Pub Date : 2017-12-12DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000431
G. Ansah, Lawrencia Pokuah Siaw
Due to the socio-cultural distinctiveness of indigenous communities from mainstream societies, decisions, policies and actions other than their own on climate adaptation may prove insufficient, inappropriate and ill-adapted even if well-intended. A lucid understanding of indigenous adaptation practices, sources and potencies for climate change and its antecedents allow small holder farmers to manipulate current knowledge to adequately optimize general efforts and improve climate adaptation interventions. The study utilized a sampled size of 218 (N=218) smallholder farmers in randomly selected communities in the Sekyere South district. The mixed method approach to data analysis were utilized in the analysis of data from the study respondents. The study revealed that the sources of knowledge about changes in the environment were centered on observed changes in weather phenomena, physical changes on trees (flowering, shedding of leaves, etc.) and behaviors of certain animal species (birds, amphibians, insects, and arthropods) The study again revealed specific indigenous adaptation strategies applied by smallholder farmers in coping with climate change including ending farming or building in waterways or lowlands areas, planting resistant crop or early yielding varieties, planting more trees of cover crops, irrigation practices among others. The findings underscore the need for farmers' education, awareness creation, poverty alleviation and increased access to more efficient inputs as powerful tools for climate change adaptation in Sekyere South District.
{"title":"Indigenous Knowledge: Sources, Potency and Practices to Climate Adaptation in the Small-Scale Farming Sector","authors":"G. Ansah, Lawrencia Pokuah Siaw","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000431","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the socio-cultural distinctiveness of indigenous communities from mainstream societies, decisions, policies and actions other than their own on climate adaptation may prove insufficient, inappropriate and ill-adapted even if well-intended. A lucid understanding of indigenous adaptation practices, sources and potencies for climate change and its antecedents allow small holder farmers to manipulate current knowledge to adequately optimize general efforts and improve climate adaptation interventions. The study utilized a sampled size of 218 (N=218) smallholder farmers in randomly selected communities in the Sekyere South district. The mixed method approach to data analysis were utilized in the analysis of data from the study respondents. \u0000The study revealed that the sources of knowledge about changes in the environment were centered on observed changes in weather phenomena, physical changes on trees (flowering, shedding of leaves, etc.) and behaviors of certain animal species (birds, amphibians, insects, and arthropods) The study again revealed specific indigenous adaptation strategies applied by smallholder farmers in coping with climate change including ending farming or building in waterways or lowlands areas, planting resistant crop or early yielding varieties, planting more trees of cover crops, irrigation practices among others. \u0000The findings underscore the need for farmers' education, awareness creation, poverty alleviation and increased access to more efficient inputs as powerful tools for climate change adaptation in Sekyere South District.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49230417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-09DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000407
Raheem Hameed Abd-Al-Abdan, A. Al-Gurairy
The aim of the study is to identify the type and nature of recent Morphotectonic processes Southern Desert of Iraq, as well as to identify the evidence that confirms these processes, depending on the geological structures. The rivers basins, river networks, faults and folds, as well as longitudinal sections and forms of river drainage patterns, which have been drawn by using topographic maps, in addition to satellite image by using Arc GIS 10.2. The location of the River Capture or River Piracy and the sites of the rivers basins, which were separated into two parts, were identified. Also geological features with linear direction, forms of formation of plateaus, intersection, ground landing, and flood sediment and river bifurcation were identified. The geology of the region was also used to detect the occurrence of recent Morphotectonic activities. In this study we find that the upstream of Wadi Abu Ghar basin, was captured by the Sadir and Abu Ghuwair basins. The Sadir and Abu Ghuwair basins were not present at the beginning of the Quaternary period, and these basins were created when a fault occurred with northeast-southwest trend. Most recent studies indicate that the main river streams of the lower valleys were formed during the early Quaternary period. All geological and geomorphological evidences confirm that Recent Neotectonic movements were happened in this part during the Quaternary period.
