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Personal air pollution exposure and metals in the nasal epithelial lining fluid of COPD patients. 慢性阻塞性肺病患者个人空气污染暴露与鼻上皮内液中的金属
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acbbe5
Hilary L Zetlen, Anna Stanley Lee, Lina Nurhussien, Wendy Sun, Choong-Min Kang, Antonella Zanobetti, Mary B Rice

Sampling of the nasal epithelial lining fluid is a potential method to assess exposure to air pollution within the respiratory tract among high risk populations. We investigated associations of short- and long-term particulate matter exposure (PM) and pollution-related metals in the nasal fluid of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study included 20 participants with moderate-to-severe COPD from a larger study who measured long-term personal exposure to PM2.5 using portable air monitors and short-term PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) using in-home samplers for the seven days preceding nasal fluid collection. Nasal fluid was sampled from both nares by nasosorption, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of metals with major airborne sources. Correlations of selected elements (Fe, Ba, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Cu) were determined within the nasal fluid. Associations between personal long-term PM2.5 and seven day home PM2.5 and BC exposure and nasal fluid metal concentrations were determined by linear regression. Within nasal fluid samples, concentrations of vanadium and nickel (r = 0.8) and lead and zinc (r = 0.7) were correlated. Seven day and long-term PM2.5 exposure were both associated with higher levels of copper, lead, and vanadium in the nasal fluid. BC exposure was associated with higher levels of nickel in the nasal fluid. Levels of certain metals in the nasal fluid may serve as biomarkers of air pollution exposure in the upper respiratory tract.

鼻腔上皮衬里液取样是评估高危人群呼吸道内空气污染暴露情况的一种潜在方法。我们调查了慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者鼻液中短期和长期颗粒物暴露(PM)与污染相关金属的关系。这项研究包括20名来自一项大型研究的中重度COPD参与者,他们使用便携式空气监测仪测量了个人长期接触PM2.5的情况,并使用家庭采样器测量了在鼻液采集前七天的短期PM2.5和黑碳(BC)。通过鼻吸附法从两个鼻孔取样,并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定主要空气来源的金属浓度。在鼻液中测定所选元素(Fe、Ba、Ni、Pb、V、Zn、Cu)的相关性。通过线性回归确定个人长期PM2.5和七天家庭PM2.5、BC暴露和鼻腔液体金属浓度之间的相关性。在鼻液样本中,钒和镍的浓度(r=0.8)以及铅和锌的浓度(r=0.7)是相关的。七天和长期接触PM2.5都与鼻腔中铜、铅和钒含量较高有关。BC暴露与鼻液中镍含量较高有关。鼻腔液体中某些金属的水平可以作为上呼吸道空气污染暴露的生物标志物。
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引用次数: 0
After the fire: A qualitative study of the role of long-term recovery organizations in addressing rural communities' post-wildfire needs. 火灾之后:关于长期恢复组织在满足农村社区野火后需求方面作用的定性研究。
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acd2f7
Kathleen Moloney, Jamie Vickery, Jeremy Hess, Nicole Errett

U.S. wildfire activity has increased over the past several decades, disrupting the systems and infrastructure that support community health and resilience. As the cumulative burden of wildfire damage is projected to increase, understanding an effective community recovery process is critically important. Through qualitative interviews with leaders of long-term recovery organizations (LTROs), a key component of wildfire recovery, we explored barriers and facilitators to LTROs' ability to support post-wildfire needs among rural communities. Between February-May 2022, we conducted surveys and semi-structured interviews with 18 leaders from six LTROs serving rural communities in Washington, Oregon, and California impacted by wildfires between 2015-2020. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Culture of Health Framework informed the semi-structured interview guide and a priori codebook, to examine LTROs' ability to address post-wildfire community needs from a health equity perspective. Additional codes were added through an inductive approach, and emerging themes were identified. Our findings indicate that LTROs face many barriers in addressing community needs post-wildfire, including the policies governing access to and the slow arrival of recovery resources, the intertwined nature of community economic health and built environment restoration, and the challenge of forming a functional LTRO structure. However, participants also identified facilitators of LTROs' work, including the ability of LTROs and their government partners to adapt policies and procedures, and close collaboration with other community organizations. Factors both internal and external to the community and LTROs' organizational characteristics influence their ability to address community needs, essential to health, post-wildfire. This study's findings suggest the need for policy improvements to promote more equitable recovery resource access, that economic recovery should be a core LTRO function, and that recovery planning should be incorporated into community disaster preparedness activities. Future research should focus on LTROs' role in other contexts and in response to other disasters.

