Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.2989.1145
Hakimeh Sharififard, Asghar Lashanizadegan, rahman pazira, P. Darvishi
Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is a highly toxic compound. Therefore, it is essential to remove this component from wastewater before discharging it to the environment. In this research work, palm kernel biomass was activated chemically by H3PO4 and synthesized activated charcoal was applied to separate xylene from aqueous media. The prepared activated charcoal was characterized using FTIR, BET, SEM, pHzpc measurement, Boehm analysis methods. The characterization tests indicated that the produced activated carbon has acidic character with various functional groups and micropores structure. The values of external mass transfer coefficients ranged from 1.87×10-5 to 1.90×10-5. By increasing the temperature, the pore and surface diffusion coefficients were increased from 1.15×10-9 to 1.91×10-9 and 6.98×10-16 to 7.58×10-16, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated which the pore diffusion and film diffusion are the main mass transfer parameters. Equilibrium analysis also revealed that the multilayer model with saturation could well describe the data. The number of adsorbate ions for one site, the number of adsorption layers, density of receptor site, and the energy of adsorption at layers were determined using statistical physics modelling. The maximum capacity of prepared activated charcoal at the experimental condition for xylene adsorption was 23.48 mg g-1.
{"title":"Xylene removal from dilute solution by palm kernel activated charcoal: Kinetics and equilibrium analysis","authors":"Hakimeh Sharififard, Asghar Lashanizadegan, rahman pazira, P. Darvishi","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.2989.1145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.2989.1145","url":null,"abstract":"Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is a highly toxic compound. Therefore, it is essential to remove this component from wastewater before discharging it to the environment. In this research work, palm kernel biomass was activated chemically by H3PO4 and synthesized activated charcoal was applied to separate xylene from aqueous media. The prepared activated charcoal was characterized using FTIR, BET, SEM, pHzpc measurement, Boehm analysis methods. The characterization tests indicated that the produced activated carbon has acidic character with various functional groups and micropores structure. The values of external mass transfer coefficients ranged from 1.87×10-5 to 1.90×10-5. By increasing the temperature, the pore and surface diffusion coefficients were increased from 1.15×10-9 to 1.91×10-9 and 6.98×10-16 to 7.58×10-16, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated which the pore diffusion and film diffusion are the main mass transfer parameters. Equilibrium analysis also revealed that the multilayer model with saturation could well describe the data. The number of adsorbate ions for one site, the number of adsorption layers, density of receptor site, and the energy of adsorption at layers were determined using statistical physics modelling. The maximum capacity of prepared activated charcoal at the experimental condition for xylene adsorption was 23.48 mg g-1.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"107-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89463445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2019.2315.1116
K. Shojae, M. Mahdavian
Hydrogen fuel is the cleanest fuel available. This fuel can be used as an additive in the diesel engine. Diesel engines have the advantages of strong power, high thermal efficiency and low fuel costs. There have been extensive studies on the use of hydrogen fuel in diesel engines in recent years. However, the simultaneous effect of using gaseous hydrogen fuel and changing injection strategy needs further investigation specially for the Cummins ISM370 engine. This work considers almost all functional and emission parameters, simultaneously. This procedure can be effective to achieve balanced conditions when 6% H2 (by volume) is injected into the Cummins ISM 370 diesel engine (under different engines). In addition, due to changing fuel compound used in engine, injection timing and temperature of engine should be redesigned to better operating. For simulation of engine, a CFD code was used. In order to validity and verify the simulation predicted mean pressure and the rate of heat release are compered to experimental data and results gave appropriate accordance. Results show that most of exhaust emissions such as NO, CO, etc. are dramatically reduced by using gaseous hydrogen under various engine speeds. It is determined that with addition of 6% H2 within the engine, indicated thermal efficiency is increased by around 39%; and NO, soot, CO and CO2 emissions are reduced by 5%, 75%, 70%, and 30%, respectively, under 1600 rpm speed. It is also found that the best injection timing that makes a balance between exhaust emissions and performance parameters is 4 deg BTDC under 2000 rpm. Moreover, the best injection temperature is 330 K among of three considered injection temperatures.3
