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A Public Health Ethics Case for Mitigating Zoonotic Disease Risk in Food Production. 减轻食品生产中人畜共患疾病风险的公共卫生伦理案例。
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-08 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-021-00089-6
Justin Bernstein, Jan Dutkiewicz

This article argues that governments in countries that currently permit intensive animal agriculture - especially but not exclusively high-income countries - are, in principle, morally justified in taking steps to restrict or even eliminate intensive animal agriculture to protect public health from the risk of zoonotic pandemics. Unlike many extant arguments for restricting, curtailing, or even eliminating intensive animal agriculture which focus on environmental harms, animal welfare, or the link between animal source food (ASF) consumption and noncommunicable disease, the argument in this article appeals to the value of protecting populations from future global health emergencies and their broad social, economic, and health impacts, taking the SARS-CoV-2 virus as a particularly salient example. The article begins by identifying how intensive animal agriculture contributes to the outbreak (and risk of future outbreaks) of zoonotic diseases. Next, we explore three specific policy options: 1. Incentivizing plant-based and cell-based ASF alternatives through government subsidies; 2. Disincentivizing intensive ASF production through the adoption of a "zoonotic tax"; and 3. Eliminating intensive ASF production through a total ban. We argue that all three of these measures are permissible, although we remain agnostic as to whether these measures are obligatory. We argue for this conclusion on the grounds that each measure is justified by the same sorts of considerations that justify other widely accepted public health interventions, and each is compatible with a variety of theories of justice. We then address potential objections. Finally, we discuss how our novel argument relates to extant ethical arguments in favor or curtailing ASF production and consumption.

这篇文章认为,目前允许集约化畜牧业的国家的政府——尤其是但不完全是高收入国家——原则上在道德上有理由采取措施限制甚至消除集约化畜牧业,以保护公众健康免受人畜共患病大流行的风险。与现有的许多限制、削减甚至消除集约化动物农业的论点不同,这些论点侧重于环境危害、动物福利或动物源食品消费与非传染性疾病之间的联系,本文的论点呼吁保护人口免受未来全球卫生紧急情况及其广泛的社会、经济和健康影响的价值,以SARS-CoV-2病毒为一个特别突出的例子。本文首先确定了集约化畜牧业如何导致人畜共患疾病的爆发(以及未来爆发的风险)。接下来,我们将探讨三种具体的政策选择:通过政府补贴鼓励以植物和细胞为基础的ASF替代品;2. 通过征收“人畜共患税”来抑制非洲猪瘟的集约化生产;和3。通过全面禁止消除非洲猪瘟的集约化生产。我们认为这三种措施都是允许的,尽管我们仍然不知道这些措施是否是强制性的。我们支持这一结论的理由是,每一项措施的合理性都与其他被广泛接受的公共卫生干预措施的合理性有同样的考虑,而且每一项措施都与各种正义理论相容。然后我们处理潜在的反对意见。最后,我们讨论了我们的新论点如何与支持或限制非洲猪瘟生产和消费的现有伦理论点相关联。
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引用次数: 8
Towards Post-Pandemic Sustainable and Ethical Food Systems. 实现大流行后的可持续和道德食品体系。
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-01-23 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-020-00084-3
Matthias Kaiser, Stephen Goldson, Tatjana Buklijas, Peter Gluckman, Kristiann Allen, Anne Bardsley, Mimi E Lam

The current global COVID-19 pandemic has led to a deep and multidimensional crisis across all sectors of society. As countries contemplate their mobility and social-distancing policy restrictions, we have a unique opportunity to re-imagine the deliberative frameworks and value priorities in our food systems. Pre-pandemic food systems at global, national, regional and local scales already needed revision to chart a common vision for sustainable and ethical food futures. Re-orientation is also needed by the relevant sciences, traditionally siloed in their disciplines and without adequate attention paid to how the food system problem is variously framed by diverse stakeholders according to their values. From the transdisciplinary perspective of food ethics, we argue that a post-pandemic scheme focused on bottom-up, regional, cross-sectoral and non-partisan deliberation may provide the re-orientation and benchmarks needed for not only more sustainable, but also more ethical food futures.