过去几十年来,美国的野火活动有所增加,破坏了支持社区健康和恢复能力的系统和基础设施。预计野火造成的累积损失还会增加,因此了解有效的社区恢复过程至关重要。长期恢复组织(LTROs)是野火恢复的关键组成部分,通过对长期恢复组织领导人的定性访谈,我们探讨了长期恢复组织支持农村社区野火后需求的能力所面临的障碍和促进因素。2022 年 2 月至 5 月间,我们对来自华盛顿州、俄勒冈州和加利福尼亚州的六个长期恢复组织的 18 名领导者进行了调查和半结构化访谈,这些组织在 2015-2020 年间为受野火影响的农村社区提供服务。罗伯特-伍德-约翰逊基金会的 "健康文化框架 "为半结构式访谈指南和先验代码手册提供了参考,以考察 LTROs 从健康公平角度满足野火后社区需求的能力。通过归纳法增加了其他代码,并确定了新出现的主题。我们的研究结果表明,土地退化评估组织在解决野火后社区需求方面面临着许多障碍,包括获取恢复资源的政策和恢复资源的缓慢到达、社区经济健康和建筑环境恢复的相互交织性质,以及形成一个功能性土地退化评估组织结构所面临的挑战。不过,与会者也指出了促进 LTRO 工作的因素,包括 LTRO 及其政府合作伙伴调整政策和程序的能力,以及与其他社区组织的密切合作。社区内部和外部的因素以及 LTROs 的组织特征都影响着他们在野火后满足社区需求的能力,而这些需求对健康至关重要。本研究的结果表明,需要改进政策以促进更公平的恢复资源获取,经济恢复应成为 LTRO 的核心职能,恢复规划应纳入社区备灾活动。未来的研究应重点关注 LTRO 在其他情况下和应对其他灾害时的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Air quality and health co-benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions by 2030: an interdisciplinary modeling study in Ahmedabad, India. 到 2030 年减缓和适应气候变化行动的空气质量和健康共同效益:印度艾哈迈达巴德的跨学科建模研究。
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/aca7d8
Vijay S Limaye, Akhilesh Magal, Jaykumar Joshi, Sujit Maji, Priya Dutta, Prashant Rajput, Shyam Pingle, Prima Madan, Polash Mukerjee, Shahana Bano, Gufran Beig, Dileep Mavalankar, Anjali Jaiswal, Kim Knowlton

Climate change-driven temperature increases worsen air quality in places where coal combustion powers electricity for air conditioning. Climate solutions that substitute clean and renewable energy in place of polluting coal and promote adaptation to warming through reflective cool roofs can reduce cooling energy demand in buildings, lower power sector carbon emissions, and improve air quality and health. We investigate the air quality and health co-benefits of climate solutions in Ahmedabad, India-a city where air pollution levels exceed national health-based standards-through an interdisciplinary modeling approach. Using a 2018 baseline, we quantify changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and all-cause mortality in 2030 from increasing renewable energy use (mitigation) and expanding Ahmedabad's cool roofs heat resilience program (adaptation). We apply local demographic and health data and compare a 2030 mitigation and adaptation (M&A) scenario to a 2030 business-as-usual (BAU) scenario (without climate change response actions), each relative to 2018 pollution levels. We estimate that the 2030 BAU scenario results in an increase of PM2.5 air pollution of 4.13 µg m-3 from 2018 compared to a 0.11 µg m-3 decline from 2018 under the 2030 M&A scenario. Reduced PM2.5 air pollution under 2030 M&A results in 1216-1414 fewer premature all-cause deaths annually compared to 2030 BAU. Achievement of National Clean Air Programme, National Ambient Air Quality Standards, or World Health Organization annual PM2.5 Air Quality Guideline targets in 2030 results in up to 6510, 9047, or 17 369 fewer annual deaths, respectively, relative to 2030 BAU. This comprehensive modeling method is adaptable to estimate local air quality and health co-benefits in other settings by integrating climate, energy, cooling, land cover, air pollution, and health data. Our findings demonstrate that city-level climate change response policies can achieve substantial air quality and health co-benefits. Such work can inform public discourse on the near-term health benefits of mitigation and adaptation.