氢燃料是最清洁的燃料。这种燃料可用作柴油机的添加剂。柴油机具有动力强、热效率高、燃料成本低等优点。近年来，人们对氢燃料在柴油机中的应用进行了广泛的研究。然而，使用气态氢燃料和改变喷射策略的同时效果需要进一步研究，特别是对于康明斯ISM370发动机。这项工作同时考虑了几乎所有的功能和发射参数。当向康明斯ISM 370柴油发动机(在不同的发动机下)注入6%的氢气(按体积计)时，该程序可以有效地达到平衡状态。此外，由于发动机使用的燃油化合物发生了变化，发动机的喷射正时和温度需要重新设计，以更好地工作。对于发动机的仿真，采用了CFD程序。为了验证模拟预测的平均压力和放热速率，并与实验数据进行了比较，结果吻合较好。结果表明，在不同的发动机转速下，使用气态氢能显著降低大部分废气排放，如NO、CO等。结果表明，在发动机中加入6%的H2，表明热效率提高了39%左右;在1600转/分转速下，NO、soot、CO和CO2排放量分别降低5%、75%、70%和30%。同时还发现，在2000转/分下4度BTDC是平衡废气排放和性能参数的最佳喷射时间。3种注射温度中，最佳注射温度为330 K
{"title":"Improving the combustion and emission characteristics of ISM 370 diesel engine by hydrogen addition and redesigning injection strategy","authors":"K. Shojae, M. Mahdavian","doi":"10.22104/AET.2019.2315.1116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2019.2315.1116","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen fuel is the cleanest fuel available. This fuel can be used as an additive in the diesel engine. Diesel engines have the advantages of strong power, high thermal efficiency and low fuel costs. There have been extensive studies on the use of hydrogen fuel in diesel engines in recent years. However, the simultaneous effect of using gaseous hydrogen fuel and changing injection strategy needs further investigation specially for the Cummins ISM370 engine. This work considers almost all functional and emission parameters, simultaneously. This procedure can be effective to achieve balanced conditions when 6% H2 (by volume) is injected into the Cummins ISM 370 diesel engine (under different engines). In addition, due to changing fuel compound used in engine, injection timing and temperature of engine should be redesigned to better operating. For simulation of engine, a CFD code was used. In order to validity and verify the simulation predicted mean pressure and the rate of heat release are compered to experimental data and results gave appropriate accordance. Results show that most of exhaust emissions such as NO, CO, etc. are dramatically reduced by using gaseous hydrogen under various engine speeds. It is determined that with addition of 6% H2 within the engine, indicated thermal efficiency is increased by around 39%; and NO, soot, CO and CO2 emissions are reduced by 5%, 75%, 70%, and 30%, respectively, under 1600 rpm speed. It is also found that the best injection timing that makes a balance between exhaust emissions and performance parameters is 4 deg BTDC under 2000 rpm. Moreover, the best injection temperature is 330 K among of three considered injection temperatures.3","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"119-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75411731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.2948.1143
S. Z. Mousavi, M. Manteghian, S. Shojaosadati, H. Pahlavanzadeh
A straightforward procedure to synthesize keratin nanoparticles (KNP) from chicken feathers was introduced. The characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR analysis revealed no significant chemical change after the nanoparticle synthesis. TEM imaging indicated the synthesis of KNPs with a spherical morphology and mean size of 42 nm. The DLS results indicated that the synthesized KNPs were stable in aqueous media by having a zetapotential of lower than -30 mV. The produced KNPs were then evaluated for the biosorption of Cu (II) from aqueous solutions. The analyzed adsorption isotherm data revealed the change from a Redlich-Peterson isotherm to a Langmuir one by increasing the biosorbent dosage, which could be attributed to the more prepared adsorption sites. The experiments of the effect of the biosorbent dosage suggested the best removal at a KNP dose of 3.0 g/L. At this dosage, the maximum Cu (II) adsorption capacity and Langmuir constant were 50 mg/g and 10.8×10-3 L/mg, respectively; the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second order model.
