Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Sociodemographic differences in knowledge, perceptions, and intentions regarding stimulant misuse: A theory-informed national cross-sectional survey","authors":"Melissa Sanders ,&nbsp;Kathlyn Smith ,&nbsp;Madison Holland ,&nbsp;Erin Blythe ,&nbsp;Daisy Doan ,&nbsp;Hannah Higgins ,&nbsp;Josephine Ariella Lovings ,&nbsp;Anne Taylor ,&nbsp;Nicholas McCormick ,&nbsp;Brandy Davis ,&nbsp;Lindsey Hohmann","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Stimulant misuse is a rising concern in the United States.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to better understand the U.S. general public's knowledge, perceptions, and intentions regarding stimulant misuse, and to assess sociodemographic differences.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Americans age ≥ 18 were recruited for a cross-sectional, anonymous online survey using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Outcomes, guided by the Health Belief Model, included: knowledge; perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits surrounding prescription and non-prescription stimulant use/misuse; perceived barriers to medical stimulant use and seeking help for stimulant misuse; and non-medical stimulant use intentions. Mann-Whitney <em>U</em> tests assessed differences across age (young adults/adults [≤44] versus middle-aged/older adults [&gt;44]), sex, race, and urbanicity. Linear regression assessed predictors of intentions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Respondents (<em>N</em> = 303) were 48.2 % female, 80.2 % White, mean 43.65 years, and 84.2 % urban-residing. Stimulant knowledge was higher among females (<em>p</em> = 0.017) and White individuals (<em>p</em> = 0.043). Perceived severity of stimulant misuse was higher among &gt;44-year-olds (<em>p</em> = 0.006), females (<em>p</em> = 0.007), and rural residents (<em>p</em> = 0.009), with rural residents perceiving greater susceptibility overall (<em>p</em> = 0.022). Barriers to seeking help for stimulant misuse were higher among ≤44-year-olds (<em>p</em> = 0.025), while non-medical stimulant use intentions were higher among &gt;44-year-olds (<em>p</em> = 0.002), males (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and urban residents (<em>p</em> = 0.031). Perceived severity of prescription (β = −0.268; p &lt; 0.001) and non-prescription misuse (β = −0.191; <em>p</em> = 0.001), non-prescription stimulant benefits (β = 0.239; p &lt; 0.001), barriers to seeking help (β = 0.078; <em>p</em> = 0.026), and age (β = −0.006; <em>p</em> = 0.028) predicted non-medical stimulant use intentions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Knowledge, perceptions, and non-medical stimulant use intentions differed across age, sex, race, and urbanicity. Future studies should explore strategies to overcome these disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100695"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Defined Daily Dose (DDD) and antibiotic problems in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients","authors":"Yulistiani Yulistiani ,&nbsp;Hargus Haraudi Barkah ,&nbsp;Febriansyah Nur Utomo ,&nbsp;Lucky Andrianto ,&nbsp;Alena Putri Jathi ,&nbsp;Nurrizky Grahitaning Putra Rohmaana Yudistira","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is posing a significant challenge to effective infection management. This shows the need for quantitative evaluation of antibiotic use through the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) method, combined with Drug Related Problems (DRPs) analysis to support Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the quantitative use of antibiotic using DDD method and identify DRP in ICU patients at Airlangga University Hospital. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of ICU patients from July to December 2022. Antibiotic consumption was calculated in DDD per 100 patient-days following WHO standards, while DRPs were identified using the Cipolle and Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) v9.1 classifications. A total of 125 ICU patients met the inclusion criteria, with a predominance of pneumonia (40 %) and sepsis (25 %). The results showed that the total antibiotic consumption was 91.54 DDD/100 patient-days, with ceftriaxone having the highest (31.57 DDD/100 patient-days). The most frequent DRPs were unnecessary drug therapy (20 %) and suboptimal therapeutic effects (23 %), mainly due to inappropriate indications and deviations from treatment guidelines. Antibiotic use in ICU was dominated by ceftriaxone, and the high rate of DRPs showed the need for improved AMS. This study showed that strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration, regular audits, and adherence to clinical guidelines were essential steps to optimize antibiotic use and minimize the risk of resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100688"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research self-efficacy in early-career pharmacists: Tool validation and correlation with personal attributes","authors":"Aline Hajj ,&nbsp;Hala Sacre ,&nbsp;Chadia Haddad ,&nbsp;Jenny Elia ,&nbsp;Joya El Ghawi ,&nbsp;Lina Haidar ,&nbsp;Lama Dimachkieh ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Nasrallah ,&nbsp;Jihan Safwan ,&nbsp;Deema Rahme ,&nbsp;Sukaina Basma ,&nbsp;Salameh Pascale","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Self-efficacy in research and personal characteristics of pharmacists are necessary to lead and implement pharmaceutical research strategies. This study primarily aimed to confirm the validity of the Research Self-Efficacy Scale (RSES) among early-career pharmacists; a secondary objective was to assess participants' perspectives on research self-efficacy while considering personal characteristics, such as strategic thinking and leadership.