在燃煤为空调提供电力的地方,气候变化导致的气温升高使空气质量恶化。用清洁和可再生能源替代污染严重的煤炭,并通过反光凉爽屋顶促进适应气候变暖的气候解决方案,可以减少建筑物的制冷能源需求,降低电力部门的碳排放,改善空气质量和健康状况。印度艾哈迈达巴德是一座空气污染水平超过国家健康标准的城市,我们通过跨学科建模方法研究了气候解决方案对该市空气质量和健康的共同效益。以 2018 年为基线,我们量化了 2030 年细微颗粒物(PM2.5)空气污染和全因死亡率的变化,这些变化来自增加可再生能源的使用(减缓)和扩大艾哈迈达巴德的凉爽屋顶抗热计划(适应)。我们应用了当地的人口和健康数据,并比较了 2030 年减缓和适应(M&A)情景与 2030 年一切照旧(BAU)情景(无气候变化应对措施),每种情景都相对于 2018 年的污染水平。我们估计,2030 年 "一切照旧 "情景会导致 PM2.5 空气污染比 2018 年增加 4.13 µg m-3,而在 2030 年减缓和适应情景下,PM2.5 空气污染比 2018 年下降 0.11 µg m-3。与 2030 年 BAU 相比,2030 年 M&A 情景下 PM2.5 空气污染的减少导致每年因各种原因过早死亡的人数减少 1216-1414 人。与 2030 年 BAU 相比,2030 年实现国家清洁空气计划、国家环境空气质量标准或世界卫生组织 PM2.5 年度空气质量指导目标可分别减少 6510、9047 或 17 369 例死亡。通过整合气候、能源、冷却、土地覆盖、空气污染和健康数据,这种综合建模方法可用于估算其他环境下的当地空气质量和健康共同效益。我们的研究结果表明,城市一级的气候变化应对政策可以实现可观的空气质量和健康共同效益。这些工作可以为公众讨论减缓和适应气候变化的近期健康效益提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring vulnerability to heat and cold across urban and rural populations in Switzerland. 探索瑞士城市和农村人口易受冷热影响的情况。
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acab78
Evan de Schrijver, Dominic Royé, Antonio Gasparrini, Oscar H Franco, Ana M Vicedo-Cabrera

Heat- and cold-related mortality risks are highly variable across different geographies, suggesting a differential distribution of vulnerability factors between and within countries, which could partly be driven by urban-to-rural disparities. Identifying these drivers of risk is crucial to characterize local vulnerability and design tailored public health interventions to improve adaptation of populations to climate change. We aimed to assess how heat- and cold-mortality risks change across urban, peri-urban and rural areas in Switzerland and to identify and compare the factors associated with increased vulnerability within and between different area typologies. We estimated the heat- and cold-related mortality association using the case time-series design and distributed lag non-linear models over daily mean temperature and all-cause mortality series between 1990-2017 in each municipality in Switzerland. Then, through multivariate meta-regression, we derived pooled heat and cold-mortality associations by typology (i.e. urban/rural/peri-urban) and assessed potential vulnerability factors among a wealth of demographic, socioeconomic, topographic, climatic, land use and other environmental data. Urban clusters reported larger pooled heat-related mortality risk (at 99th percentile, vs. temperature of minimum mortality (MMT)) (relative risk=1.17(95%CI:1.10;1.24, vs peri-urban 1.03(1.00;1.06), and rural 1.03 (0.99;1.08)), but similar cold-mortality risk (at 1st percentile, vs. MMT) (1.35(1.28;1.43), vs rural 1.28(1.14;1.44) and peri-urban 1.39 (1.27-1.53)) clusters. We found different sets of vulnerability factors explaining the differential risk patterns across typologies. In urban clusters, mainly environmental factors (i.e. PM2.5) drove differences in heat-mortality association, while for peri-urban/rural clusters socio-economic variables were also important. For cold, socio-economic variables drove changes in vulnerability across all typologies, while environmental factors and ageing were other important drivers of larger vulnerability in peri-urban/rural clusters, with heterogeneity in the direction of the association. Our findings suggest that urban populations in Switzerland may be more vulnerable to heat, compared to rural locations, and different sets of vulnerability factors may drive these associations in each typology. Thus, future public health adaptation strategies should consider local and more tailored interventions rather than a one-size fits all approach. size fits all approach.