{"title":"Keratin nanoparticles: synthesis and application for Cu(II) removal","authors":"S. Z. Mousavi, M. Manteghian, S. Shojaosadati, H. Pahlavanzadeh","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.2948.1143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.2948.1143","url":null,"abstract":"A straightforward procedure to synthesize keratin nanoparticles (KNP) from chicken feathers was introduced. The characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR analysis revealed no significant chemical change after the nanoparticle synthesis. TEM imaging indicated the synthesis of KNPs with a spherical morphology and mean size of 42 nm. The DLS results indicated that the synthesized KNPs were stable in aqueous media by having a zetapotential of lower than -30 mV. The produced KNPs were then evaluated for the biosorption of Cu (II) from aqueous solutions. The analyzed adsorption isotherm data revealed the change from a Redlich-Peterson isotherm to a Langmuir one by increasing the biosorbent dosage, which could be attributed to the more prepared adsorption sites. The experiments of the effect of the biosorbent dosage suggested the best removal at a KNP dose of 3.0 g/L. At this dosage, the maximum Cu (II) adsorption capacity and Langmuir constant were 50 mg/g and 10.8×10-3 L/mg, respectively; the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second order model.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"88 1-2 1","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77234968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.2534.1128
M. Asefi, R. Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi
Rapid population growth as well as agricultural and industrial development have increased the contamination of Iranian rivers. This study utilized principal components analysis (PCA) to determine the degree of significance of qualitative parameters of water resources in the Karkheh River in southwestern Iran. Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the monitoring stations based on the water quality data under measurement. The first three components obtained from the PCA accounted for 39.68, 35.04, and 17.76% of the total variance, respectively; these three components explained a total of 92.49% of the variance of the data sets. The PCA factors indicated that the parameters influencing changes in water quality were generally related to weathering and land washing in response to floods, organic contamination from household wastewater, waste from sand washing, and runoff from chemical fertilizers. Moreover, the PCA results indicated that the relative quality of the river water in the downstream areas, when compared with upstream areas, was worse due to the greater concentration of contamination sources in the vicinity of the monitoring stations. Given Iran’s water crisis, the preservation and reclamation of this valuable resource require greater attention from the relevant authorities
{"title":"Analysis of physiochemical and microbial quality of waters of the Karkheh River in southwestern Iran using multivariate statistical methods","authors":"M. Asefi, R. Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.2534.1128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.2534.1128","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid population growth as well as agricultural and industrial development have increased the contamination of Iranian rivers. This study utilized principal components analysis (PCA) to determine the degree of significance of qualitative parameters of water resources in the Karkheh River in southwestern Iran. Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the monitoring stations based on the water quality data under measurement. The first three components obtained from the PCA accounted for 39.68, 35.04, and 17.76% of the total variance, respectively; these three components explained a total of 92.49% of the variance of the data sets. The PCA factors indicated that the parameters influencing changes in water quality were generally related to weathering and land washing in response to floods, organic contamination from household wastewater, waste from sand washing, and runoff from chemical fertilizers. Moreover, the PCA results indicated that the relative quality of the river water in the downstream areas, when compared with upstream areas, was worse due to the greater concentration of contamination sources in the vicinity of the monitoring stations. Given Iran’s water crisis, the preservation and reclamation of this valuable resource require greater attention from the relevant authorities","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"75-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90327454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.2874.1140
Amir Behrouzifar, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Bazmi
In this paper, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to study the effects of operating parameters (i.e., sulfide concentration, sodium chloride concentration as supporting electrolyte, temperature, mixing speed, and potential scan rate) on the anodic oxidation of synthetic sulfide-containing wastewaters at the surface of a platinum electrode. The results revealed that anodic oxidation could be used to eliminate sulfide from wastewaters in a wide concentration range, and the oxidation current was an ascending function of the sulfide concentration. The supporting electrolyte concentration had a negligible effect, as the sulfide dissociated in the aqueous media and brought electrical conductivity to the solution. The optimum concentration of electrolyte was found to be 0.05 mol/L. Increasing temperature improved the kinetics of the oxidation reactions and enhanced the electrical conductivity of the solution, which resulted in increasing the anodic oxidation rate. However, at higher temperatures, undesired side reactions were activated which resulted in lowering the power efficiency of the desired anodic oxidation reactions. The optimum operating temperature was found to be 40 – 60 °C. The mixing speed had a periodic effect on the sulfide oxidation. It decreased the diffusion resistance and also the residence time of sulfide at the electrode surface. These phenomena affected the anodic oxidation oppositely and hence, a middle value around 200 rpm was found to be the optimum. By increasing the potential scan rate, the time of performing the reactions in each cycle increased and the overall oxidation progress improved. It was found that mass transfer resistance was a limiting step in the overall reaction. Based on the findings, anodic oxidation has the potential for treating sulfide-containing wastewaters and in the future may be a competitor for conventional treatment processes.
