Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4347.1239
A. Azizi, E. Moniri, A. Hassani, H. A. Panahi
In the present study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by the oxidation of graphite powder using the Hummers method. The GO was polymerized with poly methyl vinyl ketone (PMVK) and aniline (GO-MVK-ANI). It was utilized as the effective adsorbent towards the removal of Direct Red 81 (DR 81) in aqueous solutions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization and adsorption studies of Direct Red 81 removal using GO-MVK-ANI. According to the RSM results, the effects of the main parameters (the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH) in dye removal efficiency were investigated. The R2 value of 99.99% indicated that the predictions of the RSM model were acceptable for Direct Red 81 adsorption onto the adsorbent. The regeneration of GO-MVK-ANI for the dye adsorption showed fine efficacy in up to seven times of recyclability. The RSM model was used to evaluate the respective minimum and maximum values of 56.52% and 99.90% for the removal efficiencies of Direct Red 81.
本研究采用Hummers法对石墨粉进行氧化合成氧化石墨烯(GO)。将氧化石墨烯与聚甲基乙烯酮(PMVK)和苯胺(GO- mvk - ani)进行聚合。它是水溶液中直接红81 (DR 81)的有效吸附剂。采用响应面法(RSM)对GO-MVK-ANI直接去除红81进行了优化和吸附研究。根据RSM实验结果，考察了吸附剂用量、接触时间、pH等主要参数对染料去除率的影响。R2值为99.99%，表明RSM模型对Direct Red 81在吸附剂上的吸附是可以接受的。GO-MVK-ANI对染料吸附的再生效果良好，可循环利用达7次。采用RSM模型对直红81的去除率进行评价，其最小去除率为56.52%，最大值为99.90%。
{"title":"Reusability, optimization and adsorption studies of modified graphene oxide in removal of Direct Red 81 using response surface methodology","authors":"A. Azizi, E. Moniri, A. Hassani, H. A. Panahi","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4347.1239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4347.1239","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by the oxidation of graphite powder using the Hummers method. The GO was polymerized with poly methyl vinyl ketone (PMVK) and aniline (GO-MVK-ANI). It was utilized as the effective adsorbent towards the removal of Direct Red 81 (DR 81) in aqueous solutions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization and adsorption studies of Direct Red 81 removal using GO-MVK-ANI. According to the RSM results, the effects of the main parameters (the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH) in dye removal efficiency were investigated. The R2 value of 99.99% indicated that the predictions of the RSM model were acceptable for Direct Red 81 adsorption onto the adsorbent. The regeneration of GO-MVK-ANI for the dye adsorption showed fine efficacy in up to seven times of recyclability. The RSM model was used to evaluate the respective minimum and maximum values of 56.52% and 99.90% for the removal efficiencies of Direct Red 81.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85919416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4759.1286
T. Netpae, Sawitree Suckley
Among the biological processes, bioleaching is the most widely employed method for metal extraction from electronic waste (e-waste). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of one-step and two-step bioleaching under different culture media for nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) removed from spent Ni-Cd batteries by the fungus Aspergillus niger. In this result, the concentrations of Ni and Cd in battery scraps from e-waste recycling shops were respectively 578.13 ± 7.02 mg Ni g-1 and 128.35 ± 11.42 mg Cd g-1. During the bioleaching process, both heavy metal removals were higher in Richards’s Broth (RB) followed by the Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and Malt Extract Broth (MEB), respectively. The maximum citric acid production (96.99±3.05 mM) and lower pH values were obtained in the RB medium. The bioleaching experiment showed that the recovery for the two-step leaching method was higher than the one-step bioleaching method. Following an incubation period of 21 days between the spent Ni-Cd batteries and RB medium, the two-step bioleaching experiment suggested that the citric acid products of A. niger were the best leaching agent for Ni and Cd bioleaching.
