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Adaptation of Soil Spectral Reflectance Technique for Monitoring and Managing of Center-Pivot Irrigation Water 土壤光谱反射技术在中心支点灌溉水监测管理中的应用
Pub Date : 2016-07-03 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000145
A. Ye, Shalabi Ka
Center pivot irrigation system has the potentiality for economically net –return of various crop patterns, although it’s higher fixed costs inputs. Therefore, water management under the specified center pivot irrigation system can play a crucial role in maximizing water unit productivity and enhancing physical-agricultural resources sustainability. Hereby, the aim of this research was to evaluate the optional of a general reflectance model based solely on soil moisture distribution pattern as a key for on-farm irrigation management under center pivot irrigation system. Data revealed that the relative reflectance was strongly correlated with soil moisture contents. However, the best correlation was found act high soil moisture level between the reflectance values of 700 nm (Red-NIR) wave length and the volumetric water content (R² = 0.9). Moreover, the observed data could help to quality the strong in influence of soil moisture on spectral reflectance and absorption features and should aid in the development operational and management algorithms of on-farm irrigation systems.
中心支点灌溉系统虽然具有较高的固定成本投入,但在经济上具有多种作物模式净收益的潜力。因此,在特定的中心支点灌溉系统下进行水资源管理,可以在最大限度地提高水单位生产率和提高物质农业资源可持续性方面发挥至关重要的作用。因此,本研究的目的是评价在中心支点灌溉系统下,仅基于土壤水分分布模式的一般反射率模型作为农田灌溉管理关键的可选性。结果表明,相对反射率与土壤含水量呈显著正相关。土壤含水量高时,700 nm (Red-NIR)波长的反射率值与土壤体积含水量的相关性最好(R²= 0.9)。此外,观测数据有助于确定土壤湿度对光谱反射和吸收特征的强烈影响,并有助于开发农田灌溉系统的操作和管理算法。
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引用次数: 1
Dynamic Simulation of a Crankshaft 曲轴的动态仿真
Pub Date : 2016-06-03 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000143
İhsan Uluocak, H. Yavuz
Crankshafts are one of the most important parts of a reciprocating engine. A°t basically connects driveline system to the pistons which gives the motion. Main aim of Crankshaft systems designs are to have lower bearing forces, lower torsional vibrations and higher fatigue strength. But, due to complexity of the geometry, lack of manufacturing quality and nonlinear forces, it is hard to analyze the characteristics of the crankshaft. In this paper, a 2D representation of a crankshaft model was built with load information from connecting rods and other specifications. The resultant bearing forces and harmonics of the crankshafts were calculated with given data. The AVL Excite software program was used to simulate the crankshaft of an engine.
曲轴是往复式发动机最重要的部件之一。A°t基本上将传动系统连接到提供运动的活塞。曲轴系统设计的主要目标是具有较低的承载力、较低的扭转振动和较高的疲劳强度。但是,由于曲轴的几何结构复杂、制造质量不高以及受力非线性,对曲轴的特性分析比较困难。在本文中,建立了曲轴模型的二维表示,其中包含了连杆和其他规格的载荷信息。根据给定的数据计算了曲轴的合力和谐波。利用AVL Excite软件对某型发动机的曲轴进行了仿真。
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引用次数: 1
Computer Aided Design and Analysis of Disc Brake Rotors 盘式制动器转子的计算机辅助设计与分析
Pub Date : 2016-05-31 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000144
ya Nakul Amrish
The purpose of this research is to analyze different types of disc brake rotors, which are commonly used in automobile industry and to propose a new design of brake rotor. Analysis of brake rotor includes Structural analysis and Steady state Thermal analysis for each design. A comparison between the existing brake rotors and proposed new design is carried out and based on the results the best design is found out by ANSYS software.
本研究的目的是分析汽车工业中常用的不同类型的盘式制动转子,并提出一种新的制动转子设计方案。制动转子的分析分为结构分析和稳态热分析两部分。将现有制动转子与提出的新设计方案进行了比较,并在此基础上利用ANSYS软件找出了最佳设计方案。
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引用次数: 13
Finite Element Analysis of Electric Bike Rims Coupled with Hub Motor 带轮毂电机的电动自行车轮辋有限元分析
Pub Date : 2016-05-30 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000142
Erinç Uludamar, Åafak Yıldızhan, Erdi Tosun, Kadir Aydın
In this study, static and fatigue analysis of three different electrical bikes’ rim which are coupled with electrical hub motor was investigated. Loading conditions were applied on rim in order to simulate driving forces that exert on road conditions. Analysis results of three rims were compared with each other. According to results, sharp edges increase von-Mises stresses and decrease fatigue safety factor due to stress concentration on the corners. Also, it was observed that contact area of spokes to flange affects the total deformation and von-Mises stress distribution. Three dimensional models of the rims were designed with the aid of CATIA V5 and their computational analyses were carried out with ANSYS WORKBENCH software program.
