Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100171
Hulda Karlsson-Larsson , Hajdi Moche , Daniel Västfjäll
Donors are less likely to donate to charities with high overhead levels. Can giving information about what the overhead covers and its effect on charity effectiveness, combined with deliberating on that information (introspection) reduce such overhead aversion? To answer this, two experiments were performed (1: N = 1017; 2: N = 814), comparing the proportion of donations to one of two charities that varied in overhead levels (0 % or 50 %). Experiment 1 aimed to replicate the overhead aversion effect and examine if it may be mitigated with information and/or introspection. Experiment 2 explored the impact of information content. We find overhead aversion in both experiments. Combining nuanced information about overhead with introspection reduced overhead aversion. Moreover, the results indicate that donors are responsive to the content of the overhead information.
{"title":"Reducing overhead aversion in charitable giving through information and introspection","authors":"Hulda Karlsson-Larsson , Hajdi Moche , Daniel Västfjäll","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Donors are less likely to donate to charities with high overhead levels. Can giving information about what the overhead covers and its effect on charity effectiveness, combined with deliberating on that information (introspection) reduce such overhead aversion? To answer this, two experiments were performed (1: N = 1017; 2: N = 814), comparing the proportion of donations to one of two charities that varied in overhead levels (0 % or 50 %). Experiment 1 aimed to replicate the overhead aversion effect and examine if it may be mitigated with information and/or introspection. Experiment 2 explored the impact of information content. We find overhead aversion in both experiments. Combining nuanced information about overhead with introspection reduced overhead aversion. Moreover, the results indicate that donors are responsive to the content of the overhead information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100165
Christienne G. Damatac , Marleen J. ter Avest , Tom F. Wilderjans , Véronique De Gucht , Dion H.A. Woestenburg , Laurens Landeweerd , Tessel E. Galesloot , Linda Geerligs , Judith R. Homberg , Corina U. Greven
Environment may play a role in how the evolutionarily conserved personality trait sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) relates to health. Nevertheless, there has been no comprehensive investigation of the relationships between SPS and mental and somatic health outcomes in a large sample, while accounting for neuroticism and environmental variables. To better understand susceptibility to positive and negative environments, we systematically investigated associations between SPS and several health-related outcomes: stress-related traits, neurodevelopmental (ADHD and autistic) traits, well-being, and somatic health in 252 adults (ages 30–39 years) from a population-based sample. We then evaluated how environmental factors modify those relationships by testing SPS interactions with lifetime or current measures of positive or negative environments. Finally, we formally tested whether SPS is a factor for differential susceptibility. Notably, we found that higher SPS related to more burnout, anxiety, depression, stress, health complaints, and nonprescription medication use but not to total neurodevelopmental traits. Even after controlling for neuroticism, burnout, anxiety, and health complaints associations with SPS remained significant. We also found small to modest associations between SPS subscales and neurodevelopmental trait subscales. Of note, in unfavorable environments (threatening life events), higher SPS related to more autistic traits. In favorable environments (social support), SPS related to more life satisfaction, supporting the theory of SPS as a factor for differential susceptibility to environments. This study illustrates that SPS may be a risk factor for stress-related and somatic symptoms, independent of neuroticism. We conclude that SPS may moderate sensitivity to environments, possibly as an adaptation factor, enabling highly sensitive individuals to be more malleable to environmental influences.