生物浸出是从电子废物中提取金属的最广泛的方法是生物浸出。研究了不同培养基条件下黑曲霉对废镍镉电池中镍和镉的一步浸出和两步浸出效果。结果表明，电子垃圾回收站废旧电池中Ni和Cd的浓度分别为578.13±7.02 mg Ni g-1和128.35±11.42 mg Cd g-1。在生物浸出过程中，理查兹肉汤(RB)、马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤(PDB)和麦芽提取物肉汤(MEB)的重金属去除率均较高。在RB培养基中柠檬酸产量最高(96.99±3.05 mM)， pH值较低。生物浸出试验表明，两步浸出法的回收率高于一步浸出法。用废镍镉电池与RB培养基孵育21 d，进行两步生物浸出实验，结果表明黑曲霉柠檬酸产物是镍镉生物浸出的最佳浸出剂。
{"title":"Comparison of three culture media for one-step and two-step bioleaching of nickel and cadmium from spent Ni-Cd batteries by Aspergillus niger","authors":"T. Netpae, Sawitree Suckley","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4759.1286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4759.1286","url":null,"abstract":"Among the biological processes, bioleaching is the most widely employed method for metal extraction from electronic waste (e-waste). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of one-step and two-step bioleaching under different culture media for nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) removed from spent Ni-Cd batteries by the fungus Aspergillus niger. In this result, the concentrations of Ni and Cd in battery scraps from e-waste recycling shops were respectively 578.13 ± 7.02 mg Ni g-1 and 128.35 ± 11.42 mg Cd g-1. During the bioleaching process, both heavy metal removals were higher in Richards’s Broth (RB) followed by the Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and Malt Extract Broth (MEB), respectively. The maximum citric acid production (96.99±3.05 mM) and lower pH values were obtained in the RB medium. The bioleaching experiment showed that the recovery for the two-step leaching method was higher than the one-step bioleaching method. Following an incubation period of 21 days between the spent Ni-Cd batteries and RB medium, the two-step bioleaching experiment suggested that the citric acid products of A. niger were the best leaching agent for Ni and Cd bioleaching.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"167-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82315075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4737.1284
K. Nahar, S. Arju, Samara Islam Nishi, Farida Pervin, Bushra Ahmed
Natural dyeing has regained its popularity in order to keep the environment clean and safe by reducing the use of harmful chemicals in the dyeing process. Consequently, different natural dyestuff has been used in textile coloration: marigold, henna, onion skin, roots, and tree bark. Among these dyestuffs, tea has been used for the coloration of textiles. Around the world, including Bangladesh, a lot of tea is consumed on a daily basis. After consumption, the tea residue is disposed of in open spaces, which is considered a source of environmental pollution. Due to the adverse effect on the environment, this experiment used tea residue to dye wool/acrylic blended yarn to make the dyeing process more eco-friendly. Four different mordanting agents were used to determine the one most suitable for dyeing wool/acrylic blended yarn using tea residue. To evaluate the performance of the dyed yarn, the color-coordinate value and different colorfastness properties were measured.
