Journal international de bioethique et d'ethique des sciences最新文献

The bioethics bill reflects a paradigm shift in filiation. Indeed, the bill provides for the lifting of donor anonymity at the age of majority of the child born of the donation. However, the legislator does not provide for a specific legal regime qualifying the link between the donor and the child born of the donation. It thus proceeds to a negative qualification of a situation that nevertheless entails important legal consequences. One then wonders about the nature of this relationship and about the potential consequences induced by the lifting of anonymity, consequences that are both legal and social. This article will then make it possible to dissociate the notion of filiation and the progressive emergence of the right of access to one’s origins.

Although e-health has gained prominence in the Sustainable Development Goals, the lack of Development Goals, the lack of precise indicators makes it difficult to measure its impact. It was not until 2017 and the 2017 and the International Telecommunication Union’s Action Plan for governments to put in place quantitative and qualitative evaluation criteria. However, e-health remains the fertile ground for frugal innovations based in particular on mobile health.

Bioethics are widely used in the course of biomedical science’s evolution. It allows to question ethical aspects underlying the setting of new research and clinical intervention techniques. This ethical thinking reflects norms and values socially admitted and question the way new scientific information are integrated to individuals’ system of knowing. Human embryo research, subject to bioethics laws revisions, represents an almost prototypical object of these issues, both lay and scientific. This study aims to study these issues through the context of bioethics revision laws, from users’ comments on Estates-General of Bioethics website, using the social representations theorical frame. A thematic content analysis has been performed. Results shows that embryo status is a structural argument of the debate, and that the opinion on human embryo research results from a set of ethical concerns that come from socially anchored values, accounting for the way individuals define science, biotechnologies and research on the living, that we also find in the bioethics legislation.

Law n° 2021-1017 of August 2nd. 2021 allows children born of assisted reproduction with a third party donor to have access, as of their majority, to non-identifying data and the identity of this third party. Without calling into question the principle of anonymity, it enshrines the right of access to origins. The reasons for this development are to be found in the evolution of European law, rather than in a logical evolution of French bioethics law. However, such an enshrinement is not without difficulties, both in terms of the concrete and technical implementation of this access to origins and in terms of the practical consequences in the realisation of access to this right for the children benefiting from this system.

The new version of the bioethics law adopted in 2021 is distinguished first and foremost by its openness. It legitimises access to medically assisted procreation for lesbian couples and single women. It allows young adults born through gamete donation to know their origins. It allows any woman to freeze her oocytes with a view to a subsequent pregnancy, without any medical condition. At the same time, the new law is characterised by its moderation. These new freedoms do not challenge the primacy of conjugal parenthood. Multiple parenthood is not on the agenda. The law establishes a differentiated filiation between heterosexual parentage and homoparentage. It confirms the absolute ban on surrogate motherhood. Between authorisations and prohibitions, the fourth bioethics law promotes a tempered liberalism.

What is the value of confidentiality? Russian society faced this issue in 2020, when minors aged 15 to 18 lost their privacy. The amendment to the Federal Law, caused the situation, was received ambiguously, but quickly ceased to be the subject of public discussion. In my article, I study this event in a bioethical context, considering the topics of privacy, autonomy and relativity. Social discussion was not productive, since the arguments of both sides contained a double-edged argument: depending on existing relations in a family, the amendment will have a positive or negative meaning. By pointing out all the weaknesses of this shift in emphasis to relationships (that also implies the uselessness of the concept of relational autonomy here), I designate a real problem. A conflict situation has evolved both within bioethical principles and within the single principle – respect for autonomy. Due to the lack of confidentiality, the opportunity to act according to one’s own personal plan, presupposed by informed consent, is devalued. Autonomy turns out to be incomplete, twofold: it exists only for onetime decisions, and it is not in the long-term perspective because of a possibility of interference by others (parents, guardians) in this decision-making process. Since such criteria of autonomous action as intentionality and noncontrol may be violated, the autonomy of minors becomes contradictory. To avoid this, the autonomy should be either established as partial, or, by insisting on the return of confidentiality back to minors of the specified age, restored as full. Partial autonomy is a paradox, and a teenager should be endowed with what I call, considering the age criteria, the “presumption of autonomy”. If we do not give up autonomy completely, then we must restore its context consistently and non-contradictory: the ability of minors of this age category to make medically significant decisions requires the restoration of confidentiality and vice versa. Additionally, I investigate privacy’s impact on confidentiality: in Russian bioethics and medical practice, privacy is not considered as a source of other rights, the initial principle organizing the discourse.

The history of environmental damages is linked to the development of diseases. Conversely, individual and collective protection measures for the living environment. Were often beneficial to health.

This article presents a phenomenological approach of a virtual society. Michel Henry outlined a phenomenology of living community and a critical approach of the technical and technological progress. Those approaches call into question the possibility of intersubjective relations within virtual society during the current sanitary crisis that led to a lack of live communication. There couldn’t be neither being – with, nor being – in – common disincarnate, every intersubjective relation needs a living charnel presence.