{"title":"Exploring sensory processing sensitivity: Relationships with mental and somatic health, interactions with positive and negative environments, and evidence for differential susceptibility","authors":"Christienne G. Damatac , Marleen J. ter Avest , Tom F. Wilderjans , Véronique De Gucht , Dion H.A. Woestenburg , Laurens Landeweerd , Tessel E. Galesloot , Linda Geerligs , Judith R. Homberg , Corina U. Greven","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environment may play a role in how the evolutionarily conserved personality trait sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) relates to health. Nevertheless, there has been no comprehensive investigation of the relationships between SPS and mental and somatic health outcomes in a large sample, while accounting for neuroticism and environmental variables. To better understand susceptibility to positive and negative environments, we systematically investigated associations between SPS and several health-related outcomes: stress-related traits, neurodevelopmental (ADHD and autistic) traits, well-being, and somatic health in 252 adults (ages 30–39 years) from a population-based sample. We then evaluated how environmental factors modify those relationships by testing SPS interactions with lifetime or current measures of positive or negative environments. Finally, we formally tested whether SPS is a factor for differential susceptibility. Notably, we found that higher SPS related to more burnout, anxiety, depression, stress, health complaints, and nonprescription medication use but not to total neurodevelopmental traits. Even after controlling for neuroticism, burnout, anxiety, and health complaints associations with SPS remained significant. We also found small to modest associations between SPS subscales and neurodevelopmental trait subscales. Of note, in unfavorable environments (threatening life events), higher SPS related to more autistic traits. In favorable environments (social support), SPS related to more life satisfaction, supporting the theory of SPS as a factor for differential susceptibility to environments. This study illustrates that SPS may be a risk factor for stress-related and somatic symptoms, independent of neuroticism. We conclude that SPS may moderate sensitivity to environments, possibly as an adaptation factor, enabling highly sensitive individuals to be more malleable to environmental influences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100169
Monica Gori , Maria Bianca Amadeo , Andrea Escelsior , Davide Esposito , Alberto Inuggi , Riccardo Guglielmo , Luis Polena , Juxhin Bode , Beatriz Pereira da Silva , Mario Amore , Gianluca Serafini
Our perception of the world and sense of self are deeply influenced by our perception of time. Research in psychiatric disorders has shown altered temporal perception across a variety of tasks, though the mechanisms behind these changes remain unclear. This study aims to explore temporal processing in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) by examining auditory, visual, and audio-visual temporal perception. The results revealed impaired temporal performance across all sensory modalities and the absence of auditory dominance in both patient groups. Specifically, in SZ patients, multisensory processing was associated with visual precision, while in BD patients, there was no such relationship with either visual or auditory precision. Notably, in SZ, visual precision was significantly linked to negative symptoms. Moreover, despite the lack of auditory dominance and similar deficits in unisensory performance, neither patient group benefited from redundant multisensory information in the temporal task. These findings highlight distinct patterns of temporal processing in BD and SZ compared to healthy controls, suggesting potential pathways for targeted interventions, such as integrating sensory training into clinical rehabilitative frameworks.
{"title":"Insights into audio-visual temporal perception in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia","authors":"Monica Gori , Maria Bianca Amadeo , Andrea Escelsior , Davide Esposito , Alberto Inuggi , Riccardo Guglielmo , Luis Polena , Juxhin Bode , Beatriz Pereira da Silva , Mario Amore , Gianluca Serafini","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our perception of the world and sense of self are deeply influenced by our perception of time. Research in psychiatric disorders has shown altered temporal perception across a variety of tasks, though the mechanisms behind these changes remain unclear. This study aims to explore temporal processing in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) by examining auditory, visual, and audio-visual temporal perception. The results revealed impaired temporal performance across all sensory modalities and the absence of auditory dominance in both patient groups. Specifically, in SZ patients, multisensory processing was associated with visual precision, while in BD patients, there was no such relationship with either visual or auditory precision. Notably, in SZ, visual precision was significantly linked to negative symptoms. Moreover, despite the lack of auditory dominance and similar deficits in unisensory performance, neither patient group benefited from redundant multisensory information in the temporal task. These findings highlight distinct patterns of temporal processing in BD and SZ compared to healthy controls, suggesting potential pathways for targeted interventions, such as integrating sensory training into clinical rehabilitative frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143311102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100170
Ruth Brookman, Eman Shatnawi, Kristian Lukic, Sasha Sirota, Celia B. Harris
Background
Dementia-related (DR) stigma diminishes the wellbeing of people with dementia and their families. However, information about how DR-stigma differs across the lifespan is scarce. We aimed to understand similarities and difference in public stigma (stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination) across age groups and perspectives, including factors associated with its expression.
Method
We conducted a mixed-method study with a community sample of Australians (N = 278), to examine public DR-stigma in younger (n = 163) and older (n = 115) adults. In part 1, free responses were thematically analysed and coded inductively for content and deductively for valence to compare dementia stereotypes across age groups (younger vs. older), and perspectives (own vs. other). In part 2, a standardised stigma measure enabled comparison of prejudice and discrimination. Separate age group correlational analyses examined relationships between stigma, dementia knowledge, mental wellbeing, family knowledge, and subjective memory concerns.
Results
In part 1, free responses of older adults included significantly more negative and derogatory stereotypes than younger adults. Both age groups considered others to have more negative stereotypes than themselves, but this perception was higher in older adults. Part 2 yielded no age group difference from one's own perspective for DR-prejudice and DR-discrimination. However, for perceived DR-discrimination by others, older adults rated higher levels of social distancing than younger adults. Younger and older adults perceived others to be more discriminating than themselves. Dementia knowledge was associated with less stigma but only for younger adults.