{"title":"Utilization of tea residue for coloration of wool/acrylic blended yarn","authors":"K. Nahar, S. Arju, Samara Islam Nishi, Farida Pervin, Bushra Ahmed","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4737.1284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4737.1284","url":null,"abstract":"Natural dyeing has regained its popularity in order to keep the environment clean and safe by reducing the use of harmful chemicals in the dyeing process. Consequently, different natural dyestuff has been used in textile coloration: marigold, henna, onion skin, roots, and tree bark. Among these dyestuffs, tea has been used for the coloration of textiles. Around the world, including Bangladesh, a lot of tea is consumed on a daily basis. After consumption, the tea residue is disposed of in open spaces, which is considered a source of environmental pollution. Due to the adverse effect on the environment, this experiment used tea residue to dye wool/acrylic blended yarn to make the dyeing process more eco-friendly. Four different mordanting agents were used to determine the one most suitable for dyeing wool/acrylic blended yarn using tea residue. To evaluate the performance of the dyed yarn, the color-coordinate value and different colorfastness properties were measured.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"345 1","pages":"161-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79647483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4766.1287
M. Safaripour, Nafiseh Rezapour Andabili
It is essential to assess flood risk mapping for sustainable development. The present study aimed to identify the causes of flooding and predict the extent of damage caused in the area of Miyandoab, Iran. The Driver, Pressure, State, Impacts, response (DPSIR) conceptual framework model was used to analyze the factors affecting flooding in the region. DPSIR is a system approach that identifies key relationships between humans and the environment, and its combination with the simple additive weighting (SAW) model identifies a new strategy for achieving sustainable development. The DPSIR method for flood susceptibility analysis in the region, examined the social, economic, physical, and environmental factors as the driving force. The flood risk level was then determined for the region by preparing the driving force map and mapping the region. For this purpose, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (Dematel) and SAW models were used to investigate the causal relationship between the factors and calculate the weight of layers; Matlab software was used to implement the models. Finally, based on the weights extracted from the SAW method, risk mapping was performed in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. The results showed that out of the total area of the study area, about 78,462 hectares have a high risk, 91,542 hectares have medium risk, and 2,952 hectares have a low risk of flood. The results from combining the models of decision support systems and GIS indicated high efficiency in determining the areas with a high risk of flood.
{"title":"Miyandoab flood risk mapping using dematel and SAW methods and DPSIR model","authors":"M. Safaripour, Nafiseh Rezapour Andabili","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4766.1287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4766.1287","url":null,"abstract":"It is essential to assess flood risk mapping for sustainable development. The present study aimed to identify the causes of flooding and predict the extent of damage caused in the area of Miyandoab, Iran. The Driver, Pressure, State, Impacts, response (DPSIR) conceptual framework model was used to analyze the factors affecting flooding in the region. DPSIR is a system approach that identifies key relationships between humans and the environment, and its combination with the simple additive weighting (SAW) model identifies a new strategy for achieving sustainable development. The DPSIR method for flood susceptibility analysis in the region, examined the social, economic, physical, and environmental factors as the driving force. The flood risk level was then determined for the region by preparing the driving force map and mapping the region. For this purpose, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (Dematel) and SAW models were used to investigate the causal relationship between the factors and calculate the weight of layers; Matlab software was used to implement the models. Finally, based on the weights extracted from the SAW method, risk mapping was performed in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. The results showed that out of the total area of the study area, about 78,462 hectares have a high risk, 91,542 hectares have medium risk, and 2,952 hectares have a low risk of flood. The results from combining the models of decision support systems and GIS indicated high efficiency in determining the areas with a high risk of flood.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"131-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82422608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4530.1253
M. Hassouna, M. El-Sharqawy, M. M. Hassanien
Lead acetate is the most common coagulant used in quality control laboratories in the sugar industry to clarify juice samples. Due to its known poisonous effects, health hazards, and extremely harmful impact on the environment, this study focused on finding an alternative coagulant that was efficient, safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. A powder made from Moringa oleifera (M.o) seeds, which is rich in phytochemicals with antimicrobials, was tested to produce a natural coagulant capable of clarifying the juice samples. The produced coagulant proved efficient and was potentially characterized by a better environmental performance than the extremely harmful lead acetate. An amount of three grams of M.o seedpowder proved to be an effective coagulant, achieving a 64.14 % removal of non-sugar compounds and led to the correct sugar polarimetric measurements. There is no way to compare the exorbitant price of lead acetate to the cost of naturally and available occurring Moringa seeds. The adsorption process was described by three adsorption isotherms, which were applied to evaluate the adsorption equilibrium.