目前,COVID-19 在全球范围内的流行已导致社会各部门面临深刻而多层面的危机。在各国考虑其流动性和影响社会的政策限制时,我们有一个独特的机会来重新设想我们粮食系统的审议框架和价值优先事项。大流行之前,全球、国家、地区和地方范围内的粮食系统已经需要修正,以便为可持续和合乎道德的粮食未来描绘共同愿景。相关科学也需要重新调整方向,因为传统上,这些学科各自为政,没有充分关注不同的利益相关方如何根据其价值观对粮食系统问题进行不同的构思。从食品伦理的跨学科视角出发,我们认为,一个侧重于自下而上、区域性、跨部门和无党派讨论的后大流行计划,不仅可以为更可持续、也更合乎伦理的食品未来提供所需的重新定位和基准。
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引用次数: 0
The Past in the Present: What our Ancestors Taught us about Surviving Pandemics. 从过去到现在:我们的祖先教给我们如何在大流行病中生存。
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-17 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-021-00088-7
Gabriel R Valle

Amidst the recent threat of COVID-19, home gardens have surged in popularity as seed companies and nurseries find it challenging to keep their supplies fully stocked. The victory garden movement that emerged during WWII has today re-emerged as COVID victory gardens. Yet, the global changes and cognitive shifts associated with COVID-19 have differential impacts. The narrative of COVID victory gardens depoliticizes urban agriculture. It is blind to its long history in marginalized, oppressed, and displaced communities where home gardens have always been part of a struggle for identity, autonomy, and self- and communal-determination. I argue the blindness embedded in the narrative of COVID victory gardens violates our "food-related obligations," which are our responsibilities to ourselves, our food, and each other. Silencing how communities of color have historically grown food in pursuit of dignity disregards how home gardens in communities of color are not merely a reactionary response to crisis but part of a historical legacy whereby people of color have grown food for generations to create and recreate sustainable ways of living that validate their cultures, knowledges, and ways of being.

在最近的COVID-19威胁中,家庭花园的受欢迎程度飙升,因为种子公司和苗圃发现很难保持充足的供应。二战期间出现的胜利花园运动今天再次出现为COVID胜利花园。然而,与COVID-19相关的全球变化和认知转变产生了不同的影响。COVID胜利花园的叙述使城市农业非政治化。在被边缘化、受压迫和流离失所的社区中,家庭花园一直是争取身份、自治、自我和公共决心的斗争的一部分,它对自己的悠久历史视而不见。我认为,COVID胜利花园叙事中的盲目性违反了我们的“与食物有关的义务”,这是我们对自己、食物和彼此的责任。对有色人种社区在历史上种植食物以追求尊严的做法予以沉默,忽视了有色人种社区的家庭菜园不仅是对危机的反动反应,而且是有色人种世世代代种植食物的历史遗产的一部分,以创造和重建可持续的生活方式,以验证他们的文化、知识和生存方式。
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引用次数: 3
Animal Agriculture, Wet Markets, and COVID-19: a Case Study in Indirect Activism. 畜牧业、湿市场与 COVID-19:间接激进主义案例研究》(Animal Agriculture, Wet Markets, and COVID-19: a Case Study in Indirect Activism)。
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-15 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-021-00090-z
Alyse Spiehler, Bob Fischer

There were excellent reasons to reform intensive animal agriculture prior to COVID-19. Unfortunately, though, intensive animal agriculture has grown rapidly over the last century. All signs indicate that it will continue to grow in the future. This is bad news for billions of animals. It's also bad news for those who want an animal-friendly food system. Because the public isn't very concerned about the plight of animals-or is concerned, but has a high tolerance for cognitive dissonance-animal activists regularly engage in indirect activism. Indirect activism involves arguing that some cause that's indirectly related to the activist's primary agenda provides reasons to act in ways that are congruent with that agenda. In this paper, we consider the two indirect arguments that animal activists advanced in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: first, some used COVID-19 to criticize intensive animal agriculture-many of these had US-based audiences as their target; second, and more modestly, some activists used COVID-19 to condemn wet markets specifically. We contend that both arguments had the risk of backfiring: they risked promoting the very systems that are worst for animals. We then assess the moral significance of this risk, concluding that while it may have been permissible to advance these arguments, there were some serious moral considerations against doing so-ones that weren't addressed by flagging animal activists' concern for animals or any other stakeholder in the discussion. In both cases, we think there are plausible precautionary arguments against the strategies that these activists pursued. Additionally, in the case of arguments against wet markets specifically, we contend that the precautionary argument can be supplemented with a side constraint condition that, arguably, activists violated insofar as they were acting in ways that maintain a racist and xenophobic system.