本文对三种不同的电动自行车轮辋进行了静态和疲劳分析。在轮辋上施加了载荷条件,以模拟施加在道路条件上的驱动力。对三种轮辋的分析结果进行了比较。结果表明,由于棱角处应力集中,棱角处的von-Mises应力增大,疲劳安全系数降低。此外,轮辐与法兰的接触面积对总变形和von-Mises应力分布也有影响。利用CATIA V5软件设计了轮辋的三维模型,并利用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件进行了计算分析。
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引用次数: 2
Analysis of a Traffic Accident in Turkey 土耳其一起交通事故分析
Pub Date : 2016-05-05 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000141
Yilmaz Ac, C. Ac, K. Aydın
No.2918 Turkish Highway Traffic Act has been the reference legislation for traffic accidents in Turkey since 1983. Although this act consists of several explanations and definitions, it has still deficiencies especially in defining fault rates which are vital for traffic accident analyses. Accident experts determine fault rates mostly according to their initiatives without conducting scientific analyses on accidents due to inadequate quantitative instructions on fault rates in the act. Speed analyses of accident involvements play an important role in accident investigations. A more comprehensive parameter, Energy Equivalent Speed, may be defined to explain dissipation and severity of deformation energy and crush amounts formed on vehicles which also give hint about fault rates. In this study, accessible data were collected from a sample accident scene (police reports, skid marks, deformation situations, crush depths etc.) and used as inputs for an accident reconstruction software called “vCrash” which is able to simulate the accident scene in 2D and 3D. Energy equivalent speed calculations were achieved using 784 parameters with a prediction error. Multi-layer Feed Forward Neural Network and Generalized Regression Neural Network models were utilized for estimation of energy equivalent speeds (speeds just before the collision, i.e., in case of absence of skid marks) based on using these parameters as teaching data for the models. It was aimed that, by benefiting from these neural network methods, necessity of using expensive simulation softwares for probable accidents in future may be avoided. In order to observe performance of the neural network models, standard error of estimates (mean square error) and multiple correlation coefficients were also analyzed using 5-fold cross validation on the dataset. It was observed that, in general, Multi-layer Feed Forward Neural Network model yielded better results for both energy equivalent speed and fault rate analyses. Based on simulation results (energy equivalent speeds and deformations) and assumption of a fault rate scale, fault rates were estimated on prediction models by assuming correspondence of every predetermined increment in energy equivalent speed of specific involvement to a specific increment in fault rate of the same involvement to put forward a scientific and systematic approach and compensate deficiencies in the act.
自1983年以来,第2918号土耳其公路交通法一直是土耳其交通事故的参考立法。尽管该法案包含了多种解释和定义,但仍存在不足,特别是在对交通事故分析至关重要的故障率的定义上。事故专家对事故的判断大多是主观臆断,没有对事故进行科学的分析,因为在法律上对故障率的定量指示不足。事故涉及的速度分析在事故调查中起着重要作用。可以定义一个更全面的参数,能量等效速度,来解释变形能量的耗散和严重程度,以及在车辆上形成的挤压量,这也提示了故障发生率。在这项研究中,从一个样本事故现场收集了可访问的数据(警察报告、刹车痕迹、变形情况、挤压深度等),并将其用作一个名为“vCrash”的事故重建软件的输入,该软件能够以2D和3D的方式模拟事故现场。利用784个参数实现了能量等效速度计算,预测误差较小。利用多层前馈神经网络和广义回归神经网络模型,以这些参数作为模型的教学数据,估计能量等效速度(碰撞前的速度,即没有滑痕的情况下的速度)。目的是利用这些神经网络方法,避免使用昂贵的仿真软件来模拟未来可能发生的事故。为了观察神经网络模型的性能,还对数据集进行了5倍交叉验证,分析了估计的标准误差(均方误差)和多个相关系数。结果表明,多层前馈神经网络模型在能量等效速度和故障率分析上均有较好的结果。基于仿真结果(能量等效速度和变形),假设一个故障率尺度,在预测模型上,假设特定介入的每一个预定的能量等效速度增量与相同介入的特定故障率增量对应,从而估计出故障率,提出科学、系统的方法,弥补行为的不足。
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引用次数: 1
Experimental Investigations on Combustion Characteristics of Jatrophabiodiesel (JME) and its Diesel Blends for Tubular Combustor Application 麻疯生物柴油(JME)及其混合柴油管式燃烧室燃烧特性实验研究
Pub Date : 2016-05-05 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000140
Bhele Sk, Deshp, Thombre Sb
Scarcity of fossil fuels and their negative impact on environment drive the research in the field of alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one such promising alternative fuel that is used in automobile, gas turbine, boiler and other furnace applications. In the present study, combustion characteristics of biodiesel (Jatropha methyl ester) and its diesel blends in gas turbine like combustor have been studied experimentally. An airblast atomizer along with axial swirler (swirler no. 0.76) is employed to investigate the combustion characteristics. During the experiment, heat rate (24 kW), Air to liquid ratio (ALR=2) and air temperature (600K) was kept constant. For different equivalence ratio, spray and flame characterization, flame temperature, combustion efficiency and emission parameters such as carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxide (NOx) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) were determined. It is found that the flame temperature increases with increase in JME percentage in diesel whereas and major pollutants such as CO, CO2 and UHC emissions decrease but the NOx emissions increases. The obtained results indicate that the biodiesel can be promising fuel for gas turbine power plants instead of fossil fuels.
