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Impact of the Four-Sideband and Two-Sideband Theories in Designing of Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifiers 四边带和两边带理论对光纤参量放大器设计的影响
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-10-07 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2938652
Kumbirayi Nyachionjeka, H. Tarus, P. K. Langat
In this paper, we seek to compare the two design theories for fiber optical parametric amplifier through simulation. The two-sideband method (standard method) has been the most widely used method in fiber optical parametric amplifier design, but it does not predict the gain shrinkage around the pumps. This technique does not consider the gain shrinking dynamics around the pump(s). The four-sideband analytical technique is an alternative technique for fiber optical parametric amplifier design, and it allows for a simplified investigation of the gain shrinking dynamics around the pump(s) due to the interaction of the various arising high-order idlers within the vicinity of the pump waves. The undertaking in this paper is to present a dual-pump fiber amplifier based on the highly nonlinear fiber and another one based on the photonic crystal fiber and ascertain if gain shrinking affects both FOPAs.
本文通过仿真比较了两种光纤参量放大器的设计理论。双向带法(标准法)是光纤参量放大器设计中应用最广泛的方法,但它不能预测泵浦周围的增益收缩。该技术不考虑泵周围的增益收缩动力学。边带分析技术是光纤参数放大器设计的一种替代技术,它允许简化由于泵浦波附近各种高阶闲散子的相互作用而导致的泵浦波周围增益收缩动力学的研究。本文的工作是提出一种基于高度非线性光纤的双泵浦光纤放大器和另一种基于光子晶体光纤的双泵浦光纤放大器,并确定增益收缩对两种光纤放大器的影响。
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引用次数: 0
1D Confocal Broad Area Semiconductor Lasers (Confocal BALs) for Fundamental Transverse Mode Selection (TMS#0) 用于基横向模式选择的一维共聚焦广域半导体激光器(共聚焦BALs)
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2019-06-17 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2719808
H. Fouckhardt, A. Kleinschmidt, J. Strassner, Christoph Doering
Previously in this journal we have reported on fundamental transverse mode selection (TMS#0) of broad area semiconductor lasers (BALs) with integrated twice-retracted 4f set-up and film-waveguide lens as the Fourier-transform element. Now we choose and report on a simpler approach for BAL-TMS#0, i.e., the use of a stable confocal longitudinal BAL resonator of length L with a transverse constriction. The absolute value of the radius R of curvature of both mirror-facets convex in one dimension (1D) is R = L = 2f with focal length f. The round trip length 2L = 4f again makes up for a Fourier-optical 4f set-up and the constriction resulting in a resonator-internal beam waist stands for a Fourier-optical low-pass spatial frequency filter. Good TMS#0 is achieved, as long as the constriction is tight enough, but filamentation is not completely suppressed.
在本期刊之前,我们已经报道了宽面积半导体激光器(BALs)的基本横向模式选择(TMS#0),该激光器具有集成的两次缩回4f装置和薄膜波导透镜作为傅立叶变换元件。现在,我们选择并报道了一种更简单的BAL-TMS#0方法,即使用具有横向收缩的长度为L的稳定共焦纵向BAL谐振器。在一维(1D)中凸起的两个镜面的曲率半径R的绝对值为R=L=2f,焦距为f。往返长度2L=4f再次弥补傅立叶光学4f设置,并且导致谐振器内部束腰的收缩代表傅立叶光学低通空间频率滤波器。只要收缩足够紧密,就可以实现良好的TMS#0,但成丝并没有被完全抑制。
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引用次数: 1
Application of M Sequence Family Measurement Matrix in Streak Camera Imaging M序列族测量矩阵在条纹相机成像中的应用
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8094657
Ailin Liu, Jinjin Zhang, B. Guo
This study investigates the reduction in the resolution of the striations from the center to the edge through analysis of the imaging principle and the static experimental test of a streak tube. To improve the edge spatial resolution of the streak, we apply the compressed sensing to the X-ray streak camera imaging system and construct the compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction model for the streak camera and we implement the CS objective function by the orthogonal matching method. The reconstruction performance of the Gauss measurement matrix, Bernoulli measurement matrix, and M series family measurement matrix are compared, and the reconstruction parameters are optimized. A comparison between the original imaging results and the reconstruction results shows that the contrast ratio of the CS reconstruction is 12.2% higher than that of the original, and the limit resolution is 5 lp/mm higher than that of the original image. Furthermore, the improvement effect far from the central area is better than that at the central area. The CS reconstruction on the M series family measurement matrix can improve the image contrast ratio on the edge of the image, and, thus, static and dynamic spatial resolutions of the image are improved.