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using an exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency measure, the RSES scale validity and reliability were assessed among Lebanese early-career pharmacists. Its association with personal attributes, such as global self-efficacy, leadership, and strategic thinking, was also assessed through correlation with validated measures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The RSES scale was found to be valid and reliable. Pharmacists from foreign universities scored higher on the RSES compared to their counterparts from Lebanese institutions. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between self-efficacy, generalized self-efficacy, and strategic thinking scores, while differences between universities and year of study did not reach statistical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrated that the RSES is a valid and reliable tool for assessing research self-efficacy among early-career pharmacists in Lebanon. Several strategies could be implemented at the institutional and national levels to strengthen self-efficacy and cultivate a sustainable research environment. These include enhancing educational frameworks, integrating research opportunities, and fostering international collaborations. Future research using this validated scale will be instrumental in evaluating the effectiveness of such interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100693"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare providers' perspectives on collaboration of care for acute cystitis in women and the role of the community pharmacy: A qualitative study","authors":"Marle Gemmeke ,&nbsp;Maureen C. Jansen ,&nbsp;Thomas G.H. Kempen ,&nbsp;Marcel L. Bouvy","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Acute cystitis (AC) is generally treated in primary care by general practitioners. Support from the community pharmacy may relieve the GP's workload and increase accessibility of care for women.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To explore healthcare providers' (HCPs') perspectives on the collaboration of care for AC and investigate their views on possibilities for task shifting towards community pharmacy.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This qualitative study was conducted within the setting of pharmacotherapy audit meetings (PTAMs) involving general practitioners and community pharmacists. Focus group discussions were embedded in PTAMs to gain insight into participants' perspectives on the organization of care for AC and the potential role of the community pharmacies. Additionally, individual interviews were carried out with a subset of PTAM participants and other primary care professionals (e.g. assistants). Focus groups and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Five focus groups and 12 interviews were conducted; in total 57 participants were included (45 of them were working in general practice). Although HCPs were experienced in providing AC care, they reported some shortcomings in the current care process. They perceived limited advantages in shifting tasks to community pharmacies. Key barriers included time constraints within pharmacies and insufficient access to patients' medical histories. Expanding the role of community pharmacies could be supported through financial compensation for counseling, adequate training of pharmacy personnel, and strong collaboration between pharmacists and general practitioners.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although there is room for improvement in the organization of care for AC, participants saw limited opportunities for task shifting towards community pharmacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100694"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring work engagement and its associated factors among supervising pharmacists in Japan","authors":"Yukari Ito ,&nbsp;Hiroko Suzuki ,&nbsp;Tetsuro Yumoto ,&nbsp;Sachiko Ohta ,&nbsp;Tomoo Hosoe","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigated the work engagement of supervising pharmacists and sought to identify factors associated with high work engagement.</div><div>Given the growing shortage of healthcare professionals in rapidly aging societies, enhancing work engagement among pharmacists is critical to improve productivity, prevent turnover, and ensure the quality of community healthcare. Supervising pharmacists weretargeted due to their pivotal role as gatekeepers between organizational leadership and frontline staff in community pharmacies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among supervising pharmacists from major community pharmacy chainsbetween August 2023 and September 2024. Participants completed a web-based questionnaire assessing demographic data, occupational stress, and work engagement. The associations between work engagement and related factors were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with high work engagement defined as the top quartile of UWES-17.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data from 973 participantswere analyzed. The median UWES-17 score was 2.82. Among the three dimensions, “dedication” scored the highest. The primary factors associated with high work engagement includedperceived “meaningfulness of work”, “job control”, “suitable jobs”, “age group (≥50 years)”, “coworker support”.