Conclusions
Age-related variability in the factors associated with DR-stigma indicates the need for stigma reduction interventions that are targeted to specific age groups and associated risk factors.
{"title":"Dementia-related stigma across age groups and perspectives: Similarities and differences suggest the need for tailored anti-stigma interventions","authors":"Ruth Brookman, Eman Shatnawi, Kristian Lukic, Sasha Sirota, Celia B. Harris","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dementia-related (DR) <strong>s</strong>tigma diminishes the wellbeing of people with dementia and their families. However, information about how DR-stigma differs across the lifespan is scarce. We aimed to understand similarities and difference in public stigma (stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination) across age groups and perspectives, including factors associated with its expression.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We conducted a mixed-method study with a community sample of Australians (N = 278), to examine public DR-stigma in younger (<em>n</em> = 163) and older (<em>n</em> = 115) adults. In part 1, free responses were thematically analysed and coded inductively for content and deductively for valence to compare dementia stereotypes across age groups (younger vs. older), and perspectives (own vs. other). In part 2, a standardised stigma measure enabled comparison of prejudice and discrimination. Separate age group correlational analyses examined relationships between stigma, dementia knowledge, mental wellbeing, family knowledge, and subjective memory concerns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In part 1, free responses of older adults included significantly more negative and derogatory stereotypes than younger adults. Both age groups considered others to have more negative stereotypes than themselves, but this perception was higher in older adults. Part 2 yielded no age group difference from one's own perspective for DR-prejudice and DR-discrimination. However, for perceived DR-discrimination by others, older adults rated higher levels of social distancing than younger adults. Younger and older adults perceived others to be more discriminating than themselves. Dementia knowledge was associated with less stigma but only for younger adults.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Age-related variability in the factors associated with DR-stigma indicates the need for stigma reduction interventions that are targeted to specific age groups and associated risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100167
Maria Wirth, M. Clara de Paula Couto, Paula Molina Sander, Klaus Rothermund
Older adults are faced with societal normative expectations that set standards for age-appropriate behavior. They supposedly align their behavior with what is socially expected of them to avoid backlash and disapproval. However, a link between societal norms and older adults’ behavior has not been established in previous studies. In a pre-registered daily diary study, we tested the link between the societal norm that older adults should contribute to the common good (i.e., social activation) and volunteering in everyday life in a sample of older adults (N = 78, 60 –85 years). We presented (fictitious) social consensus feedback indicating that a majority of society either agrees or disagrees with social activation and tested the effect of this consensus feedback on endorsing social activation and engaging in daily volunteering. Replicating previous studies, participants who were told that a majority agrees with social activation reported higher endorsement of social activation than those being told that a majority disagrees. Daily volunteering did not differ between social consensus groups. However, we found a significant relation between endorsement of social activation and daily volunteering for the agreement but not the disagreement group. This finding indicates that strongly endorsing social activation may be a prerequisite for societal appeals regarding older adults’ volunteering to become effective. Given the relatively low level of daily volunteering in our sample, these results warrant further investigation. Our findings offer important insights for initiatives promoting social participation among older adults.
{"title":"Social normative beliefs and older adults’ volunteering – A daily diary study","authors":"Maria Wirth, M. Clara de Paula Couto, Paula Molina Sander, Klaus Rothermund","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Older adults are faced with societal normative expectations that set standards for age-appropriate behavior. They supposedly align their behavior with what is socially expected of them to avoid backlash and disapproval. However, a link between societal norms and older adults’ behavior has not been established in previous studies. In a pre-registered daily diary study, we tested the link between the societal norm that older adults should contribute to the common good (i.e., social activation) and volunteering in everyday life in a sample of older adults (N = 78, 60 –85 years). We presented (fictitious) social consensus feedback indicating that a majority of society either agrees or disagrees with social activation and tested the effect of this consensus feedback on endorsing social activation and engaging in daily volunteering. Replicating previous studies, participants who were told that a majority agrees with social activation reported higher endorsement of social activation than those being told that a majority disagrees. Daily volunteering did not differ between social consensus groups. However, we found a significant relation between endorsement of social activation and daily volunteering for the agreement but not the disagreement group. This finding indicates that strongly endorsing social activation may be a prerequisite for societal appeals regarding older adults’ volunteering to become effective. Given the relatively low level of daily volunteering in our sample, these results warrant further investigation. Our findings offer important insights for initiatives promoting social participation among older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Individuals' confidence in their ability to effectively use digital technologies, termed Digital Self-Efficacy (DSE), has become essential in today's workplace, especially with the rise of remote work and increasing reliance on technology. However, the relationships among DSE, job stressors, and Psychological Detachment (PD) are still not fully understood. This study examines the moderating role of DSE in the relationship between Work Intensification (WI), Role Ambiguity (RA), Organizational Support (OS), and PD. Using PLS-SEM, we analyzed data from 653 workers in Ecuador. The findings confirmed the expected negative impact of WI and the positive influence of OS on PD. Interestingly, a positive relationship between RA and PD was observed, contrary to initial expectations. The study also revealed differences between workers who underwent Self-directed versus Directed digital competence training. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the role digital skills play in managing job stress and fostering recovery in modern work environments.