化石燃料的稀缺及其对环境的负面影响推动了替代燃料领域的研究。生物柴油是一种很有前途的替代燃料,可用于汽车、燃气轮机、锅炉和其他炉膛应用。本研究对生物柴油(麻疯树甲酯)及其混炼柴油在燃气轮机式燃烧室中的燃烧特性进行了实验研究。带轴向旋流器(旋流器号)的鼓风喷嘴。0.76)来研究燃烧特性。在实验过程中,保持热速率(24 kW)、气液比(ALR=2)和空气温度(600K)不变。在不同的等效比、喷雾和火焰表征下,测定了火焰温度、燃烧效率和排放参数,如二氧化碳(CO2)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)和未燃烧烃(UHC)。研究发现,随着柴油中JME比例的增加,火焰温度升高,CO、CO2和UHC等主要污染物排放量减少,而NOx排放量增加。研究结果表明,生物柴油可作为燃气轮机发电厂的替代燃料。
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引用次数: 4
Effects of SCR system on NOx reduction in heavy duty diesel engine fuelled with diesel and alcohol blends SCR系统对柴油与酒精混合燃料重型柴油机NOx减排的影响
Pub Date : 2016-05-02 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000139
Ceyla Ozgur, K. Aydın
The aim of this experimental work was to explore the effects of SCR System on NOx reduction in heavy duty diesel engine fuelled with diesel and alcohol blends. The experimental tests were performed in a 6-cylinder, turbocharged heavy duty diesel engine at full load. In the experimental tests diesel, ethanol, methanol and butanol were used as fuel. The alcohol fuel blends were prepared by mixing low sulphur diesel at volumetric rates of between 5 to 15%. The test results showed that SCR system reduce the NOx emissions 42.6% for diesel fuel. The maximum NOx reduction (43.43%) was achieved with 15% methanol–85% diesel fuel (D85M15) blend.
本实验工作的目的是探讨SCR系统对柴油和酒精混合燃料重型柴油机NOx减少的影响。实验测试在一台满载的6缸涡轮增压重型柴油发动机上进行。试验采用柴油、乙醇、甲醇和丁醇作为燃料。以5%至15%的体积率混合低硫柴油制备酒精燃料混合物。试验结果表明,SCR系统可使柴油NOx排放量降低42.6%。15%的甲醇- 85%的柴油(D85M15)混合燃料最大限度地减少了氮氧化物(43.43%)。
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引用次数: 1
Concept of Finite Element Modelling for Trusses and Beams Using Abaqus 基于Abaqus的桁架和梁有限元建模概念
Pub Date : 2016-04-30 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000138
P. Padagannavar
Abaqus is one of the powerful engineering software programs which are based on the finite element method. The Abaqus can solve wide range of problems from linear to nonlinear analyses. Abaqus is widely used in many sectors like automotive and mechanical industries for design and development of FEM products. The finite element method is a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions for differential and integral equations [1]. The finite element word was coined by Clough in 1960. In 1960s, engineers used the method for solving the problems in stress analysis, strain analysis, heat and fluid transfer, and other region. Abaqus CAE can provide a simple creating model, submitting the modal, monitoring, and evaluating result and then can also compare with theoretical calculation [2]. In this report all the steps will be explained in different areas such as sketch a modal, assigning material property, applying boundary condition and loads, submit and monitor the job and view the deformed models using the visualisation and create report for results. This report is to demonstrate to create and analyse a structure model in two dimensional with the aim of showing Abaqus software. The methods used to test the modal and analyse on different boundary conditions and also analyse the behaviour of modal with different elements such as truss and beam elements and assume frictionless pin joint in truss and rigid joints welded in beam elements. The results will be compared and explained with theoretical calculated statically determinate truss.