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study suggests that the distinct roles and workplace environments of supervising pharmacists are closely linked to their work engagement. Balancing job resources and demands is critical for sustaining engagement to maintain high-quality patient care. Interventions that strengthen self-awareness, peer collaboration, and career development within “Communities of Practice” could reinforce these gains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100691"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patients' perspectives and experiences regarding medication reviews: A cross-sectional survey study","authors":"Charlotte Falke ,&nbsp;Fatma Karapinar-Çarkit ,&nbsp;Wilma Knol ,&nbsp;Marcel Bouvy ,&nbsp;Toine Egberts ,&nbsp;Thomas Kempen ,&nbsp;Marcia Vervloet ,&nbsp;Mette Heringa","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Medication reviews are conducted worldwide to reduce medication-related problems. However, real-world patient perspectives and experiences remain underexplored. This study aimed to explore patients' perspectives and experiences regarding medication reviews and to assess differences across levels of polypharmacy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among a panel of Dutch pharmacy visitors. Topics included perspectives and experiences regarding medication reviews. Descriptive statistics were used, and Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between levels of polypharmacy (non-polypharmacy: 1–4 medications; polypharmacy: 5–9 medications; hyperpolypharmacy: ≥10 medications).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 4395 respondents (median age: 71; 43 % female), 48 % were aware of the existence of medication reviews, and 85 % deemed these important. Patients valued discussing the appropriateness, efficacy, side-effects, and risks of medication more than practical medication-related issues. These perspectives were consistent across polypharmacy levels. Overall, 1176 patients (27 %) had experienced a review (non-polypharmacy: 22 %; polypharmacy: 29 %; hyperpolypharmacy: 39 %). Of these, 92 % felt able to ask questions, and 62 % felt treatment options were sufficiently discussed. Patients reported that their review resulted in better medication understanding (68 %), increased confidence in medication usage (65 %), and fewer health issues (40 %). Patients with non-polypharmacy reported improvements in follow-up agreements (9 %) and involvement of secondary healthcare providers (11 %) less frequently than those with polypharmacy (14 %/15 %) and hyperpolypharmacy (19 %/26 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Most patients valued medication reviews, yet only half were aware of their existence. Generally, levels of polypharmacy hardly impacted patient perspectives. Based on patients' experiences, shared decision-making, follow-ups, and multidisciplinary approaches could be better implemented in medication reviews.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100692"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field survey on warnings to prevent drug abuse when selling over-the-counter drugs at drugstores","authors":"Kazuki Nagashima,&nbsp;Hinata Nasu,&nbsp;Yuko Sekine","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medications is increasing and has led to a rise in overdose cases. This study examined commonly misused OTC drugs, developed checklist items related to warnings provided during their sale, and conducted field surveys to compare practices based on whether products contained ingredients designated by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), Japan.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An eight items checklist was developed using MHLW-specified survey items, with additional items added by the researchers. Using this checklist, a researcher evaluated OTC purchases for 25 different drugs by marking each item as positive (〇) or negative (×) from 17 drugstores.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Across 25 products surveyed, the most common positive item was “explanation by a qualified person” (11 positives, 44 %), followed by “point-of-purchase (POP) warning displays” (9 positives, 36 %) and “display near the cash register” (8 positives, 32 %). For OTC drugs containing designated ingredients (<em>n</em> = 13), the item achievement rates were as follows: “explanation by a qualified person,” 10 positives, 77 %; “POP warning displays,” 9 positives, 69 %; “display of empty boxes,” 2 positives, 15 %; and “verbal verification of age,” 1 positive, 8 %. The aforementioned items were less likely in the case of OTC drugs without designated ingredients with potential for abuse, with the number of instances of “explanation by a qualified person” and “POP warning displays” being significantly lower (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>To intervene with targets to prevent abuse and issue warnings about OTC drugs during a sale, proactive warnings about misused OTC drugs that do not contain designated ingredients are necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100690"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription-only medicine requests by clients: Insights from community pharmacies","authors":"Chabiya Ayuba Tashiwa ,&nbsp;Erick Wesley Hedima","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The accessibility of community pharmacies increases the likelihood that patients will approach pharmacists for medication needs, including those that require prescriptions. This study assessed prescription medicine requests from members of the public. Method This study employed a cross-sectional design to investigate clients seeking medication from community pharmacies in Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire comprising of two sections. