Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.1109/memc.2022.9982572
Brian B Beard, Maria I Iacono, Joshua W Guag, Yongkang Liu
It has been shown that the presence of a hand holding a wireless handset (cell phone) can influence antenna efficiency and the measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) and electromagnetic compatibility. Head phantoms, used in handset compliance testing to estimate SAR in the head, have achieved low cost and multi-frequency use. Head phantoms typically consist of a thin plastic shell, open on the top, holding a tissue simulating fluid. The specific simulant fluid used is determined by the radio frequency of the test. IEC 62209-1 has recipes, using safe nontoxic materials, for all the required frequency bands. Thus, head phantoms can be reused at different frequencies simply by changing the tissue simulating fluid. However, standards have not adopted the use of hand phantoms because SAR limits in limbs are less restrictive than the head, the tissue depth in a hand is insufficient to make accurate measurements with current electric field probes, and the cost of a solid hand phantom is limited to a single frequency band. Our goal was to determine whether 3D printing techniques would allow the construction of a hand phantom with the same utility as existing head phantoms. We developed this phantom based on computer simulations to determine how much human anatomy needed to be included in the phantom to obtain results consistent with actual use. Electric field scans of a handset alone, and held by the hand phantom, were performed. Comparison of handset scans using the phantom and human subjects was planned, but not performed due to Covid-19 restrictions and subsequent changes in priorities. We feel a fluid-filled 3D printed hand phantom is viable and practical. The 3D print files are available on GitHub.
{"title":"A Multi-Frequency 3D Printed Hand Phantom for Electromagnetic Measurements.","authors":"Brian B Beard, Maria I Iacono, Joshua W Guag, Yongkang Liu","doi":"10.1109/memc.2022.9982572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memc.2022.9982572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has been shown that the presence of a hand holding a wireless handset (cell phone) can influence antenna efficiency and the measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) and electromagnetic compatibility. Head phantoms, used in handset compliance testing to estimate SAR in the head, have achieved low cost and multi-frequency use. Head phantoms typically consist of a thin plastic shell, open on the top, holding a tissue simulating fluid. The specific simulant fluid used is determined by the radio frequency of the test. IEC 62209-1 has recipes, using safe nontoxic materials, for all the required frequency bands. Thus, head phantoms can be reused at different frequencies simply by changing the tissue simulating fluid. However, standards have not adopted the use of hand phantoms because SAR limits in limbs are less restrictive than the head, the tissue depth in a hand is insufficient to make accurate measurements with current electric field probes, and the cost of a solid hand phantom is limited to a single frequency band. Our goal was to determine whether 3D printing techniques would allow the construction of a hand phantom with the same utility as existing head phantoms. We developed this phantom based on computer simulations to determine how much human anatomy needed to be included in the phantom to obtain results consistent with actual use. Electric field scans of a handset alone, and held by the hand phantom, were performed. Comparison of handset scans using the phantom and human subjects was planned, but not performed due to Covid-19 restrictions and subsequent changes in priorities. We feel a fluid-filled 3D printed hand phantom is viable and practical. The 3D print files are available on GitHub.</p>","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"11 3","pages":"49-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9871728/pdf/nihms-1864808.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10574787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/memc.2022.9780281
Yongkang Liu, Mohamad Omar Al Kalaa
5G technology can enable novel healthcare applications and augment existing medical device use of wireless technology to improve healthcare delivery. Having the dual role of medical device and cellular user equipment (UE), 5G-enabled devices navigate a plethora of rules and tests before they can operate on a 5G network to deliver their intended medical function. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art of 5G UE certification programs and testing specifications. We then identify test challenges and discuss the relevance of existing test practices to support the 5G-enabled medical device safety and effectiveness. This information is useful to medical device developers planning to incorporate 5G technology in their products and wireless engineers working to expand mobile services into the healthcare vertical.