{"title":"Moringa oleifera seeds powder as an alternative coagulant for beet sugar juice samples instead of lead acetate","authors":"M. Hassouna, M. El-Sharqawy, M. M. Hassanien","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4530.1253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4530.1253","url":null,"abstract":"Lead acetate is the most common coagulant used in quality control laboratories in the sugar industry to clarify juice samples. Due to its known poisonous effects, health hazards, and extremely harmful impact on the environment, this study focused on finding an alternative coagulant that was efficient, safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. A powder made from Moringa oleifera (M.o) seeds, which is rich in phytochemicals with antimicrobials, was tested to produce a natural coagulant capable of clarifying the juice samples. The produced coagulant proved efficient and was potentially characterized by a better environmental performance than the extremely harmful lead acetate. An amount of three grams of M.o seedpowder proved to be an effective coagulant, achieving a 64.14 % removal of non-sugar compounds and led to the correct sugar polarimetric measurements. There is no way to compare the exorbitant price of lead acetate to the cost of naturally and available occurring Moringa seeds. The adsorption process was described by three adsorption isotherms, which were applied to evaluate the adsorption equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"194 1","pages":"139-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72863460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4675.1277
N. Kazemi, S. M. S. Ardebili, Niloofar Alizadehbehbahani
In this research work, the performance and the exhaust emissions of a CI engine operating on diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blended fuels were investigated. The main purpose of this study aimed to reduce the various emissions produced by the new blended fuels. The conventional transesterification reaction was carried out to produce biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. A one-cylinder, four-stroke CI engine was powered by green blended fuels at various engine speeds. Response surface methodology (RSM) was exploited to analyze the performance and exhaust emission parameters of a diesel engine in terms of fuel blends and engine speed. According to the results obtained, an engine speed of 2657 rpm, a biodiesel concentration of 10.26%, and an ethanol ratio of 2.21% were found to be the optimal values. The obtained experimental results showed that adding ethanol-biodiesel to pure diesel fuel increased the diesel engine's performance, including power and torque output. The results also showed that the CO2 emission increased 9.6 % while CO, NOX, and HC emissions in the biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel decreased 1.33%, 5%, and 26.1 %, respectively, compared to pure diesel fuel. The specific fuel consumption of the new blended fuel decreased by 6.9 % compared to pure diesel fuel.
{"title":"Investigation of emissions and performance of diesel engine with the blend of Jatropha Diesterol Fuel using response surface methodology","authors":"N. Kazemi, S. M. S. Ardebili, Niloofar Alizadehbehbahani","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4675.1277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4675.1277","url":null,"abstract":"In this research work, the performance and the exhaust emissions of a CI engine operating on diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blended fuels were investigated. The main purpose of this study aimed to reduce the various emissions produced by the new blended fuels. The conventional transesterification reaction was carried out to produce biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. A one-cylinder, four-stroke CI engine was powered by green blended fuels at various engine speeds. Response surface methodology (RSM) was exploited to analyze the performance and exhaust emission parameters of a diesel engine in terms of fuel blends and engine speed. According to the results obtained, an engine speed of 2657 rpm, a biodiesel concentration of 10.26%, and an ethanol ratio of 2.21% were found to be the optimal values. The obtained experimental results showed that adding ethanol-biodiesel to pure diesel fuel increased the diesel engine's performance, including power and torque output. The results also showed that the CO2 emission increased 9.6 % while CO, NOX, and HC emissions in the biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel decreased 1.33%, 5%, and 26.1 %, respectively, compared to pure diesel fuel. The specific fuel consumption of the new blended fuel decreased by 6.9 % compared to pure diesel fuel.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"149-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79386197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4286.1212
S. Emami, Y. Choopan, J. Parsa, Omid Jahandideh
During recent decades, the excessive use of water has led to the scarcity of the available surface and groundwater resources. Quantitative and qualitative surveys of groundwater resources indicate that accurate and efficient optimization methods can help to overcome the numerous challenges in assessment of groundwater quality. For this purpose, three optimization meta-heuristic algorithms, including imperialist competitive (ICA), election (EA), and grey wolf (GWO), as well as the support vector regression method (SVR), were used to simulate the groundwater quality of the Salmas Plain. To achieve this goal, the data of the groundwater quality for the Salmas plain were utilized in a statistical period of 10 years (2002-2011). The results were evaluated according to Wilcox, Schuler, and Piper standards. The results indicated higher accuracy of the GWO-SVR method compared to the other two methods with values of R2=0.981, RMSE=0.020 and NSE=0.975. In general, a comparison of the results obtained from the hybrid methods and different diagrams showed that the samples had low hardness and corrosion. Also, the results indicated the high capability and accuracy of the GWO-SVR method in estimating and simulating the groundwater quality.