{"title":"An investigation of operating conditions on anodic oxidation of synthetic sulfide-containing wastewaters at the surface of a platinum electrode using cyclic voltammetry","authors":"Amir Behrouzifar, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Bazmi","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.2874.1140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.2874.1140","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to study the effects of operating parameters (i.e., sulfide concentration, sodium chloride concentration as supporting electrolyte, temperature, mixing speed, and potential scan rate) on the anodic oxidation of synthetic sulfide-containing wastewaters at the surface of a platinum electrode. The results revealed that anodic oxidation could be used to eliminate sulfide from wastewaters in a wide concentration range, and the oxidation current was an ascending function of the sulfide concentration. The supporting electrolyte concentration had a negligible effect, as the sulfide dissociated in the aqueous media and brought electrical conductivity to the solution. The optimum concentration of electrolyte was found to be 0.05 mol/L. Increasing temperature improved the kinetics of the oxidation reactions and enhanced the electrical conductivity of the solution, which resulted in increasing the anodic oxidation rate. However, at higher temperatures, undesired side reactions were activated which resulted in lowering the power efficiency of the desired anodic oxidation reactions. The optimum operating temperature was found to be 40 – 60 °C. The mixing speed had a periodic effect on the sulfide oxidation. It decreased the diffusion resistance and also the residence time of sulfide at the electrode surface. These phenomena affected the anodic oxidation oppositely and hence, a middle value around 200 rpm was found to be the optimum. By increasing the potential scan rate, the time of performing the reactions in each cycle increased and the overall oxidation progress improved. It was found that mass transfer resistance was a limiting step in the overall reaction. Based on the findings, anodic oxidation has the potential for treating sulfide-containing wastewaters and in the future may be a competitor for conventional treatment processes.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"52 1","pages":"61-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84869882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.1844.1088
E. Rostami, R. Norouzbeigi, A. Rahbar
Raw bentonite (RB), a known low-cost versatile clay was used as an adsorbent. RB was treated thermally and chemically to increase its adsorption capacity. For thermal treatment (TTB), the bentonite was heated at 400 °C for 60 min, and for the chemical modification, its surface was treated by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to prepare organo-modified bentonite (CTAB-B). The removal of Congo red dye (CR) from aqueous solution was investigated in the batch mode. The prepared adsorbents were characterized by SEM, BET, and FTIR analyses. The effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration and temperature were investigated. The obtained results were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of RB, TTB and CTAB-B was 43.1, 55.86 and 116.28 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetic was better described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The results showed that thermally or chemically modified bentonite could be proposed as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of CR from water.
{"title":"Thermal and chemical modification of bentonite for adsorption of an anionic dye","authors":"E. Rostami, R. Norouzbeigi, A. Rahbar","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.1844.1088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.1844.1088","url":null,"abstract":"Raw bentonite (RB), a known low-cost versatile clay was used as an adsorbent. RB was treated thermally and chemically to increase its adsorption capacity. For thermal treatment (TTB), the bentonite was heated at 400 °C for 60 min, and for the chemical modification, its surface was treated by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to prepare organo-modified bentonite (CTAB-B). The removal of Congo red dye (CR) from aqueous solution was investigated in the batch mode. The prepared adsorbents were characterized by SEM, BET, and FTIR analyses. The effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration and temperature were investigated. The obtained results were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of RB, TTB and CTAB-B was 43.1, 55.86 and 116.28 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetic was better described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The results showed that thermally or chemically modified bentonite could be proposed as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of CR from water.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87905319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.2415.1121
B. Bhat, S. Parveen, Taskeena Hassan
The concentrations of toxic effluents released into freshwater aquatic environments are increasing day by day and affect the aquatic biota. The present study outlined the evaluation of physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphates (PO42--P), nitrates (NO3--N), electrical conductivity (EC) chlorides (Cl-). Also, the Water Quality Index (WQI) for the water samples collected from the selected stations of the Yamuna River was calculated in order to assess its suitability for drinking, irrigation and agricultural purposes. The Weighted Arithmetic Index method was used to calculate the WQI. The WQI was found to be above 100 at all three stations, which was critical and indicated that the water quality grading fell in the E category, which made the water unsuitable for drinking and agricultural purposes. The assessment of physicochemical parameters indicated that the selected stations were badly impacted by industrial effluents and domestic sewage; thus, the river water should be treated before use to avoid water-related diseases that can have harmful effects on humans and aquatic biota.
