possible conditions. The development approach and advantages, disadvantages, and status of the two techniques and the resulting systems are discussed.<>
{"title":"Adaptive aiding: crawling before we walk","authors":"J. H. Lind","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71421","url":null,"abstract":"Implementation of fully adaptive aiding systems is difficult and expensive, requiring the programming of many variables. Two techniques are proposed for simplifying adaptive aid development by severely limiting the levels and kinds of assistance provided. These simplifying strategies are termed operator tailoring and mission-phase tailoring. Each of these techniques has been used at the US Naval Weapons Center to design a different military system, each of which might be termed a semi-adaptive aiding computer program. The two strategies rely on partitioning the levels and kinds of aiding into a few discrete states, rather than providing a continuum of assistance for all possible conditions. The development approach and advantages, disadvantages, and status of the two techniques and the resulting systems are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"21 1","pages":"881-885 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74934476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71388
W. Johnson, A. Phatak
Determinants of performance in a simulated hover task are examined. This task uses an extremely simplified vehicle model with only three degrees of freedom: longitudinal (fore/aft), lateral (left/right), and vertical (up/down). No rotational motions are simulated. Only one control manipulation is allowed, namely control of vertical craft velocity. The task uses a fixed base simulator with three adjacent windows each spanning a 40 degrees visual field. Subjects view computer-generated scenes of either (1) a randomly textured and colored background plane 2000 ft below; (2) a regularly patterned see-through grid plane 1000 ft below; or (3) both the grid and the ground. Results show that vertical optical motion is a primary source of information for altitude control even with a forward buffeting disturbance. This is confirmed by the fact that the addition of peripheral visual cues does not improve performance.<>
{"title":"Optical variables and control strategy used in a visual hover task","authors":"W. Johnson, A. Phatak","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71388","url":null,"abstract":"Determinants of performance in a simulated hover task are examined. This task uses an extremely simplified vehicle model with only three degrees of freedom: longitudinal (fore/aft), lateral (left/right), and vertical (up/down). No rotational motions are simulated. Only one control manipulation is allowed, namely control of vertical craft velocity. The task uses a fixed base simulator with three adjacent windows each spanning a 40 degrees visual field. Subjects view computer-generated scenes of either (1) a randomly textured and colored background plane 2000 ft below; (2) a regularly patterned see-through grid plane 1000 ft below; or (3) both the grid and the ground. Results show that vertical optical motion is a primary source of information for altitude control even with a forward buffeting disturbance. This is confirmed by the fact that the addition of peripheral visual cues does not improve performance.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"43 1","pages":"719-724 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75140671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71509
E. Entin, D. Serfaty, J. Forester
Hypotheses dealing with human sequential processing of information are derived to test an anchoring-and-adjustment mechanism of information processing and contrast-inertia models of H.J. Enhorn and R.M. Hogarth (1987). A computer-based research paradigm loosely modeled after a missile warning officer's activity was developed for the experimental effort. Results show that the order in which pieces of evidence are submitted to the decision-makers has a critical effect on their belief, often resulting in contradictory opinions as to the presence or absence of an enemy attack. This effect, predicted by the contrast-inertia model, is especially important when mixed evidence (confirming/disconfirming) is presented to the subjects. In addition it is hypothesized that a possible framing effect causes a bias in the subjects' beliefs, revealing an asymmetric preference for the attack hypothesis. The simple contrast-inertia model predicts the empirical data reasonably well, although its sensitivity coefficients may be complex functions of the initial anchor strength and direction, and of the number of stages in the belief-updating sequence.<>
{"title":"Sequential processing of information from multiple sources","authors":"E. Entin, D. Serfaty, J. Forester","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71509","url":null,"abstract":"Hypotheses dealing with human sequential processing of information are derived to test an anchoring-and-adjustment mechanism of information processing and contrast-inertia models of H.J. Enhorn and R.M. Hogarth (1987). A computer-based research paradigm loosely modeled after a missile warning officer's activity was developed for the experimental effort. Results show that the order in which pieces of evidence are submitted to the decision-makers has a critical effect on their belief, often resulting in contradictory opinions as to the presence or absence of an enemy attack. This effect, predicted by the contrast-inertia model, is especially important when mixed evidence (confirming/disconfirming) is presented to the subjects. In addition it is hypothesized that a possible framing effect causes a bias in the subjects' beliefs, revealing an asymmetric preference for the attack hypothesis. The simple contrast-inertia model predicts the empirical data reasonably well, although its sensitivity coefficients may be complex functions of the initial anchor strength and direction, and of the number of stages in the belief-updating sequence.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"111 1","pages":"1272-1277 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77640707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71331
N. Nasrabadi, Wei Li, Bradley G. Epranian, Charles A. Butkus
An optimization approach is used to solve the correspondence problem for a set of features extracted from a pair of stereo images. A cost function is defined to represent the constraints on the solution which is then mapped onto a 2-D neural network for minimization. Each neuron in the network represents a possible match between a feature in the left image and one in the right image. Correspondence is achieved by initializing all the neurons that represent the possible matches and allowing the network to use the compatibility measures between the matched points to settle down into a stable state.<>
{"title":"Use of Hopfield network for stereo vision correspondence","authors":"N. Nasrabadi, Wei Li, Bradley G. Epranian, Charles A. Butkus","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71331","url":null,"abstract":"An optimization approach is used to solve the correspondence problem for a set of features extracted from a pair of stereo images. A cost function is defined to represent the constraints on the solution which is then mapped onto a 2-D neural network for minimization. Each neuron in the network represents a possible match between a feature in the left image and one in the right image. Correspondence is achieved by initializing all the neurons that represent the possible matches and allowing the network to use the compatibility measures between the matched points to settle down into a stable state.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"7 1","pages":"429-432 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80395012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-14DOI: 10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71384
W. Hashlamoun, P. Varshney
Performance aspects of minimum probability of error decentralized detection systems are considered. The relationship between the probability of error of a maximum a posteriori probability receiver and the Kolmogorov variational distance is derived. This relationship is used to derive the minimum probability of error for an n-sensor decentralized system in terms of the sensor decisions. A design procedure is presented that results in the optimum global minimum probability of error. The design of three suboptimum systems based on the Bharttacharyya distance, Kullback discrimination, and optimization of the probability of error at the local level is described. A numerical example comparing the performance of the optimum system to the performance of the suboptimum systems is also included.<>
{"title":"Performance aspects of decentralized detection structures","authors":"W. Hashlamoun, P. Varshney","doi":"10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1989.71384","url":null,"abstract":"Performance aspects of minimum probability of error decentralized detection systems are considered. The relationship between the probability of error of a maximum a posteriori probability receiver and the Kolmogorov variational distance is derived. This relationship is used to derive the minimum probability of error for an n-sensor decentralized system in terms of the sensor decisions. A design procedure is presented that results in the optimum global minimum probability of error. The design of three suboptimum systems based on the Bharttacharyya distance, Kullback discrimination, and optimization of the probability of error at the local level is described. A numerical example comparing the performance of the optimum system to the performance of the suboptimum systems is also included.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":72691,"journal":{"name":"Conference proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","volume":"19 1","pages":"693-698 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81889579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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