{"title":"Testing 5G User Equipment: Review, Challenges, and Gaps from the Medical Device Perspective.","authors":"Yongkang Liu, Mohamad Omar Al Kalaa","doi":"10.1109/memc.2022.9780281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memc.2022.9780281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>5G technology can enable novel healthcare applications and augment existing medical device use of wireless technology to improve healthcare delivery. Having the dual role of medical device and cellular user equipment (UE), 5G-enabled devices navigate a plethora of rules and tests before they can operate on a 5G network to deliver their intended medical function. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art of 5G UE certification programs and testing specifications. We then identify test challenges and discuss the relevance of existing test practices to support the 5G-enabled medical device safety and effectiveness. This information is useful to medical device developers planning to incorporate 5G technology in their products and wireless engineers working to expand mobile services into the healthcare vertical.</p>","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"11 1","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9214773/pdf/nihms-1812012.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10459841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/memc.2022.10058835
M. Violette
{"title":"A Look Back at The Washington Bulletin, July 1962","authors":"M. Violette","doi":"10.1109/memc.2022.10058835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memc.2022.10058835","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62488299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/memc.2022.9780304
Gabe Alcala, Jacob Dixon
{"title":"Announcing the 2022 Experiments and Demonstrations!","authors":"Gabe Alcala, Jacob Dixon","doi":"10.1109/memc.2022.9780304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memc.2022.9780304","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62488375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/memc.2022.10058833
M. Mardiguian
{"title":"Statue of Liberty and Lightning: Remarks on the Commentary by Mike Violette, Published in the Chapter Chatter Column, EMC Magazine, 3rd Quarter 2022","authors":"M. Mardiguian","doi":"10.1109/memc.2022.10058833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memc.2022.10058833","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62488736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/MEMC.2022.9873813
S. Caniggia, F. Maradei
The aim of the paper is to investigate the performance in terms of immunity of different grounding solutions of shielded cables such as coaxial, twinax and triaxial (doubled screened), by simple SPICE simulations. The cables are modeled by lumped equivalent circuits based on the key parameter of transfer impedance. It is shown that, cascading N electrically short unit cells of the cable, it is possible to obtain the same accurate results of a distributed model, valid without limit in frequency, for the frequency range of interest. The advantage of this approach is that these circuit models are suitable for both frequency and transient simulations. They can be easily implemented in the latest generation of commercial SPICE-like simulators with minimum effort, and the simulations run in very few seconds. The accuracy of the models is validated by comparison with measurements, with the results obtained by a full-wave 3D software and other methods. Some practical grounding cable structures are simulated and guidelines are given.
{"title":"Investigation on Grounding Solutions for Shielded Cables by Simple SPICE Models","authors":"S. Caniggia, F. Maradei","doi":"10.1109/MEMC.2022.9873813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMC.2022.9873813","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to investigate the performance in terms of immunity of different grounding solutions of shielded cables such as coaxial, twinax and triaxial (doubled screened), by simple SPICE simulations. The cables are modeled by lumped equivalent circuits based on the key parameter of transfer impedance. It is shown that, cascading N electrically short unit cells of the cable, it is possible to obtain the same accurate results of a distributed model, valid without limit in frequency, for the frequency range of interest. The advantage of this approach is that these circuit models are suitable for both frequency and transient simulations. They can be easily implemented in the latest generation of commercial SPICE-like simulators with minimum effort, and the simulations run in very few seconds. The accuracy of the models is validated by comparison with measurements, with the results obtained by a full-wave 3D software and other methods. Some practical grounding cable structures are simulated and guidelines are given.","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"11 1","pages":"61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62488889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/memc.2022.9780338
{"title":"NEW - Social Media Toolkit for Spokane Symposium","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/memc.2022.9780338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memc.2022.9780338","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62488984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/memc.2022.9873836
F. Grassi
Protecting critical infrastructures, such as utilities (e.g. power utilities) and services (e.g. data and communication), against electromagnetic pulses (EMP) is a critical challenge for EMC engineers. Large-scale threats are associated with nuclear detonations, known as high-altitude EMP (HEMP). On a smaller scale, high-power microwave (HPM) weapons have smaller range and power but higher frequency content. Key aspects for electronics protection include the prediction of the disturbance reaching the susceptible device on the one hand, and the assessment of device vulnerability to such disturbance on the other.
{"title":"Technical Theme Topics","authors":"F. Grassi","doi":"10.1109/memc.2022.9873836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memc.2022.9873836","url":null,"abstract":"Protecting critical infrastructures, such as utilities (e.g. power utilities) and services (e.g. data and communication), against electromagnetic pulses (EMP) is a critical challenge for EMC engineers. Large-scale threats are associated with nuclear detonations, known as high-altitude EMP (HEMP). On a smaller scale, high-power microwave (HPM) weapons have smaller range and power but higher frequency content. Key aspects for electronics protection include the prediction of the disturbance reaching the susceptible device on the one hand, and the assessment of device vulnerability to such disturbance on the other.","PeriodicalId":73281,"journal":{"name":"IEEE electromagnetic compatibility magazine","volume":"12 1","pages":"85-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62489213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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