{"title":"Seasonal assessment of physicochemical parameters and evaluation of water quality of river Yamuna, India","authors":"B. Bhat, S. Parveen, Taskeena Hassan","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.2415.1121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.2415.1121","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of toxic effluents released into freshwater aquatic environments are increasing day by day and affect the aquatic biota. The present study outlined the evaluation of physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphates (PO42--P), nitrates (NO3--N), electrical conductivity (EC) chlorides (Cl-). Also, the Water Quality Index (WQI) for the water samples collected from the selected stations of the Yamuna River was calculated in order to assess its suitability for drinking, irrigation and agricultural purposes. The Weighted Arithmetic Index method was used to calculate the WQI. The WQI was found to be above 100 at all three stations, which was critical and indicated that the water quality grading fell in the E category, which made the water unsuitable for drinking and agricultural purposes. The assessment of physicochemical parameters indicated that the selected stations were badly impacted by industrial effluents and domestic sewage; thus, the river water should be treated before use to avoid water-related diseases that can have harmful effects on humans and aquatic biota.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"227 1","pages":"41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89546861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.2441.1122
F. Jalali, A. Abdali, Z. Hasanvand
A simple and fast electrochemical method was described and evaluated for the determination of hazardous compound, 4-nitrophenol. In this work, trace amounts of 4- nitrophenol were determined by square – wave voltammetry. A glassy carbon electrode was modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and copper nanoparticles. A synergistic effect was observed between Cu nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes which resulted in enhanced oxidation peak current of 4-nitrophenol. The modified electrode showed more sensitivity towards 4-nitrophenol compared to unmodified one. A wide linear concentration range from 0.2 to 298.0 μM was obtained for 4-nitrophenol with a detection limit of 0.06 μM. Reproducibility and repeatability of the method were evaluated for determination of 4-nitrophenol (0.1 mM) as 3.47% and 2.30%, respectively (relative standard deviation, RSD %), which are acceptable. The method was applied to the analysis of 4- nitrophenol (22.2 μM) in spiked river water samples, successfully. Simplicity, sensitivity, selectivity and high efficiency of the proposed method can be used in routine analysis of trace amounts of 4-nitrophenol in polluted waters.
{"title":"Cu decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Application to electrocatalytic oxidation and determination of 4-nitrophenol in river water samples by square-wave voltammetry","authors":"F. Jalali, A. Abdali, Z. Hasanvand","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.2441.1122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.2441.1122","url":null,"abstract":"A simple and fast electrochemical method was described and evaluated for the determination of hazardous compound, 4-nitrophenol. In this work, trace amounts of 4- nitrophenol were determined by square – wave voltammetry. A glassy carbon electrode was modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and copper nanoparticles. A synergistic effect was observed between Cu nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes which resulted in enhanced oxidation peak current of 4-nitrophenol. The modified electrode showed more sensitivity towards 4-nitrophenol compared to unmodified one. A wide linear concentration range from 0.2 to 298.0 μM was obtained for 4-nitrophenol with a detection limit of 0.06 μM. Reproducibility and repeatability of the method were evaluated for determination of 4-nitrophenol (0.1 mM) as 3.47% and 2.30%, respectively (relative standard deviation, RSD %), which are acceptable. The method was applied to the analysis of 4- nitrophenol (22.2 μM) in spiked river water samples, successfully. Simplicity, sensitivity, selectivity and high efficiency of the proposed method can be used in routine analysis of trace amounts of 4-nitrophenol in polluted waters.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"48 2 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87690060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.1936.1094
M. Anbia, Naser kakoli khataei, S. Salehi
Nanoporous carbons (CMK-3) were prepared and have been used as a fiber coating for headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The prepared materials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The efficiency of the fiber was evaluated using a gas chromatography (GC) system for the extraction of benzene (B) and chlorobenzenes (CBs) from the headspace of aqueous samples. The prepared nanomaterial was coated onto a copper wire for fabrication of the SPME fiber. These fibers featured advantages like easy and fast preparation, high thermal and mechanical stability. To optimize different parameters which influence the extraction efficiency such as sample volume, extraction temperature, extraction time, ionic strength and stirring rate, a Taguchi OA16 (45) orthogonal array experimental design was used. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the optimum conditions for extraction were established as: 12 mL sample volume; laboratory temperature; 20 % (w/v) NaCl; 35 min extraction time and stirring rate of 600 rpm. Under the optimized conditions for B and CBs, the linearity was from 2.5 to 800 µg/L, the relative standard deviation (RSD %) of the method was between 5.2 and 9.3% and limit of detections (LODs) was between 0.09 and 0.28 µg/L. The recovery values were from 85.40% to 104.20 % in water samples. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of B and CBs in the water samples.