与热和冷相关的死亡风险在不同地理区域之间存在很大差异,这表明国家之间和国家内部的脆弱性因素分布不同,其部分原因可能是城市与农村之间的差异。确定这些风险驱动因素对于描述当地的脆弱性和设计有针对性的公共卫生干预措施以改善人口对气候变化的适应至关重要。我们的目标是评估瑞士城市、城郊和农村地区的高温和严寒死亡风险是如何变化的,并识别和比较不同地区类型内部和之间与脆弱性增加相关的因素。我们采用病例时间序列设计和分布式滞后非线性模型,对 1990-2017 年间瑞士各城市的日平均气温和全因死亡率序列进行了热与冷相关死亡率的估算。然后,通过多元元回归,我们得出了按类型(即城市/农村/城郊)划分的集合高温和严寒死亡率关联,并评估了大量人口、社会经济、地形、气候、土地利用和其他环境数据中的潜在脆弱性因素。城市群报告了更大的与热相关的集合死亡风险(第 99 百分位数,与最低死亡温度(MMT)相比)(相对风险=1.17(95%CI:1.10;1.24, vs 城郊为 1.03(1.00;1.06), 农村为 1.03 (0.99;1.08) ),但与寒冷相关死亡风险(第 1 百分位数,与最低死亡温度相比)相似(1.35(1.28;1.43), vs 农村为 1.28(1.14;1.44), 城郊为 1.39 (1.27-1.53))。我们发现不同的脆弱性因素可以解释不同类型的风险模式。在城市群中,主要是环境因素(即 PM2.5)导致了高温与死亡之间的关联差异,而在城郊/农村群中,社会经济变量也很重要。就寒冷而言,社会经济变量驱动了所有类型的脆弱性变化,而环境因素和老龄化则是城郊/农村集群脆弱性增加的其他重要驱动因素,但两者的关联方向存在差异。我们的研究结果表明,与农村地区相比,瑞士的城市人口可能更容易受到高温的影响,而在每种类型中,不同的脆弱性因素可能会驱动这些关联。因此,未来的公共卫生适应战略应考虑因地制宜的干预措施,而不是一刀切。
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引用次数: 0
Association between traffic-related air pollution exposure and fertility-assisted births. 与交通有关的空气污染暴露与辅助生育之间的关系。
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/accd10
Daphne Thampy, Verónica M Vieira

Previous studies have suggested that traffic-related air pollution is associated with adverse fertility outcomes, such as reduced fecundability and subfertility. The purpose of this research is to investigate if PM2.5 exposure prior to conception or traffic-related exposures (traffic density and distance to nearest major roadway) at birth address is associated with fertility-assisted births. We obtained all live and still births from the Massachusetts state birth registry with an estimated conception date between January 2002 through December 2008. All births requiring fertility drugs or assisted reproductive technology were identified as cases. We randomly selected 2000 infants conceived each year to serve as a common control group. PM2.5 exposure was assessed using 4 km spatial satellite remote sensing, meteorological and land use spatiotemporal models at geocoded birth addresses for the year prior to conception. The mean PM2.5 level was 9.81 µg m-3 (standard deviation = 1.70 µg m-3), with a maximum of 14.27 µg m-3. We calculated crude and adjusted fertility treatment odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per interquartile range of 1.72 µg m-3 increase in PM2.5 exposure. Our final analyses included 10 748 fertility-assisted births and 12 225 controls. After adjusting for parental age, marital status, race, maternal education, insurance status, parity, and year of birth, average PM2.5 exposure during the year prior to conception was weakly associated with fertility treatment (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.05). Fertility-assisted births were inversely associated with traffic density (highest quartile compared to lowest quartile, OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.02) and positively associated with distance from major roadway (OR per 100 m: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.02) in adjusted analyses. We did not find strong evidence to support an adverse relationship between traffic-related air pollution exposure and fertility-assisted births.