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, where appropriate, were utilized to determine factors associated with prescription-only medicine (POM) requests. Associations between perception scores and patient characteristics were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney <em>U</em> test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors that may elucidate the correlates of obtaining medicines without a prescription. Statistical significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 (95 % CI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 258 adults with access to prescription-only (POM) or over-thecounter (OTC) medications were included in the study. The prevalence of prescription medicine request was 53 %. Headaches, fever, pain, and dysmenorrhea were the most frequent complaints (33.9 %). A significant difference was observed between medicineseeking practices and chronic illnesses (<em>p</em> = 0.01). The odds of requesting a POM decreased with lower educational attainment (AOR 0.05; 95 % CI, 0.06–0.43). While Age (<em>p</em> = 0.006), employment status (<em>p</em> = 0.03), and monthly income (<em>p</em> = 0.01) were significantly associated with perception of medication-seeking behavior. The most commonly requested medicine was artemether and lumefantrine, accounting for 12.3 % of prescriptions. Most respondents agreed that consultation with a registered medical practitioner for any health concern is necessary.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The prevalence of prescription-only medicine requests by clients seeking healthcare from community pharmacies was relatively high. Artemether/lumefantrine and amoxicillin/clavulanate were the most sought medicines. Strengthen national prescribing policies by granting pharmacists structured prescribing authority, thereby promoting accountability and the rational use of medicines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100689"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating genetic insights into pain management and opioid use optimization in chronic pain and substance abuse populations","authors":"Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun ,&nbsp;Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari ,&nbsp;Moyad Shahwan ,&nbsp;Abeer M. Al-Ghananeem ,&nbsp;Ghala Rashid Alnuaimi ,&nbsp;Thantrira Porntaveetus","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100684","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and facilitators for pharmacist-led vaccination services: A systematic review using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)","authors":"Meral Abdulselam ,&nbsp;Alla El-Awaisi ,&nbsp;Ziad G. Nasr ,&nbsp;Shahd Shaar ,&nbsp;Maguy Saffouh El Hajj","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pharmacists are well positioned to contribute to the expansion of vaccination program outreach, owing to their high accessibility, pharmacotherapy knowledge, and patient-centered services. Over the past decade, the scope of pharmacy practice has progressively evolved, shifting from a product-oriented role toward more direct involvement in public health initiatives, including immunization. Despite this advancement, the full potential of pharmacists as immunization providers remains underutilized due to several barriers.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on the barriers and facilitators of pharmacist-led vaccination services using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases (Ovid/Medline, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations, PROSPERO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Elsevier Science Direct, Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they focused on pharmacist-initiated vaccinations and reported relevant barriers or facilitators. The findings were mapped to CFIR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 33 studies were included. Barriers to pharmacist-led vaccination services were reported in 32 studies. The main barriers in the Outer Domain were mainly fear of conflicting roles with physicians and public attitudes, lack of physician support, patient unwillingness to receive vaccinations in community settings, liability and regulation related issues, and reimbursement for pharmacist vaccination services. In the Inner Domain, lack of pharmacist training and lack of adequate facilities for delivering community pharmacy vaccination services were the main barriers. Facilitators in the Outer Domain were professional recognition, cooperation between pharmacists and healthcare centers, and financial remuneration. In the Inner Domain, immunization training was frequently considered as a crucial element. Under the Individual Characteristics Domain, opportunities to strengthen the pharmacist–patient relationship, pharmacist interest, patient trust, and patient demand were considered as key facilitators.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study identified the main barriers and facilitators to pharmacist-led vaccination services using the CFIR framework, primarily within the Outer and Inner Setting domains. Findings highlight the need for targeted training, regulatory support, and reorganized reimbursement. Future research should explore context-specific interventions and evaluate training effectiveness to advance pharmacist-led immunization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100687"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}