{"title":"Modeling Groundwater Quality Using Three Novel Hybrid Support Vector Regression Models","authors":"S. Emami, Y. Choopan, J. Parsa, Omid Jahandideh","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4286.1212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4286.1212","url":null,"abstract":"During recent decades, the excessive use of water has led to the scarcity of the available surface and groundwater resources. Quantitative and qualitative surveys of groundwater resources indicate that accurate and efficient optimization methods can help to overcome the numerous challenges in assessment of groundwater quality. For this purpose, three optimization meta-heuristic algorithms, including imperialist competitive (ICA), election (EA), and grey wolf (GWO), as well as the support vector regression method (SVR), were used to simulate the groundwater quality of the Salmas Plain. To achieve this goal, the data of the groundwater quality for the Salmas plain were utilized in a statistical period of 10 years (2002-2011). The results were evaluated according to Wilcox, Schuler, and Piper standards. The results indicated higher accuracy of the GWO-SVR method compared to the other two methods with values of R2=0.981, RMSE=0.020 and NSE=0.975. In general, a comparison of the results obtained from the hybrid methods and different diagrams showed that the samples had low hardness and corrosion. Also, the results indicated the high capability and accuracy of the GWO-SVR method in estimating and simulating the groundwater quality.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78700009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4468.1247
A. Shalmashi
Biodiesel is a green diesel fuel that is synthesized via the transesterification reaction of plant oils or animal fats with light alcohols, mainly methanol, in the presence of commonly homogeneous alkaline catalysts. One way to make the biodiesel synthesis process more eco-friendly is the use of heterogeneous catalysts as they are reusable. But with these catalysts, the transesterification reaction mixture will be a three-phase mixture containing methanol, oil and catalyst that leads to long reaction times and high process costs. In this study, the ultrasound waves were used to synthesis of the biodiesel from the Jatropha oil in the presence of CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst. The effect of two different co-solvents (acetone & hexane) on improving the homogeneity of the reaction mixture and therefore to enhance the conversion yield of the oil to biodiesel was considered. Experiments were carried out by a probe type ultrasonic instrument at an output power of 200 W and frequency of 20 kHz. The results showed that both of the considered co-solvents had positive effect on developing the conversion yield and the acetone was the more efficient one due to its moderate polarity, which could improve the miscibility of the oil with the methanol. A biodiesel sample with a conversion yield of 90.33% was synthesized under optimal operating conditions including 25% v/v acetone to methanol, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4% w/w catalyst to oil, 55°C reaction temperature and 60 min reaction time. Hnmr and densitometry were used to determine the percentage of the synthesized biodiesel samples. Also, some of the physicochemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were analyzed, which were in accordance with the ASTM and EN standards.