该研究的目的是确定伊拉克南部沙漠最近形态构造过程的类型和性质，并根据地质结构确定证实这些过程的证据。除了使用Arc GIS 10.2的卫星图像外，还使用地形图绘制了流域、河网、断层和褶皱，以及河流排水模式的纵断面和形式。查明了河流捕获或河流海盗活动的地点和分为两部分的河流流域的地点。还确定了线性方向的地质特征、高原的形成形式、交叉点、地面登陆、洪水沉积物和河流分叉。该地区的地质也被用来探测最近形态构造活动的发生。在这项研究中，我们发现Wadi Abu Ghar盆地的上游被Sadir和Abu Ghuwair盆地捕获。Sadir和Abu Ghuwair盆地在第四纪初期并不存在，这些盆地是在出现东北-西南走向的断层时形成的。最近的研究表明，下河谷的主要河流形成于第四纪早期。所有的地质和地貌证据都证实，该地区在第四纪发生了最近的新构造运动。
{"title":"Recent Morphotectonics Processes in Lower Valleys of Southern Desert, Iraq","authors":"Raheem Hameed Abd-Al-Abdan, A. Al-Gurairy","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000407","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to identify the type and nature of recent Morphotectonic processes Southern Desert of Iraq, as well as to identify the evidence that confirms these processes, depending on the geological structures. The rivers basins, river networks, faults and folds, as well as longitudinal sections and forms of river drainage patterns, which have been drawn by using topographic maps, in addition to satellite image by using Arc GIS 10.2. The location of the River Capture or River Piracy and the sites of the rivers basins, which were separated into two parts, were identified. Also geological features with linear direction, forms of formation of plateaus, intersection, ground landing, and flood sediment and river bifurcation were identified. The geology of the region was also used to detect the occurrence of recent Morphotectonic activities. In this study we find that the upstream of Wadi Abu Ghar basin, was captured by the Sadir and Abu Ghuwair basins. The Sadir and Abu Ghuwair basins were not present at the beginning of the Quaternary period, and these basins were created when a fault occurred with northeast-southwest trend. Most recent studies indicate that the main river streams of the lower valleys were formed during the early Quaternary period. All geological and geomorphological evidences confirm that Recent Neotectonic movements were happened in this part during the Quaternary period.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46601247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000423
Soolmaz Zaeemdar, T. Baycan
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, the characteristic warmth of a settlement compared with its surroundings, is the best-known climatic response to disruptions caused by urban development. Istanbul has experienced a highspeed urban growth in the last century. While the population of the city was under one million in 1900, it reached to 14 million in 2015. Almost 14 times growth in one century has made Istanbul the largest city in Turkey. High-speed urbanization and transformation of the natural environment and forests into built-up area has a critical impact on the metropolitan’s climate. Due to the alteration of heat energy balance and as a megacity, Istanbul has been affected by increasing severe heat waves in summer. This study focuses on two of the effective urban design factors upon the urban heat islands (UHIs) in Istanbul such as vegetation cover and characteristic of surface materials. The spatial pattern of land surface temperature (LST), surface albedo, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land cover-land use (LCLU) are analyzed to explore the cooling or heating impacts of the green areas and the build-up areas on the UHI. The methodology is based on using Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) satellite image that captured on 6 September 2015, and available meteorological data include two stations, one in city center (Kandilli Station) and the other one in rural area (Sile Station) that revealed average annual temperature differences 8.3°C in the last decade. The results of the analysis show that artificial surfaces with low albedo and low vegetation cover have the most positive exponential relationship with land surface temperature (LST) and increasing effect on UHI formation. The results of the analysis highlight that high albedo material (HAM), greenery on the surface and on the roofs (VEG), and a combination of them can be used as the UHI mitigation strategies.