通过对条纹管成像原理的分析和静态实验测试,研究了条纹管从中心到边缘的分辨率降低问题。为了提高条纹的边缘空间分辨率,将压缩感知技术应用于x射线条纹相机成像系统,构建了条纹相机的压缩感知(CS)重建模型,并通过正交匹配方法实现了CS目标函数。比较了高斯测量矩阵、伯努利测量矩阵和M级数族测量矩阵的重建性能,并对重建参数进行了优化。原始成像结果与重建结果的对比表明,CS重建图像的对比度比原始图像高12.2%,极限分辨率比原始图像高5 lp/mm。此外,远离中心区域的改善效果优于中心区域。在M系列族测量矩阵上进行CS重构,可以提高图像边缘的图像对比度,从而提高图像的静态和动态空间分辨率。
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引用次数: 0
1 ML Wetting Layer upon Ga(As)Sb Quantum Dot (QD) Formation on GaAs Substrate Monitored with Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS) 用反射各向异性光谱(RAS)监测GaAs衬底上Ga(As)Sb量子点(QD)形成上的1ML润湿层
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-11-14 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8908354
H. Fouckhardt, J. Strassner, Thomas Loeber, Christoph Doering
III/V semiconductor quantum dots (QD) are in the focus of optoelectronics research for about 25 years now. Most of the work has been done on InAs QD on GaAs substrate. But, e.g., Ga(As)Sb (antimonide) QD on GaAs substrate/buffer have also gained attention for the last 12 years. There is a scientific dispute on whether there is a wetting layer before antimonide QD formation, as commonly expected for Stransky-Krastanov growth, or not. Usually ex situ photoluminescence (PL) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements are performed to resolve similar issues. In this contribution, we show that reflectance anisotropy/difference spectroscopy (RAS/RDS) can be used for the same purpose as an in situ, real-time monitoring technique. It can be employed not only to identify QD growth via a distinct RAS spectrum, but also to get information on the existence of a wetting layer and its thickness. The data suggest that for antimonide QD growth the wetting layer has a thickness of 1 ML (one monolayer) only.
半导体量子点(QD)是近25年来光电子学研究的热点。大部分工作都是在砷化镓衬底上的InAs量子点上完成的。但是,例如,GaAs衬底/缓冲层上的Ga(As)Sb (antimonide)量子点在过去12年中也受到了关注。在锑化物QD形成之前,是否存在一个湿润层,这在科学上是有争议的,正如人们通常期望的那样,对于stransky - krstanov生长。通常采用原位光致发光(PL)和原子力显微镜(AFM)测量来解决类似的问题。在这篇文章中,我们证明了反射各向异性/差分光谱(RAS/RDS)可以作为一种现场实时监测技术用于相同的目的。它不仅可以通过不同的RAS谱来识别量子点的生长,还可以获得湿润层的存在及其厚度的信息。数据表明,对于锑化物QD生长,润湿层厚度仅为1 ML(单层)。
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引用次数: 1
A Practical Method to Design Reflector-Based Light-Emitting Diode Luminaire for General Lighting 一种基于反射体的普通照明用发光二极管灯具设计方法
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-18 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7138592
Jinren Yan
A reflector-based light-emitting diode (LED) luminaire structure that can achieve a large cut-off angle for general lighting is presented in this work. The proposed lighting unit mainly consists of a spherical reflector and a primary packaging lens that contains an aspheric surface and a spherical surface. The light rays emitted from the LED light source are well controlled by the spherical reflector and the aspheric surface of the lens for the purpose of obtaining a uniform illumination on the target surface. Both the ideal Lambertian LED and non-Lambertian LED light sources were employed to validate the proposed structure and the performance of the designed lighting units was analyzed by optical simulation. The results show that the light utilization efficiencies and the estimated uniformities are 92.96% and 91.11% for ideal Lambertian LED-based lighting unit and 93.31% and 91.64% for non-Lambertian LED-based lighting unit, respectively. Further analysis shows that the tolerances of horizontal, vertical, and rotational deviation of the both lighting units were about 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.0°, respectively.