{"title":"The stress-busting power of Digital Self-Efficacy: Does training format matter for workers?","authors":"Milton Paredes-Aguirre , Olivia Hernandez-Pozas , Yarid Ayala , Ronald Campoverde Aguirre","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individuals' confidence in their ability to effectively use digital technologies, termed Digital Self-Efficacy (DSE), has become essential in today's workplace, especially with the rise of remote work and increasing reliance on technology. However, the relationships among DSE, job stressors, and Psychological Detachment (PD) are still not fully understood. This study examines the moderating role of DSE in the relationship between Work Intensification (WI), Role Ambiguity (RA), Organizational Support (OS), and PD. Using PLS-SEM, we analyzed data from 653 workers in Ecuador. The findings confirmed the expected negative impact of WI and the positive influence of OS on PD. Interestingly, a positive relationship between RA and PD was observed, contrary to initial expectations. The study also revealed differences between workers who underwent Self-directed versus Directed digital competence training. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the role digital skills play in managing job stress and fostering recovery in modern work environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100166
Yue Yang Sun, Tianyuan Li
Extensive research has revealed that older adults’ views on aging are influential to their well-being, but fewer studies have examined the effects of young adults’ views on aging. Individuals’ views on aging form as early as childhood. Reflecting a positive outlook about one's own future, we expect young adults’ positive views on aging to contribute to their resilience level, with sense of control mediating the effect. Two studies were conducted with two different samples of Chinese young adults. Study 1 assessed attitudes toward older adults as the indicator of views on aging and found that more positive attitudes toward older adults were related to a higher level of resilience, and the effect was mediated by a stronger sense of control. Study 2 assessed four different indicators of views on aging (attitudes toward older adults, aging anxiety, hostile ageism, and benevolent ageism). Except for benevolent ageism, young adults’ more positive attitudes toward older adults, less aging anxiety, and lower levels of hostile ageism were all related to higher levels of resilience, and the effects were all mediated by sense of control. The results were similar regardless of whether the four indicators were tested in separate models or simultaneously in the same model. The findings highlight the importance of positive views on aging for young adults’ psychological adjustment. Positive views on aging can serve as a valuable personal resource for young adults to ensure control in life and keep their heads high even facing adversities.