先前的研究表明,与交通有关的空气污染与不利的生育结果有关,如生育能力降低和生育能力低下。本研究的目的是调查怀孕前的PM2.5暴露或出生地址的交通相关暴露(交通密度和到最近主要道路的距离)是否与辅助生育有关。我们从马萨诸塞州出生登记处获得了所有活产和死产,估计受孕日期在2002年1月至2008年12月之间。所有需要生育药物或辅助生殖技术的分娩都被确定为病例。我们每年随机选择2000名婴儿作为普通对照组。利用4公里空间卫星遥感、气象和土地利用时空模型,对怀孕前一年的地理编码出生地址进行了PM2.5暴露评估。PM2.5均值为9.81µg m-3(标准差为1.70µg m-3),最大值为14.27µg m-3。在PM2.5暴露增加1.72µg m-3的四分位数范围内,我们计算了粗生育治疗和调整生育治疗的优势比(ORs)和95%置信区间(CI)。我们的最终分析包括10748例辅助生育和12225例对照。在调整了父母年龄、婚姻状况、种族、母亲受教育程度、保险状况、胎次和出生年份等因素后,孕前一年PM2.5平均暴露量与生育治疗呈弱相关(OR: 1.01;95% ci: 0.97, 1.05)。辅助生育与交通密度呈负相关(最高四分位数比最低四分位数,OR: 0.92;95% CI: 0.83, 1.02),并与距离主干道的距离呈正相关(OR每100米:1.01;95% CI: 1.00, 1.02)。我们没有发现强有力的证据来支持交通相关的空气污染暴露与辅助生育之间的不利关系。
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引用次数: 0
Effect modification of the association between fine particulate air pollution during a wildfire event and respiratory health by area-level measures of socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, and smoking prevalence. 通过社会经济地位、种族/民族和吸烟率的区域水平措施,对野火事件期间细颗粒物空气污染与呼吸健康之间关系的影响修正
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acc4e1
C E Reid, E M Considine, G L Watson, D Telesca, G G Pfister, M Jerrett

Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is decreasing in most areas of the United States, except for areas most affected by wildfires, where increasing trends in PM2.5 can be attributed to wildfire smoke. The frequency and duration of large wildfires and the length of the wildfire season have all increased in recent decades, partially due to climate change, and wildfire risk is projected to increase further in many regions including the western United States. Increasingly, empirical evidence suggests differential health effects from air pollution by class and race; however, few studies have investigated such differential health impacts from air pollution during a wildfire event. We investigated differential risk of respiratory health impacts during the 2008 northern California wildfires by a comprehensive list of socio-economic status (SES), race/ethnicity, and smoking prevalence variables. Regardless of SES level across nine measures of SES, we found significant associations between PM2.5 and asthma hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits during these wildfires. Differential respiratory health risk was found by SES for ED visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease where the highest risks were in ZIP codes with the lowest SES levels. Findings for differential effects by race/ethnicity were less consistent across health outcomes. We found that ZIP codes with higher prevalence of smokers had greater risk of ED visits for asthma and pneumonia. Our study suggests that public health efforts to decrease exposures to high levels of air pollution during wildfires should focus on lower SES communities.

美国大部分地区的细颗粒物空气污染(PM2.5)正在减少,但受野火影响最严重的地区除外,那里PM2.5的增加趋势可归因于野火烟雾。近几十年来,大型野火的频率和持续时间以及野火季节的长度都有所增加,部分原因是气候变化,包括美国西部在内的许多地区的野火风险预计将进一步增加。越来越多的经验证据表明,空气污染对健康的影响因阶级和种族而异;然而,很少有研究调查野火期间空气污染对健康的影响。我们通过社会经济地位(SES)、种族/民族和吸烟率变量的综合列表,调查了2008年北加利福尼亚州野火期间呼吸道健康影响的不同风险。不管SES的九项指标的SES水平如何,我们发现PM2.5与这些野火期间哮喘住院和急诊科就诊之间存在显著关联。SES在慢性阻塞性肺病急诊就诊中发现了不同的呼吸健康风险,其中SES水平最低的邮政编码风险最高。不同种族/民族的差异影响结果在健康结果中不太一致。我们发现,吸烟率较高的邮政编码地区哮喘和肺炎急诊就诊的风险更大。我们的研究表明,减少野火期间暴露在高水平空气污染中的公共卫生努力应该集中在SES较低的社区。
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引用次数: 0
Geologic, seasonal, and atmospheric predictors of indoor home radon values. 室内氡值的地质、季节和大气预测因子。
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acdcb3
Ellen J Hahn, William C Haneberg, Stacy R Stanifer, Kathy Rademacher, Jason Backus, Mary Kay Rayens