在 COVID-19 之前,改革集约化畜牧业的理由非常充分。但不幸的是,集约化畜牧业在上个世纪发展迅速。所有迹象都表明,集约化畜牧业在未来还将继续增长。这对数十亿动物来说是个坏消息。对于那些希望建立动物友好型食品体系的人来说,这也是个坏消息。由于公众并不十分关心动物的困境--或者虽然关心,但对认知失调的容忍度很高--动物活动家经常采取间接行动主义。间接行动主义是指论证某些与行动主义者的主要议程间接相关的事业,为其采取与该议程一致的行动提供理由。在本文中,我们考虑了动物活动家在 COVID-19 流行初期提出的两个间接论点:首先,一些活动家利用 COVID-19 批评集约型畜牧业--其中许多活动家的目标受众是美国人;其次,更温和地说,一些活动家利用 COVID-19 专门谴责湿市场。我们认为,这两种论点都有适得其反的风险:它们有可能助长对动物最不利的制度。然后,我们对这种风险的道德意义进行了评估,得出结论认为,尽管提出这些论点可能是允许的,但反对这样做存在一些严重的道德考量--这些考量并没有通过在讨论中标明动物活动家或任何其他利益相关者对动物的关注而得到解决。在这两种情况下,我们认为都有合理的预防性论据来反对这些活动家所采取的策略。此外,具体到反对湿市场的论点,我们认为预防性论点可以辅以一个侧面约束条件,可以说,动物活动家违反了这一条件,因为他们的行为维护了种族主义和仇外制度。
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引用次数: 0
Can COVID-19 Melt the Craft Chocolate Industry? COVID-19会融化手工巧克力行业吗?
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-27 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-021-00087-8
Jeana Cadby

The craft chocolate and specialty cacao industry has been driving the global chocolate industry towards more sustainable farming and ethical and transparent sourcing practices by prioritizing farmer welfare, environmental resource conservation, and consumer education. However, the craft chocolate and specialty cacao industries are also uniquely vulnerable to the immediate and long term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and many cacao producers are expected to be disproportionately affected. Craft chocolate businesses have been especially hard hit by losses in revenue and specialty cacao producers are facing unique challenges compared to their industrial counterparts. Factors that influence the future of these businesses include: labor intensity, regional politics, risk tolerance, and accessibility. Immediate impacts include loss of revenue and access to markets, which are directly influenced by travel restrictions, access to petrol, global trade networks, and operational limitations. Long term impacts include changes in business strategies, including the use of e-commerce, elevating consumer education to sustain sales and providing access to transparent pricing. The global crisis reveals that there is an ethical imperative to provide investments in the specialty cacao and craft chocolate industry to deliver farmer relief, improve access to technology for business needs, and support farmer empowerment in negotiations to mitigate risks.

手工巧克力和专业可可行业通过优先考虑农民福利、环境资源保护和消费者教育,推动全球巧克力行业朝着更可持续的农业、道德和透明的采购实践发展。然而,手工巧克力和特种可可产业也特别容易受到COVID-19大流行的直接和长期影响,预计许多可可生产商将受到不成比例的影响。手工巧克力业务受到收入损失的打击尤其严重,与工业同行相比,特种可可生产商面临着独特的挑战。影响这些企业未来发展的因素包括:劳动强度、地区政治、风险承受能力和可及性。直接影响包括收入和市场准入的损失,这直接受到旅行限制、获得汽油、全球贸易网络和业务限制的影响。长期影响包括商业战略的变化,包括使用电子商务,提高消费者教育以维持销售,以及提供透明定价的途径。全球危机表明,在专业可可和手工巧克力行业提供投资,以减轻农民的负担,改善商业需求的技术获取途径,并在谈判中支持农民赋权,以减轻风险,这是一项道德责任。
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引用次数: 5
Assessment of the Immediate and Potential Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 Outbreak on Socioeconomics, Agriculture, Security of Food and Dietary Intake in Nigeria. 评估 COVID-19 爆发对尼日利亚社会经济、农业、食品安全和膳食摄入的直接和潜在长期影响。
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-021-00085-w
Abiodun Elijah Obayelu, Oluwakemi Adeola Obayelu, Kamilu Kolade Bolarinwa, Richard Akinwumi Oyeyinka