{"title":"When a bright future is in mind: Young adults’ positive views on aging contribute to resilience through enhanced sense of control","authors":"Yue Yang Sun, Tianyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive research has revealed that older adults’ views on aging are influential to their well-being, but fewer studies have examined the effects of young adults’ views on aging. Individuals’ views on aging form as early as childhood. Reflecting a positive outlook about one's own future, we expect young adults’ positive views on aging to contribute to their resilience level, with sense of control mediating the effect. Two studies were conducted with two different samples of Chinese young adults. Study 1 assessed attitudes toward older adults as the indicator of views on aging and found that more positive attitudes toward older adults were related to a higher level of resilience, and the effect was mediated by a stronger sense of control. Study 2 assessed four different indicators of views on aging (attitudes toward older adults, aging anxiety, hostile ageism, and benevolent ageism). Except for benevolent ageism, young adults’ more positive attitudes toward older adults, less aging anxiety, and lower levels of hostile ageism were all related to higher levels of resilience, and the effects were all mediated by sense of control. The results were similar regardless of whether the four indicators were tested in separate models or simultaneously in the same model. The findings highlight the importance of positive views on aging for young adults’ psychological adjustment. Positive views on aging can serve as a valuable personal resource for young adults to ensure control in life and keep their heads high even facing adversities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100164
Marine Granjon , Nicolas Pillaud , Maria Popa-Roch , Benoite Aubé , Odile Rohmer
Invisible disabilities account for 70–80 % of all disabilities yet are often overlooked in social psychology research. Despite their prevalence, these conditions are frequently misunderstood and less recognized, leading to potential biases and negative perceptions. This research aims to address a critical knowledge gap by investigating attitudes toward invisible disability. We hypothesize that attitudes toward invisible disabilities are more negative than toward visible disabilities. Using an immersive behavioral tendency paradigm, the VAAST (Visual Approach/Avoidance by the Self Task), we were able to observe participants' approach/avoidance reactions in a simulated environment. Three studies (Ntotal = 444) were conducted. Studies 1 and 2 compared approach-avoidance tendencies towards visible and invisible disabilities, the former in the general population and the latter within a population of teachers. Study 3 used a variation of this paradigm, the Incidental-VAAST, to address control bias. Results, supported by multi-level frequentist and Bayesian statistics, as well as a mini meta-analysis, indicated consistently stronger negative attitudes towards invisible disabilities. By showing that individuals with invisible disabilities face greater prejudice than those with visible disabilities, this research advances our understanding of how visibility impacts social bias, adding depth to theories of prejudice.
{"title":"Attitudes towards invisible disabilities: Evidence from behavioral tendencies","authors":"Marine Granjon , Nicolas Pillaud , Maria Popa-Roch , Benoite Aubé , Odile Rohmer","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invisible disabilities account for 70–80 % of all disabilities yet are often overlooked in social psychology research. Despite their prevalence, these conditions are frequently misunderstood and less recognized, leading to potential biases and negative perceptions. This research aims to address a critical knowledge gap by investigating attitudes toward invisible disability. We hypothesize that attitudes toward invisible disabilities are more negative than toward visible disabilities. Using an immersive behavioral tendency paradigm, the VAAST (Visual Approach/Avoidance by the Self Task), we were able to observe participants' approach/avoidance reactions in a simulated environment. Three studies (<em>N</em><sub>total</sub> = 444) were conducted. Studies 1 and 2 compared approach-avoidance tendencies towards visible and invisible disabilities, the former in the general population and the latter within a population of teachers. Study 3 used a variation of this paradigm, the Incidental-VAAST, to address control bias. Results, supported by multi-level frequentist and Bayesian statistics, as well as a mini meta-analysis, indicated consistently stronger negative attitudes towards invisible disabilities. By showing that individuals with invisible disabilities face greater prejudice than those with visible disabilities, this research advances our understanding of how visibility impacts social bias, adding depth to theories of prejudice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100168
Nicola Milano, Maria Luongo, Michela Ponticorvo, Davide Marocco
In this article, we explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for predicting factor loadings in personality tests through the semantic analysis of test items. By leveraging text embeddings generated from LLMs, we evaluate the semantic similarity of test items and their alignment with hypothesized factorial structures without depending on human response data. Our methodology involves using embeddings from four different personality test to examine correlations between item semantics and their grouping in principal factors. Our results indicate that LLM-derived embeddings can effectively capture semantic similarities among test items, showing moderate to high correlation with the factorial structure produced by humans respondents in all tests, potentially serving as a valid measure of content validity for initial survey design and refinement. This approach offers valuable insights into the robustness of embedding techniques in psychological evaluations, showing a significant correlation with traditional test structures and providing a novel perspective on test item analysis.