Exposure to tobacco smoke and radon cause lung cancer. Radioactive decay of naturally occurring uranium in bedrock produces radon. Seasonality, bedrock type, age of home, and topography have been associated with indoor radon, but the research is mixed. The study objective was to examine the relationships of geologic (soil radon and bedrock) and seasonal (warm and cold times of the year) factors with indoor home radon values in citizen scientists' homes over time, controlling for atmospheric conditions, topography, age of home, and home exposure to tobacco smoke. We collected and analyzed indoor radon values, soil radon gas concentrations, and dwelling- and county-level geologic and atmospheric conditions on 66 properties in four rural counties during two seasons: (1) summer 2021 (n = 53); and (2) winter/spring 2022 (n = 52). Citizen scientists measured indoor radon using Airthings radon sensors, and outdoor temperature and rainfall. Geologists obtained soil radon measurements using RAD7 instruments at two locations (near the dwelling and farther away) at each dwelling, testing for associations of indoor radon values with soil values, bedrock type, topography, and atmospheric conditions. Bedrock type, near soil radon levels, home age, and barometric pressure were associated with indoor radon. Dwellings built on carbonate bedrock had indoor radon values that were 2.8 pCi/L (103.6 Bq m-3) higher, on average, compared to homes built on siliclastic rock. Homes with higher near soil radon and those built <40 ago were more likely to have indoor radon ⩾4.0 pCi/L (148 Bq m-3). With higher atmospheric barometric pressure during testing, observed indoor radon values were lower. Seasonality and topography were not associated with indoor radon level. Understanding relationships among bedrock type, soil radon, and indoor radon exposure allows the development of practical predictive models that may support pre-construction forecasting of indoor radon potential based on geologic factors.

接触烟草烟雾和氡会导致肺癌。基岩中天然存在的铀的放射性衰变产生氡。季节性、基岩类型、家庭年龄和地形都与室内氡有关,但研究结果好坏参半。研究目的是在控制大气条件、地形、家庭年龄和家庭暴露于烟草烟雾的情况下,研究地质因素(土壤氡和基岩)和季节因素(一年中温暖和寒冷的时间)与公民科学家家中室内氡值的关系。我们在两个季节收集并分析了四个农村县66个物业的室内氡值、土壤氡气浓度以及住宅和县级地质和大气条件:(1)2021年夏季(n = 53);(2) 2022年冬季/春季(n = 52)。民间科学家使用Airthings氡传感器测量室内氡,以及室外温度和降雨量。地质学家在每个住所的两个地点(住所附近和更远)使用RAD7仪器获得土壤氡测量值,测试室内氡值与土壤值、基岩类型、地形和大气条件的关联。基岩类型、附近土壤氡水平、家庭年龄和气压与室内氡有关。建在碳酸盐基岩上的住宅的室内氡值平均比建在硅质岩石上的住宅高2.8 pCi/L (103.6 Bq m-3)。附近土壤氡含量较高的房屋和建造的房屋。测试期间,大气压力越高,室内氡值越低。季节和地形与室内氡水平无关。了解基岩类型、土壤氡和室内氡暴露之间的关系,可以开发实用的预测模型,从而支持基于地质因素的室内氡潜势的施工前预测。
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引用次数: 1
Wildfire smoke exposure and emergency department visits in Washington State. 华盛顿州的野火烟雾暴露和急诊就诊情况。
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acd3a1
Annie Doubleday, Lianne Sheppard, Elena Austin, Tania Busch Isaksen

Wildfires are increasing in prevalence in western North America due to changing climate conditions. A growing number of studies examine the impact of wildfire smoke on morbidity; however, few evaluate these impacts using syndromic surveillance data that cover many emergency departments (EDs). We used syndromic surveillance data to explore the effect of wildfire smoke exposure on all-cause respiratory and cardiovascular ED visits in Washington state. Using a time-stratified case crossover design, we observed an increased odds of asthma visits immediately after and in all five days following initial exposure (lag 0 OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.17; lag 1-5 ORs all 1.05 or greater with a lower CI of 1.02 or higher), and an increased odds of respiratory visits in all five days following initial exposure (lag 1 OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.03; lag 2-5 ORs and lower CIs were all at least as large) comparing wildfire smoke to non-wildfire smoke days. We observed mixed results for cardiovascular visits, with evidence of increased odds emerging only several days following initial exposure. We also found increased odds across all visit categories for a 10 μg m-3 increase in smoke-impacted PM2.5. In stratified analyses, we observed elevated odds for respiratory visits among ages 19-64, for asthma visits among ages 5-64, and mixed risk estimates for cardiovascular visits by age group. This study provides evidence of an increased risk of respiratory ED visits immediately following initial wildfire smoke exposure, and increased risk of cardiovascular ED visits several days following initial exposure. These increased risks are seen particularly among children and younger to middle-aged adults.