Nigeria agriculture, food security and dietary intake have not been exempted from the disruptions in countless sectors around the world due to the outbreak of COVID-19. The country first experienced the outbreak on February 27, 2020, and the experience since then has shown negative effects not only on the socioeconomic conditions but also on agriculture, food security and dietary intake. Long term in-depth analysis of the effects of this pandemic on food security and dietary intake using quantitative data is still very difficult due to paucity of data and the great level of the improbability of the trajectory of the spread of the Virus. This study is a rapid assessment of the short and long-term potential effects of the disease. It relied on a review of situation reports especially by the Nigeria Centre of Disease Control and other reports around the world on COVID-19, personal observations, and public opinion via mobile telephone survey of Lagos and Oyo States, Nigeria. Findings show that food demand and supply shocks caused by COVID-19 outbreak affect agriculture, food and dietary intake negatively through COVID-19 policies. It leads to a reduction in household income coupled with hike in food prices. Owing to the Nigeria's crude farming practice, there was a scarcity of hired labour required for production process during 2020 farming season. This implies a high likelihood of low output and further surge in food prices in the future. Food access was also compromised with the accumulation of unsold fresh produce by the smallholder farmers and the low salary earners during movement restrictions and of loss income as a result of international border closure. Food and dietary intake is affected as people are shifting diets to more affordable and low quality foods, while food stability is not guaranteed due to market insecurity, prompting an extraordinary level of indecision. The study concludes that the shock of COVID-19 is not only a demand management problem but a multidimensional crisis requiring monetary, fiscal, and health policy responses with global collaboration and cooperation.

由于 COVID-19 的爆发,尼日利亚的农业、粮食安全和膳食摄入也未能幸免于世界各地无数部门的混乱。尼日利亚于 2020 年 2 月 27 日首次经历了疫情爆发,此后的经历表明,疫情不仅对社会经济状况产生了负面影响,而且对农业、粮食安全和膳食摄入也产生了负面影响。由于数据匮乏以及病毒传播轨迹的高度不确定性,利用定量数据对这一流行病对粮食安全和膳食摄入的影响进行长期深入分析仍然非常困难。本研究是对该疾病短期和长期潜在影响的快速评估。研究依据的是尼日利亚疾病控制中心的情况报告和世界各地关于 COVID-19 的其他报告、个人观察以及通过移动电话对尼日利亚拉各斯州和奥约州进行的民意调查。调查结果显示,COVID-19 爆发造成的粮食供求冲击通过 COVID-19 政策对农业、粮食和膳食摄入产生了负面影响。它导致家庭收入减少,同时食品价格上涨。由于尼日利亚的耕作方式粗放,2020 年农耕季节生产过程所需的雇佣劳动力稀缺。这意味着未来极有可能出现低产出和粮食价格进一步飙升。小农和低收入者在行动受限期间积压的未售出的新鲜产品,以及国际边境关闭造成的收入损失,也影响了粮食的获取。食品和饮食摄入量受到影响,因为人们正在将饮食转向价格更低廉、质量更差的食品,同时,由于市场不安全,食品的稳定性得不到保证,这促使人们变得异常犹豫不决。研究得出结论,COVID-19 的冲击不仅是一个需求管理问题,而且是一个多层面的危机,需要全球协作与合作,采取货币、财政和卫生政策应对。
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引用次数: 0
On Interpreting Something as Food 解读食物
Pub Date : 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-020-00082-5
A. Borghini, N. Piras
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引用次数: 7
Eating Ethically: Towards a Communitarian Food Model 伦理饮食:迈向社群饮食模式
Pub Date : 2020-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-020-00078-1
Shivani Sharma
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引用次数: 0
Understanding halal food market: Resolving asymmetric information 了解清真食品市场:解决信息不对称问题
Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-020-00072-7
Bamidele Adekunle, G. Filson
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引用次数: 24
Correction to: Guarantee of Harmful Gamma Radiation Absence as Part of the Consumer Information Rights: A Behavioural Experiment under a Public Health Perspective 更正:作为消费者信息权的一部分,保证没有有害的伽马辐射:公共卫生视角下的行为实验
Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.1007/s41055-020-00071-8
A. Rodríguez-Illamola
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Food ethics
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