{"title":"Semantic analysis of test items through large language model embeddings predicts a-priori factorial structure of personality tests","authors":"Nicola Milano, Maria Luongo, Michela Ponticorvo, Davide Marocco","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for predicting factor loadings in personality tests through the semantic analysis of test items. By leveraging text embeddings generated from LLMs, we evaluate the semantic similarity of test items and their alignment with hypothesized factorial structures without depending on human response data. Our methodology involves using embeddings from four different personality test to examine correlations between item semantics and their grouping in principal factors. Our results indicate that LLM-derived embeddings can effectively capture semantic similarities among test items, showing moderate to high correlation with the factorial structure produced by humans respondents in all tests, potentially serving as a valid measure of content validity for initial survey design and refinement. This approach offers valuable insights into the robustness of embedding techniques in psychological evaluations, showing a significant correlation with traditional test structures and providing a novel perspective on test item analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100172
Tanisse Epp , Gord Garner , Robyn J. McQuaid , Sara Atif , Chealsea DeMoor , Kim Hellemans
Purpose
While alcohol consumption among young adults in Canadian post-secondary settings has been widely studied, the experiences of students who abstain from alcohol remain significantly overlooked. This study addresses this critical gap by examining how alcohol abstinence relates to mental health symptoms, substance use patterns, and loneliness among Canadian undergraduates. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of stigma dynamics on university campuses and inform strategies to foster more inclusive, supportive environments for students who do not drink alcohol.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Canadian undergraduate students between November 2020 and May 2021. Demographic, mental health, and substance use differences between students who were alcohol-abstinent and non-abstinent were analyzed with chi-squared and t-tests. Pearson correlations examined the links between motivations for abstaining and self-stigma and between alcohol use and attitudes toward those who abstain. Additional t-tests assessed gender differences in motivations for abstinence, self-stigma, and attitudes toward those who are alcohol abstinent.
Results
Of the 180 participants, 48.9% were alcohol abstinent. Indifference was the primary motive for abstinence (M = 2.7, SD = 1.2). Students who were alcohol abstinent reported significantly lower cannabis use (p < 0.001) but higher levels of loneliness (p = .02) compared to those who were not abstinent. Fear of negative consequences and dispositional risk were significantly associated with higher levels of self-stigma (p's < 0.05). Men demonstrated significantly higher levels of awareness and self-application of negative stereotypes related to alcohol use compared to women (p’s < 0.05), reflecting a greater internalization of public stigma. Additionally, alcohol use was positively correlated with negative attitudes toward those who are alcohol abstinent (p < .005).
Discussion
This study reveals the social and psychological challenges faced by students who abstain from alcohol, particularly the heightened levels of loneliness compared to their peers who drink. By identifying the factors contributing to self-stigmatization and social exclusion, our research fills a critical gap in understanding how abstinence is perceived in environments where alcohol consumption is the norm, such as university campuses. These findings are essential for informing targeted destigmatization efforts and shaping public health campaigns that challenge negative stereotypes.
{"title":"Mental health, substance use, and stigmatization: A comparison of Canadian university students who abstain from or consume alcohol","authors":"Tanisse Epp , Gord Garner , Robyn J. McQuaid , Sara Atif , Chealsea DeMoor , Kim Hellemans","doi":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>While alcohol consumption among young adults in Canadian post-secondary settings has been widely studied, the experiences of students who abstain from alcohol remain significantly overlooked. This study addresses this critical gap by examining how alcohol abstinence relates to mental health symptoms, substance use patterns, and loneliness among Canadian undergraduates. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of stigma dynamics on university campuses and inform strategies to foster more inclusive, supportive environments for students who do not drink alcohol.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Canadian undergraduate students between November 2020 and May 2021. Demographic, mental health, and substance use differences between students who were alcohol-abstinent and non-abstinent were analyzed with chi-squared and <em>t</em>-tests. Pearson correlations examined the links between motivations for abstaining and self-stigma and between alcohol use and attitudes toward those who abstain. Additional <em>t</em>-tests assessed gender differences in motivations for abstinence, self-stigma, and attitudes toward those who are alcohol abstinent.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 180 participants, 48.9% were alcohol abstinent. Indifference was the primary motive for abstinence (<em>M</em> = 2.7, <em>SD</em> = 1.2). Students who were alcohol abstinent reported significantly lower cannabis use (<em>p</em> < 0.001) but higher levels of loneliness (<em>p</em> = .02) compared to those who were not abstinent. Fear of negative consequences and dispositional risk were significantly associated with higher levels of self-stigma (<em>p's</em> < 0.05). Men demonstrated significantly higher levels of awareness and self-application of negative stereotypes related to alcohol use compared to women (<em>p</em>’s < 0.05), reflecting a greater internalization of public stigma. Additionally, alcohol use was positively correlated with negative attitudes toward those who are alcohol abstinent (<em>p</em> < .005).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This study reveals the social and psychological challenges faced by students who abstain from alcohol, particularly the heightened levels of loneliness compared to their peers who drink. By identifying the factors contributing to self-stigmatization and social exclusion, our research fills a critical gap in understanding how abstinence is perceived in environments where alcohol consumption is the norm, such as university campuses. These findings are essential for informing targeted destigmatization efforts and shaping public health campaigns that challenge negative stereotypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72746,"journal":{"name":"Current research in behavioral sciences","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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