由于气候条件的变化,野火在北美西部越来越普遍。越来越多的研究探讨了野火烟雾对发病率的影响;然而,很少有研究利用涵盖许多急诊科(ED)的综合征监测数据来评估这些影响。我们利用综合症监测数据来探讨野火烟雾暴露对华盛顿州全因呼吸道和心血管疾病急诊就诊的影响。通过采用时间分层病例交叉设计,我们观察到哮喘就诊的几率在首次暴露后的第一时间和所有五天内都有所增加(滞后 0 OR:1.13;95% CI:1.10, 1.17;滞后 1-5 OR 均为 1.05 或更高,较低的 CI 为 1.02 或更高)。02或更高),而在最初接触烟雾后的所有五天内,呼吸系统就诊的几率增加(滞后1 OR:1.02;95% CI:1.00, 1.03;滞后2-5 ORs和较低的CIs都至少一样大),将野火烟雾日与非野火烟雾日进行比较。我们观察到的心血管就诊结果好坏参半,只有在最初接触烟雾几天后才出现几率增加的证据。我们还发现,在所有就诊类别中,烟雾影响的 PM2.5 每增加 10 μg m-3 的几率都会增加。在分层分析中,我们观察到 19-64 岁人群呼吸系统就诊几率升高,5-64 岁人群哮喘就诊几率升高,各年龄组心血管就诊风险估计值不一。这项研究提供的证据表明,在初次接触野火烟雾后,呼吸系统急诊就诊的风险会立即增加,而在初次接触烟雾几天后,心血管急诊就诊的风险也会增加。这些增加的风险在儿童和中青年中尤为明显。
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引用次数: 0
Learning to live with smoke: characterizing wildland fire and prescribed fire smoke risk communication in rural Washington 学会与烟雾共存:表征华盛顿农村的荒地火灾和规定的火灾烟雾风险沟通
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acdbe3
Savannah M D’Evelyn, L. M. Wood, Cody Desautel, Nicole A. Errett, Kris Ray, J. Spector, E. Alvarado
Extreme smoke events from wildland fires are increasing in frequency and intensity across the country. Risk communication around wildland and prescribed fires is an essential component of both smoke-readiness and resilience. To date, little research has been conducted on how smoke exposure risks can be communicated effectively, especially within the context of rural and tribal communities, who experience a disproportionate burden of smoke risks and impacts. This qualitative study analyzed how tribal and non-tribal communities in the Okanogan River Airshed Emphasis Area (ORAEA) receive and share information about smoke exposure to highlight gaps and communication opportunities for smoke risk communication. The ORAEA is a region of north-central Washington that is frequently blanketed with smoke year-round from wildland fire in the summer, prescribed fire in the fall and spring, and wood burning stoves in the winter. This study was the result of a partnership between the Okanogan River Airshed Partnership, the Natural Resource Division for the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Colville Environmental Trust Air Quality Program, and the University of Washington. The study team conducted seventeen key informant interviews and six focus groups to identify community perceptions of smoke exposure and describe its impact. A thematic analysis of interview and focus group data identified five themes around wildfire smoke risk communication: (1) perception of the health risks of smoke; (2) current ways of sharing information about smoke; (3) trusted sources of information; (4) gaps and communication opportunities; and (5) perceptions of prescribed fire. Based on these themes, we developed a set of six recommended actions. To create effective smoke risk communication that may be applicable to smoke-impacted regions across the country, messaging must address barriers to action, be rooted in community perceptions of risk, and be delivered through trusted channels.
野外火灾产生的极端烟雾事件在全国范围内的频率和强度都在增加。围绕荒地和规定火灾的风险沟通是烟雾准备和恢复能力的重要组成部分。迄今为止,很少有人研究如何有效地传达烟雾暴露风险,特别是在农村和部落社区的背景下,他们承受着不成比例的烟雾风险和影响。这项定性研究分析了奥卡诺根河防空重点地区(OREAA)的部落和非部落社区如何接收和分享有关烟雾暴露的信息,以突出烟雾风险沟通的差距和沟通机会。OREAA是华盛顿中北部的一个地区,夏季的荒地大火、秋季和春季的规定火灾以及冬季的燃木炉全年都会产生烟雾。这项研究是奥卡诺根河流域伙伴关系、科尔维尔保留地邦联部落自然资源部、科尔维尔环境信托空气质量项目和华盛顿大学合作的结果。该研究小组进行了17次关键的线人访谈和6个焦点小组,以确定社区对烟雾暴露的看法并描述其影响。对访谈和焦点小组数据的主题分析确定了围绕野火烟雾风险沟通的五个主题:(1)对烟雾健康风险的感知;(2) 目前分享烟雾信息的方式;(3) 可信的信息来源;(4) 差距和沟通机会;以及(5)对规定火灾的感知。基于这些主题,我们制定了一套六项建议行动。为了建立有效的烟雾风险沟通,适用于全国受烟雾影响的地区,信息传递必须解决行动障碍,植根于社区对风险的认知,并通过可信的渠道传递。
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引用次数: 0
Retrospective analysis of wildfire smoke exposure and birth weight outcomes in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. 对加利福尼亚州旧金山湾区野火烟雾暴露和出生体重结果的回顾性分析。
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acd5f5
Anna Claire G Fernández, Emilia Basilio, Tarik Benmarhnia, Jacquelyn Roger, Stephanie L Gaw, Joshua F Robinson, Amy M Padula