{"title":"A novel method for the synthesis of biodiesel as an eco-friendly and sustainable fuel","authors":"A. Shalmashi","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4468.1247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4468.1247","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel is a green diesel fuel that is synthesized via the transesterification reaction of plant oils or animal fats with light alcohols, mainly methanol, in the presence of commonly homogeneous alkaline catalysts. One way to make the biodiesel synthesis process more eco-friendly is the use of heterogeneous catalysts as they are reusable. But with these catalysts, the transesterification reaction mixture will be a three-phase mixture containing methanol, oil and catalyst that leads to long reaction times and high process costs. In this study, the ultrasound waves were used to synthesis of the biodiesel from the Jatropha oil in the presence of CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst. The effect of two different co-solvents (acetone & hexane) on improving the homogeneity of the reaction mixture and therefore to enhance the conversion yield of the oil to biodiesel was considered. Experiments were carried out by a probe type ultrasonic instrument at an output power of 200 W and frequency of 20 kHz. The results showed that both of the considered co-solvents had positive effect on developing the conversion yield and the acetone was the more efficient one due to its moderate polarity, which could improve the miscibility of the oil with the methanol. A biodiesel sample with a conversion yield of 90.33% was synthesized under optimal operating conditions including 25% v/v acetone to methanol, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4% w/w catalyst to oil, 55°C reaction temperature and 60 min reaction time. Hnmr and densitometry were used to determine the percentage of the synthesized biodiesel samples. Also, some of the physicochemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were analyzed, which were in accordance with the ASTM and EN standards.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82135962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4704.1280
Kolsoum Pourmehdi, K. Kheiralipour
Evaluating the energy and environmental indicators allows for identifying the strengths and weaknesses of a system for optimizing material and energy consumption and developing strategies to reduce environmental impacts. This study determined and assessed the energy and environmental indicators of wheat flour production systems. The input and output materials and corresponding energy equivalents were calculated and then the energy indicators and forms. The environmental indicators were assessed by the life cycle assessment method in SimaPro software. The total input and output energies per year of flour production were 287935007 and 286675200 MJ, respectively. Wheat had the highest share (99.19%) of energy consumption in flour production; the energy ratio, productivity, intensity, and net energy gain indexes were equal to 1.02, 0.07 kg/MJ, 13.84, MJ/kg, and 0.31 MJ/kg, respectively. In the flour factory, the share of direct and indirect energy was 0.27 and 99.73%, respectively; the share of renewable and nonrenewable energy was 99.19 and 0.81%, respectively. Wheat input had the largest share of environmental indicators in flour production. The normalization step showed that the most important environmental indicator was marine water ecotoxicity (1.53×105 kg 1.4 DB eq/ton) followed by terrestrial ecotoxicity (36.59×105 kg 1.4 DB eq/ton), eutrophication (5.83kg PO4 eq/ton), and acidification potential (6.57kg SO2 eq/ton) indicator.
通过评价能源和环境指标，可以确定优化材料和能源消耗的系统的长处和短处，并制定减少环境影响的战略。本研究确定并评估了小麦粉生产系统的能源和环境指标。计算输入输出物料及相应的能量当量，得出能量指标及形式。环境指标在SimaPro软件中采用生命周期评价法进行评价。每年面粉生产的总投入能量为287935007 MJ，总产出能量为286675200 MJ。小麦在面粉生产中所占的能量消耗份额最高(99.19%);能比、生产力、强度和净能增重指数分别为1.02、0.07、13.84、0.31 MJ/kg。在面粉厂中，直接能源占比为0.27%，间接能源占比为99.73%;可再生能源和不可再生能源占比分别为99.19%和0.81%。小麦投入在面粉生产的环境指标中所占比例最大。归一化步骤表明，最重要的环境指标是海水生态毒性(1.53×105 kg 1.4 DB当量/吨)，其次是陆地生态毒性(36.59×105 kg 1.4 DB当量/吨)、富营养化(5.83kg PO4当量/吨)和酸化潜力(6.57kg SO2当量/吨)。
{"title":"Assessing the effects of wheat flour production on the environment","authors":"Kolsoum Pourmehdi, K. Kheiralipour","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4704.1280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4704.1280","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating the energy and environmental indicators allows for identifying the strengths and weaknesses of a system for optimizing material and energy consumption and developing strategies to reduce environmental impacts. This study determined and assessed the energy and environmental indicators of wheat flour production systems. The input and output materials and corresponding energy equivalents were calculated and then the energy indicators and forms. The environmental indicators were assessed by the life cycle assessment method in SimaPro software. The total input and output energies per year of flour production were 287935007 and 286675200 MJ, respectively. Wheat had the highest share (99.19%) of energy consumption in flour production; the energy ratio, productivity, intensity, and net energy gain indexes were equal to 1.02, 0.07 kg/MJ, 13.84, MJ/kg, and 0.31 MJ/kg, respectively. In the flour factory, the share of direct and indirect energy was 0.27 and 99.73%, respectively; the share of renewable and nonrenewable energy was 99.19 and 0.81%, respectively. Wheat input had the largest share of environmental indicators in flour production. The normalization step showed that the most important environmental indicator was marine water ecotoxicity (1.53×105 kg 1.4 DB eq/ton) followed by terrestrial ecotoxicity (36.59×105 kg 1.4 DB eq/ton), eutrophication (5.83kg PO4 eq/ton), and acidification potential (6.57kg SO2 eq/ton) indicator.