本文提出了一种基于反射镜的发光二极管(LED)照明结构,该结构可以实现大截止角的普通照明。所提出的照明单元主要由球面反射器和包含非球面和球面的主封装透镜组成。LED光源发出的光线受到球面反射器和透镜非球面的良好控制,从而在目标表面上获得均匀的照明。采用理想的兰伯特LED光源和非兰伯特LED光源对所提出的结构进行了验证,并通过光学仿真分析了所设计的照明单元的性能。结果表明,理想的兰伯特led照明单元的光利用效率和均匀度分别为92.96%和91.11%,非兰伯特led照明单元的光利用效率和均匀度分别为93.31%和91.64%。进一步分析表明,两种照明装置的水平、垂直和旋转偏差的公差分别约为2.0 mm、1.0 mm和1.0°。
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引用次数: 0
Performance Analysis of Flat Gain Wideband Raman Amplifier for S+C and C+L Band DWDM System S+C和C+L波段DWDM系统平坦增益宽带拉曼放大器性能分析
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-08-15 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5703805
Dipika D. Pradhan, A. Mandloi
Raman amplifier is an open area of research in telecommunication field. This paper discusses the performance of 64 channels of 10 Gbps WDM systems with backward multipump Raman amplifier. The main goal of this paper is the optimization of Raman amplifier to minimize its gain variation without using any gain flattening techniques. To increase the transmission capacity of DWDM system, Raman amplifier with backward multipump configuration is implemented. The optimized parameters such as pump power and frequencies are used to deliver both ground and excited state absorption for amplification in S+C and C+L band region. The pump power and frequencies are optimized through multitarget and multiparameter optimization tool available in OptiSystem software. Gain ripple was achieved <0.5 dB for this simulation setup. The maximum flat gain achieved is 8.6 dB and noise figure of <8 dB was achieved for this wide bandwidth without using gain flattening techniques. This amplifier design will be helpful for CATV applications and telecommunication networks.
拉曼放大器是通信领域的一个开放性研究领域。本文讨论了采用后向多泵拉曼放大器的64通道10gbps WDM系统的性能。本文的主要目标是优化拉曼放大器,使其增益变化最小化,而不使用任何增益平坦化技术。为了提高DWDM系统的传输容量,采用了反向多泵浦结构的拉曼放大器。利用优化后的泵浦功率和频率等参数实现S+C和C+L波段的基态和激发态吸收放大。通过OptiSystem软件中的多目标多参数优化工具对泵功率和频率进行优化。该仿真设置实现了<0.5 dB的增益纹波。在不使用增益平坦化技术的情况下,实现的最大平坦增益为8.6 dB,噪声系数<8 dB。该放大器的设计将有助于有线电视和电信网络的应用。
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引用次数: 7
Microfluidic Droplet Array as Optical Irises Actuated via Electrowetting 电润湿驱动的光学虹膜微流控液滴阵列
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-02-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1262947
J. Strassner, Carina Heisel, Dominic Palm, H. Fouckhardt
Initiated by a task in tunable microoptics, but not limited to this application, a microfluidic droplet array in an upright standing module with 3 × 3 subcells and droplet actuation via electrowetting is presented. Each subcell is filled with a single (of course transparent) water droplet, serving as a movable iris, surrounded by opaque blackened decane. Each subcell measures 1 × 1 mm ² and incorporates 2 × 2 quadratically arranged positions for the droplet. All 3 × 3 droplets are actuated synchronously by electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). The droplet speed is up to 12 mm/s at 130 V (Vrms) with response times of about 40 ms. Minimum operating voltage is 30 V. Horizontal and vertical movement of the droplets is demonstrated. Furthermore, a minor modification of the subcells allows us to exploit the flattening of each droplet. Hence, the opaque decane fluid sample can cover each water droplet and render each subcell opaque, resulting in switchable irises of constant opening diameter. The concept does not require any mechanically moving parts or external pumps.
由可调谐微光学中的一项任务发起,但不限于该应用,提出了一种具有3×3个子电池的直立模块中的微流体液滴阵列,并通过电润湿进行液滴驱动。每个子细胞都充满了一个(当然是透明的)水滴,作为一个可移动的虹膜,周围是不透明的黑色癸烷。每个子电池的尺寸为1×1 mm²,并包含2×2个液滴的方形排列位置。所有3×3液滴均通过电介质上的电润湿(EWOD)同步致动。液滴速度在130V(Vrms)下高达12mm/s,响应时间约为40ms。最小工作电压为30V。展示了液滴的水平和垂直移动。此外,对子电池的微小修改使我们能够利用每个液滴的扁平化。因此,不透明的癸烷流体样品可以覆盖每个水滴,并使每个子细胞不透明,从而产生开口直径恒定的可切换虹膜。该概念不需要任何机械移动部件或外部泵。
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引用次数: 4
HIT Solar Cells with N-Type Low-Cost Metallurgical Si n型低成本冶金硅的HIT太阳能电池
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-01-18 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7368175
Xing Yang, Jiangtao Bian, Zhengxin Liu, Li Shuai, Chao Chen, Song He
A conversion efficiency of 20.23% of heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) solar cell on 156 mm × 156 mm metallurgical Si wafer has been obtained. Applying AFORS-HET software simulation, HIT solar cell with metallurgical Si was investigated with regard to impurity concentration, compensation level, and their impacts on cell performance. It is known that a small amount of impurity in metallurgical Si materials is not harmful to solar cell properties.