Abaqus是一款功能强大的基于有限元法的工程软件。Abaqus可以解决从线性到非线性分析的广泛问题。Abaqus广泛应用于汽车、机械等行业的有限元产品设计与开发。有限元法是一种求微分方程和积分方程近似解的数值方法。“有限元素”这个词是克拉夫在1960年创造的。20世纪60年代,工程师们将该方法用于解决应力分析、应变分析、热和流体传递等领域的问题。Abaqus CAE可以提供简单的创建模型、提交模态、监测和评估结果,并可与理论计算[2]进行比较。在本报告中,所有的步骤将在不同的领域进行解释,如草图模态,分配材料属性,应用边界条件和负载,提交和监控工作,并使用可视化查看变形模型,并为结果创建报告。本报告演示如何创建和分析二维结构模型,目的是展示Abaqus软件。采用了不同边界条件下的模态测试和分析方法,分析了不同单元(如桁架单元和梁单元)的模态特性,并假设桁架单元为无摩擦销钉节点,梁单元为焊接刚性节点。结果将与理论计算的静定桁架进行比较和解释。
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引用次数: 1
Vibration Analysis of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Sunflower and Canola Biodiesels 向日葵和菜籽油生物柴油柴油机振动分析
Pub Date : 2016-04-30 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000137
Erinç Uludamar
Biodiesel is one of the most popular alternative fuels. The usage of biodiesel is increasing day by day. Therefore, all effects of biodiesel on internal combustion engines must be known. In this study, vibration effect of canola (rapeseed), sunflower biodiesel and their blends with low sulphur diesel fuel was investigated. Fuels were tested in a four cylinder four stroke diesel engine at 1300, 1600, 1900, 2200, 2500 and 2800 rpm engine speed. The results showed that with the use of biodiesel blend with low sulphur diesel fuel up to 40% proportions, vibration values get significantly lower at all engine speed. The least vibration value for most of the fuel was observed with the use of 60% biodiesel blend. The results were also individually interpreted in longitude, vertical and lateral axes.
生物柴油是最受欢迎的替代燃料之一。生物柴油的使用量日益增加。因此,必须了解生物柴油对内燃机的所有影响。研究了菜籽、向日葵生物柴油及其与低硫柴油混合燃料的振动效应。燃料在一台四缸四冲程柴油发动机上测试,转速分别为1300、1600、1900、2200、2500和2800转。结果表明,当生物柴油与低硫柴油混合使用比例达到40%时,发动机在所有转速下的振动值均显著降低。在使用60%的生物柴油混合物时,观察到大多数燃料的振动值最小。结果还分别在经度、垂直和横向轴上进行了解释。
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引用次数: 17
Automotive Product Design and Development of Car Dashboard Using Quality Function Deployment 基于质量功能展开的汽车产品设计与开发
Pub Date : 2016-04-28 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000136
P. Padagannavar
This report analyses Quality Function Deployment (QFD) on a car dash board. One of the business strategies is to know what basically wants from this product and helping them to achieve customer satisfaction. QFD is the best method to convert the customer requirements and needs into quality characteristic and develop a design quality product. In this report, the specification for choosing a dash board unit is analysed with customer’s preference and converted into engineering characteristics. The voice of customer is taken as an initial step and rated on importance and the house of quality diagram is figured out by considering all the real time aspects. This report is defined to Quality Function Deployment of car dash board and the objectives are: Customer view Technical specification Technological limit Money saving analysis by using House of Quality Diagram
本报告分析了汽车仪表板上的质量功能部署(QFD)。其中一个商业策略是了解这个产品的基本需求,并帮助他们实现客户满意度。QFD是将顾客要求和需求转化为质量特征,开发出设计优质产品的最佳方法。本文从客户的喜好出发,分析了仪表板单元的选择规范,并将其转化为工程特性。将顾客的声音作为第一步,对其重要性进行排序,并综合考虑各个实时方面,绘制出质量屋图。本报告定义为汽车仪表板的质量功能部署,其目的是:客户视图、技术规范、技术限制、使用质量屋图进行省钱分析
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Advances in Automobile Engineering
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