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"111-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89299556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.22104/AET.2021.4600.1264
Abolfazl Mohajeri, Seyyed Abbas Najafizadeh, A. Sarlak
Economic growth emphasizes the expansion of economic activity, while economic development focuses on improving the quality and sustainability of economic growth and social welfare. Environmental concerns have shifted the focus of countries from nominal growth to real growth. Sustainable development and climate change reduction are the policy principles in many welfare countries. Considering the emission of carbon dioxide in different production sectors of IRAN, the main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the volume of carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth by emphasizing the welfare index of households in two sectors of the economy based on oil income and without reliance. The oil revenue in Iran was obtained using time series data from 1981 to 2018. The results of the analysis showed a significant relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in both cases (with oil and without). In other words, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide emissions led to increased economic growth in Iran. In the oil based economy, carbon dioxide emissions have led to a nominal increase in economic growth due to their negative effects on the household welfare index. The results of the estimate showed that the impact of pollution on household welfare ultimately reduced the rate of economic growth. In fact, when carbon dioxide emissions only increased the country's economic production without contributing to economic growth, there was no growth leading to sustainable development, even though it might lead to a short-term production boom. It may reduce the general level of prices, but the negative effects it has on the environment and people’s well-being can lead to reduced economic growth in the long run.
{"title":"Relationship between CO2 and Iran's economic growth with an emphasis on household welfare index (an economy with oil and economy without oil)","authors":"Abolfazl Mohajeri, Seyyed Abbas Najafizadeh, A. Sarlak","doi":"10.22104/AET.2021.4600.1264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22104/AET.2021.4600.1264","url":null,"abstract":"Economic growth emphasizes the expansion of economic activity, while economic development focuses on improving the quality and sustainability of economic growth and social welfare. Environmental concerns have shifted the focus of countries from nominal growth to real growth. Sustainable development and climate change reduction are the policy principles in many welfare countries. Considering the emission of carbon dioxide in different production sectors of IRAN, the main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the volume of carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth by emphasizing the welfare index of households in two sectors of the economy based on oil income and without reliance. The oil revenue in Iran was obtained using time series data from 1981 to 2018. The results of the analysis showed a significant relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in both cases (with oil and without). In other words, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide emissions led to increased economic growth in Iran. In the oil based economy, carbon dioxide emissions have led to a nominal increase in economic growth due to their negative effects on the household welfare index. The results of the estimate showed that the impact of pollution on household welfare ultimately reduced the rate of economic growth. In fact, when carbon dioxide emissions only increased the country's economic production without contributing to economic growth, there was no growth leading to sustainable development, even though it might lead to a short-term production boom. It may reduce the general level of prices, but the negative effects it has on the environment and people’s well-being can lead to reduced economic growth in the long run.","PeriodicalId":7295,"journal":{"name":"Advances in environmental science and technology","volume":"33 1","pages":"119-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85140699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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