{"title":"Ordered nanoporous carbon (CMK-3) coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction of benzene and chlorobenzenes in water samples","authors":"M. Anbia, Naser kakoli khataei, S. Salehi","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.1936.1094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.1936.1094","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoporous carbons (CMK-3) were prepared and have been used as a fiber coating for headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The prepared materials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The efficiency of the fiber was evaluated using a gas chromatography (GC) system for the extraction of benzene (B) and chlorobenzenes (CBs) from the headspace of aqueous samples. The prepared nanomaterial was coated onto a copper wire for fabrication of the SPME fiber. These fibers featured advantages like easy and fast preparation, high thermal and mechanical stability. To optimize different parameters which influence the extraction efficiency such as sample volume, extraction temperature, extraction time, ionic strength and stirring rate, a Taguchi OA16 (45) orthogonal array experimental design was used. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the optimum conditions for extraction were established as: 12 mL sample volume; laboratory temperature; 20 % (w/v) NaCl; 35 min extraction time and stirring rate of 600 rpm. Under the optimized conditions for B and CBs, the linearity was from 2.5 to 800 µg/L, the relative standard deviation (RSD %) of the method was between 5.2 and 9.3% and limit of detections (LODs) was between 0.09 and 0.28 µg/L. The recovery values were from 85.40% to 104.20 % in water samples. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of B and CBs in the water samples.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"49 1","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79771788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2018.2226.1112
G. Sharaf, E. Abdel-Galil, Yasser El-eryan
Granular activated carbon (OSAC) which was derived from olive oil industrial solid waste was chemically activated with different concentrations of phosphoric acid. OSAC-materials were evaluated for their ability to remove phenol from aqueous solution in a batch technique. Adsorption isotherms were determined and modeled with five linear Langmuir forms, namely the Freundlich, Elovich, Temkin, Kiselev and Hill-de Boer models. The experimental data for the adsorption of phenol onto OSAM-materials were fitted well with the Langmuir-1 and 2, Freundlich, Kiselev and Hill-de Boer models. Adsorption was carried out on energetically different sites as localized monolayer adsorption and was an exothermic process. The uptake of phenol onto OSAC increased in the following order: OSAC-80%> OSAC-70%> OSAC-60%; the maximum adsorption capacities of phenol were found to be 114.416, 125.628 and 262.467 mg/g onto OSAC-60%, OSAC-70% and OSAC-80%, respectively. On the other hand, OSAC-80% was used as a good adsorbent for the removal of phenol and Cd2+ as co-pollutants from waste aqueous solutions. 80.25% of phenol and 50.66% of Cd2+ can be simultaneously removed by OSAC-80%.
{"title":"Modeling studies for adsorption of phenol and co-pollutants onto granular activated carbon prepared from olive oil industrial waste","authors":"G. Sharaf, E. Abdel-Galil, Yasser El-eryan","doi":"10.22104/AET.2018.2226.1112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2018.2226.1112","url":null,"abstract":"Granular activated carbon (OSAC) which was derived from olive oil industrial solid waste was chemically activated with different concentrations of phosphoric acid. OSAC-materials were evaluated for their ability to remove phenol from aqueous solution in a batch technique. Adsorption isotherms were determined and modeled with five linear Langmuir forms, namely the Freundlich, Elovich, Temkin, Kiselev and Hill-de Boer models. The experimental data for the adsorption of phenol onto OSAM-materials were fitted well with the Langmuir-1 and 2, Freundlich, Kiselev and Hill-de Boer models. Adsorption was carried out on energetically different sites as localized monolayer adsorption and was an exothermic process. The uptake of phenol onto OSAC increased in the following order: OSAC-80%> OSAC-70%> OSAC-60%; the maximum adsorption capacities of phenol were found to be 114.416, 125.628 and 262.467 mg/g onto OSAC-60%, OSAC-70% and OSAC-80%, respectively. On the other hand, OSAC-80% was used as a good adsorbent for the removal of phenol and Cd2+ as co-pollutants from waste aqueous solutions. 80.25% of phenol and 50.66% of Cd2+ can be simultaneously removed by OSAC-80%.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"23-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73375818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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