城市热岛效应(UHI)是指居住区相对于周围环境的温度特征，是最著名的城市发展造成的气候变化。伊斯坦布尔在上个世纪经历了高速的城市发展。1900年，这座城市的人口还不到100万，2015年达到了1400万。一个世纪内增长了近14倍，使伊斯坦布尔成为土耳其最大的城市。高速城市化以及自然环境和森林向建成区的转变对大都市的气候有着至关重要的影响。由于热能平衡的改变和作为一个特大城市，伊斯坦布尔在夏季受到日益严重的热浪的影响。本文研究了伊斯坦布尔城市热岛的两个有效城市设计因素，即植被覆盖和地表材料特征。分析地表温度(LST)、地表反照率、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和土地覆被-土地利用(LCLU)的空间格局，探讨绿地和堆积区对城市热岛的降温或升温影响。该方法基于2015年9月6日捕获的Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager)卫星图像，现有气象数据包括两个站点，一个在市中心(Kandilli站)，另一个在农村地区(sili站)，显示过去十年的年平均温差为8.3°C。分析结果表明，低反照率和低植被覆盖的人工地表与地表温度呈最正的指数关系，对热岛岛形成的促进作用最大。分析结果强调，高反照率材料(HAM)、地面和屋顶上的绿化(VEG)以及它们的组合可以作为城市热岛缓解策略。
{"title":"Analysis of the Relationship between Urban Heat Island and Land Cover in Istanbul through Landsat 8 OLI","authors":"Soolmaz Zaeemdar, T. Baycan","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000423","url":null,"abstract":"The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, the characteristic warmth of a settlement compared with its surroundings, is the best-known climatic response to disruptions caused by urban development. Istanbul has experienced a highspeed urban growth in the last century. While the population of the city was under one million in 1900, it reached to 14 million in 2015. Almost 14 times growth in one century has made Istanbul the largest city in Turkey. High-speed urbanization and transformation of the natural environment and forests into built-up area has a critical impact on the metropolitan’s climate. Due to the alteration of heat energy balance and as a megacity, Istanbul has been affected by increasing severe heat waves in summer. This study focuses on two of the effective urban design factors upon the urban heat islands (UHIs) in Istanbul such as vegetation cover and characteristic of surface materials. The spatial pattern of land surface temperature (LST), surface albedo, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land cover-land use (LCLU) are analyzed to explore the cooling or heating impacts of the green areas and the build-up areas on the UHI. The methodology is based on using Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) satellite image that captured on 6 September 2015, and available meteorological data include two stations, one in city center (Kandilli Station) and the other one in rural area (Sile Station) that revealed average annual temperature differences 8.3°C in the last decade. The results of the analysis show that artificial surfaces with low albedo and low vegetation cover have the most positive exponential relationship with land surface temperature (LST) and increasing effect on UHI formation. The results of the analysis highlight that high albedo material (HAM), greenery on the surface and on the roofs (VEG), and a combination of them can be used as the UHI mitigation strategies.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000423","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46463204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000427
Abdeali Saherwala, Noël Sturgeonan, L. Pavey
Survivability of human beings depends on the consumption of fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and water. These components can be attained through the consumption of food, which can be attained from a variety of plants and animals. This attainment of food is thoroughly digested by your body in order to sustain it and provide it with energy for work. Garrett Hardin is an ecologist and philosopher, who warned us about the dangers of overpopulation through his literary work called The Tragedy of the Commons. He specifically outlined the difference in the energy needed for mere maintenance and work capacity for human beings. In this literary work he stated, “for man, maintenance of life requires about 1600 kilocalories a day (‘maintenance calories’). Anything that he does over and above merely staying alive will be defined as work, and is supported by ‘work calories’ which he takes in. Work calories are used not only for what we call work in common speech; they are also required for all forms of enjoyment” (Hardin). Through the Neolithic Revolution, “we abandoned the commons in food gathering, enclosing farm land and restricting pastures and hunting and fishing areas”, around 9000BC in the Fertile Crescent (Hardin). The Neolithic Revolution started the cultivation of “founder crops”, which consisted of wheat, barley, peas, lentils, chickpeas, and flax. The nomadic hunter-gatherers from 8000 BCE commenced the domestication of animals such as dogs, goats, sheep, cattle and pigs (Brown University). Industrial Revolution led to an explosion in improvement of technology and methods for farming, which provided people with the capability to produce massive amounts of food. Throughout the history of human beings, we as a species have never produced more food, than ever with so little manpower.