在156mm × 156mm的冶金硅片上,异质结本质薄层(HIT)太阳能电池的转换效率达到20.23%。应用AFORS-HET软件模拟,研究了含冶金硅的HIT太阳能电池的杂质浓度、补偿水平及其对电池性能的影响。冶金硅材料中少量的杂质对太阳能电池的性能是无害的。
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引用次数: 2
Fundamental Transverse Mode Selection (TMS#0) of Broad Area Semiconductor Lasers with Integrated Twice-Retracted 4f Set-Up and Film-Waveguide Lens 集成两次回缩4f和薄膜波导透镜的宽面积半导体激光器的基本横模选择(TMS#0)
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2017-12-14 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5283850
H. Fouckhardt, A. Kleinschmidt, J. Strassner, Christoph Doering
Previously we focused on fundamental transverse mode selection (TMS#0) of broad area semiconductor lasers (BALs) with two-arm folded integrated resonators for Fourier-optical spatial frequency filtering. The resonator had a round-trip length of 4f, where f is the focal length of the Fourier-transform element (FTE), that is, a cylindrical mirror in-between the orthogonal resonator branches. This 4f set-up can be called “retracted once” due to the reflective filter after 2f; that is, the 2f path was used forwards and backwards. Now the branches are retracted once more resulting in a compact 1f long linear resonator (called “retracted twice”) with a round-trip length of 2f. One facet accommodates the filter, while the other houses the FTE, now incorporating a film-waveguide lens. The BAL facet with the filter represents both the Fourier-transform plane (after 2f, i.e., one round-trip) as well as the image plane (after 4f, two round-trips). Thus filtering is performed even after 4f, not just after 2f. Experimental results reveal good fundamental TMS for pump currents up to 20% above threshold and a one-dimensional beam quality parameter = 1.47. The BALs are made from AlGaInAsSb, but the concept can equally well be employed for BALs of any material system.
在此之前,我们主要研究了用于傅里叶光学空间频率滤波的具有双臂折叠集成谐振器的广域半导体激光器的基本横向模式选择(tms# 0)。谐振腔的往返长度为4f,其中f为傅里叶变换元件(FTE)的焦距,即在正交谐振腔分支之间有一个圆柱形反射镜。由于2f后的反射滤光片,这种4f设置可以称为“缩回一次”;也就是说,2f路径被向前和向后使用。现在分支再次缩回,产生一个紧凑的1f长线性谐振器(称为“缩回两次”),往返长度为2f。一面容纳过滤器,而另一面容纳FTE,现在合并了一个薄膜波导透镜。带滤波器的BAL面既表示傅里叶变换平面(经过2f,即一次往返),也表示图像平面(经过4f,两次往返)。因此,过滤甚至在4f之后执行,而不仅仅是在2f之后。实验结果表明,当泵浦电流高于阈值20%,一维光束质量参数= 1.47时,基本TMS良好。bal是由AlGaInAsSb制成的,但这个概念同样可以很好地用于任何材料系统的bal。
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引用次数: 2
Method Research of Coal Mine Roof Strain Detection Based on the Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor with Thermodynamic Couple Numerical Condition 基于光纤布拉格光栅传感器的热耦合数值条件下煤矿顶板应变检测方法研究
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2017-08-03 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2153409
Zhang Jian, Lu Chuan, Dehua Lin
In order to solve the problem that the measure precision of coal roof rock strain amount detection using traditional electric sensor is insufficient, a kind of High Sensitive Surface-Pasted Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensor based on rock bolting is designed for substitution. Furthermore, a kind of Reference Grating Zero-Strain method based on sensitivity matrix coefficient is proposed for solving FBG strain-temperature cross-sensitivity problem and realizing the better separation relevant to strain and temperature. It is proved that the sensitivity and measurement precision and anti-interference ability of FBG strain sensors are better than traditional electricity class sensors, being able to realize the real-time and online detection for coal roof surrounding rock strain.
为了解决传统电传感器检测煤顶板岩石应变量测量精度不足的问题,设计了一种基于锚杆支护的高灵敏度表面粘贴光纤布拉格光栅应变传感器进行替代。此外,提出了一种基于灵敏度矩阵系数的参考光栅零应变方法,以解决FBG应变-温度交叉灵敏度问题,实现与应变和温度的更好分离。实践证明,FBG应变传感器的灵敏度、测量精度和抗干扰能力均优于传统的电力类传感器,能够实现对煤层顶板围岩应变的实时在线检测。
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引用次数: 0
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Advances in Optoelectronics
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