Despite the occurrence of wildfires quadrupling over the past four decades, the health effects associated with wildfire smoke exposures during pregnancy remains unknown. Particulate matter less than 2.5 μms (PM2.5) is among the major pollutants emitted in wildfire smoke. Previous studies found PM2.5 associated with lower birthweight, however, the relationship between wildfire-specific PM2.5 and birthweight is uncertain. Our study of 7923 singleton births in San Francisco between January 1, 2017 and March 12, 2020 examines associations between wildfire smoke exposure during pregnancy and birthweight. We linked daily estimates of wildfire-specific PM2.5 to maternal residence at the ZIP code level. We used linear and log-binomial regression to examine the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure by trimester and birthweight and adjusted for gestational age, maternal age, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. We stratified by infant sex to examine potential effect modification. Exposure to wildfire-specific PM2.5 during the second trimester of pregnancy was positively associated with increased risk of large for gestational age (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.24), as was the number of days of wildfire-specific PM2.5 above 5 μg m-3 in the second trimester (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06). We found consistent results with wildfire smoke exposure in the second trimester and increased continuous birthweight-for-gestational age z-score. Differences by infant sex were not consistent. Counter to our hypothesis, results suggest that wildfire smoke exposures are associated with increased risk for higher birthweight. We observed strongest associations during the second trimester. These investigations should be expanded to other populations exposed to wildfire smoke and aim to identify vulnerable communities. Additional research is needed to clarify the biological mechanisms in this relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and adverse birth outcomes.

尽管野火的发生率在过去四十年里翻了两番,但怀孕期间接触野火烟雾对健康的影响仍不得而知。小于 2.5 μm 的颗粒物(PM2.5)是野火烟雾中排放的主要污染物之一。以前的研究发现,PM2.5 与较低的出生体重有关,但野火特有的 PM2.5 与出生体重之间的关系尚不确定。我们对 2017 年 1 月 1 日至 2020 年 3 月 12 日期间在旧金山出生的 7923 名单胎婴儿进行了研究,探讨了孕期野火烟雾暴露与出生体重之间的关系。我们将野火特定 PM2.5 的每日估计值与邮政编码级别的产妇居住地联系起来。我们使用线性回归和对数二项式回归来研究野火烟雾暴露与出生体重之间的关系,并对孕龄、产妇年龄、种族/民族和教育程度进行了调整。我们根据婴儿性别进行了分层,以检验潜在的效应修正。孕期后三个月暴露于野火特异性 PM2.5 与胎龄大风险增加呈正相关(OR = 1.13;95% CI:1.03,1.24),孕期后三个月野火特异性 PM2.5 超过 5 μg m-3 的天数也与胎龄大风险增加呈正相关(OR = 1.03;95% CI:1.01,1.06)。我们发现,妊娠后三个月的野火烟雾暴露与连续出生体重-胎龄 Z 值增加的结果一致。婴儿性别差异并不一致。与我们的假设相反,结果表明,暴露于野火烟雾与出生体重增加的风险有关。我们观察到,在妊娠的后三个月,这种关联性最强。这些调查应扩展到其他暴露于野火烟雾的人群,并旨在确定易受影响的社区。还需要进行更多的研究,以阐明野火烟雾暴露与不良出生结果之间关系的生物机制。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental research, health : ERH
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