{"title":"Importance of Fair Food Policies through the Discussion of Ethics, Social Justice and Climate Change","authors":"Abdeali Saherwala, Noël Sturgeonan, L. Pavey","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000427","url":null,"abstract":"Survivability of human beings depends on the consumption of fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and water. These components can be attained through the consumption of food, which can be attained from a variety of plants and animals. This attainment of food is thoroughly digested by your body in order to sustain it and provide it with energy for work. Garrett Hardin is an ecologist and philosopher, who warned us about the dangers of overpopulation through his literary work called The Tragedy of the Commons. He specifically outlined the difference in the energy needed for mere maintenance and work capacity for human beings. In this literary work he stated, “for man, maintenance of life requires about 1600 kilocalories a day (‘maintenance calories’). Anything that he does over and above merely staying alive will be defined as work, and is supported by ‘work calories’ which he takes in. Work calories are used not only for what we call work in common speech; they are also required for all forms of enjoyment” (Hardin). Through the Neolithic Revolution, “we abandoned the commons in food gathering, enclosing farm land and restricting pastures and hunting and fishing areas”, around 9000BC in the Fertile Crescent (Hardin). The Neolithic Revolution started the cultivation of “founder crops”, which consisted of wheat, barley, peas, lentils, chickpeas, and flax. The nomadic hunter-gatherers from 8000 BCE commenced the domestication of animals such as dogs, goats, sheep, cattle and pigs (Brown University). Industrial Revolution led to an explosion in improvement of technology and methods for farming, which provided people with the capability to produce massive amounts of food. Throughout the history of human beings, we as a species have never produced more food, than ever with so little manpower.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45777592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000428
Noura Kotti, B. Mardassi, J. Ouali, Mariem Yangui
Field prospecting of the El-Haria Formation, which is Paleocene in age, leads to the discovery of the glauconitic marker bed in inner neritic to bathyal setting from Southern Tethyan realm. The recognition of this interval is based on lithological changes and an accurate stratigraphic proxy allows to distinguish of three main facies. The use of multivariate (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) and univariate (one-way Anova test) analysis confirm dissimilarities in composition between facies as testified by the significant differences. Sedimentological, geochemical and mineralogical analysis leads to assess paleo-environmental changes and to ascertain the variation of the lysocline and CCD across the glauconitic marker bed. Facies 1, particularly, rich in cobalt, sulfides and iron oxides reflects containment conditions affecting the surface and bottom water. These conditions lead to the extinction of the majority of benthic foraminifera and the disruption in planktonic foraminifers’ assemblage. In addition, the Facies 1 displays a brief shoaling of lysocline and CCD evidenced by the low calcite content, the bad preserved benthic foraminifera associated to the maximum fragmentation shells of planktonic foraminifera. In contrary, the rapid pattern of microfossil and the calcite recovery through the Facies 2 indicate suboxic to oxic conditions and a deepen lysocline and CCD. The cobalt lightly increases within the upper Facies, suggesting slightly oxygen deficient bottom water environment. The base of the glauconitic marker bed seems to be a lateral equivalent of the Latest Danian Event recorded throughout the Tethyan Realm (Spain and Egypt) and the Pacific Ocean.
El Haria组为古新世，通过野外勘探，发现了特提斯地区南部浅海至深海环境中的海蓝质标志层。该层段的识别基于岩性变化，准确的地层代表可以区分三个主要相。多变量（聚类分析和主成分分析）和单变量（单向Anova检验）分析的使用证实了相之间成分的差异，显著差异证明了这一点。沉积学、地球化学和矿物学分析有助于评估古环境变化，并确定海绿石标志层中赖氧西林和CCD的变化。特别是富钴、硫化物和氧化铁的1相，反映了影响地表水和底层水的遏制条件。这些条件导致大多数底栖有孔虫灭绝，浮游有孔虫的组合也受到破坏。此外，第1相显示了赖ocline和CCD的短暂变浅，方解石含量低，海底有孔虫保存不良，与浮游有孔虫的最大碎片外壳有关。相反，微体化石的快速模式和通过第2相的方解石回收表明低毒性到毒性条件以及溶解性和CCD的加深。钴在上部相内轻微增加，表明底层水环境略有缺氧。海绿石标志层的底部似乎是整个特提斯王国（西班牙和埃及）和太平洋记录的最新大年事件的横向等效物。
{"title":"Sedimentological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Analysis of the Hyperthermal Latest Danian Event across the Galuconitic Marker Bed (Central Tunisia)","authors":"Noura Kotti, B. Mardassi, J. Ouali, Mariem Yangui","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000428","url":null,"abstract":"Field prospecting of the El-Haria Formation, which is Paleocene in age, leads to the discovery of the glauconitic marker bed in inner neritic to bathyal setting from Southern Tethyan realm. The recognition of this interval is based on lithological changes and an accurate stratigraphic proxy allows to distinguish of three main facies. The use of multivariate (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) and univariate (one-way Anova test) analysis confirm dissimilarities in composition between facies as testified by the significant differences. Sedimentological, geochemical and mineralogical analysis leads to assess paleo-environmental changes and to ascertain the variation of the lysocline and CCD across the glauconitic marker bed. Facies 1, particularly, rich in cobalt, sulfides and iron oxides reflects containment conditions affecting the surface and bottom water. These conditions lead to the extinction of the majority of benthic foraminifera and the disruption in planktonic foraminifers’ assemblage. In addition, the Facies 1 displays a brief shoaling of lysocline and CCD evidenced by the low calcite content, the bad preserved benthic foraminifera associated to the maximum fragmentation shells of planktonic foraminifera. In contrary, the rapid pattern of microfossil and the calcite recovery through the Facies 2 indicate suboxic to oxic conditions and a deepen lysocline and CCD. The cobalt lightly increases within the upper Facies, suggesting slightly oxygen deficient bottom water environment. The base of the glauconitic marker bed seems to be a lateral equivalent of the Latest Danian Event recorded throughout the Tethyan Realm (Spain and Egypt) and the Pacific Ocean.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45708701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000421
Saliqa Rasool, Humaira Qadri, F. Bhat
Construction of famous Mughal road running through Hirpora wildlife Sanctuary, Shopian has resulted in tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles, which run on different types of fuels. The vehicular traffic is now recognized as one of the main sources of air pollution in Sanctuary and has noticeable impact on air quality. Emissions have been estimated using emission factor and activity based approach recommended by IPCC. The highest concentration of pollutants by different vehicles was recorded in summer (June) which can be attributed to the high vehicular load due to the tourist rush whereas the lowest was recorded in early winter (November). The present observation revealed that the highest emission of criteria pollutants (CO2, CO, NO, SO2, and PM) was emitted by four-wheeler direct injection diesel vehicles (DI) excepting one i.e. carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by four-wheeler gasoline vehicles (4WG). The high emission of pollutants in the summer season (June, July, August) might cause more negative effect to the plants and trees especially to the road side vegetation as compared to early winter season (September, October, November). The number of vehicles was recorded highest in the month of June and lowest was recorded in the month of November. Visiting of the vehicles to the site must be allowed in certain limit in order to keep the fragility of the sanctuary into consideration. The traffic authorities should check the PUC certificate of vehicles before entering the state.
{"title":"Assessment of Traffic-Generated Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions of Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary (Shopian), Jammu and Kashmir, India","authors":"Saliqa Rasool, Humaira Qadri, F. Bhat","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000421","url":null,"abstract":"Construction of famous Mughal road running through Hirpora wildlife Sanctuary, Shopian has resulted in tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles, which run on different types of fuels. The vehicular traffic is now recognized as one of the main sources of air pollution in Sanctuary and has noticeable impact on air quality. Emissions have been estimated using emission factor and activity based approach recommended by IPCC. The highest concentration of pollutants by different vehicles was recorded in summer (June) which can be attributed to the high vehicular load due to the tourist rush whereas the lowest was recorded in early winter (November). The present observation revealed that the highest emission of criteria pollutants (CO2, CO, NO, SO2, and PM) was emitted by four-wheeler direct injection diesel vehicles (DI) excepting one i.e. carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by four-wheeler gasoline vehicles (4WG). The high emission of pollutants in the summer season (June, July, August) might cause more negative effect to the plants and trees especially to the road side vegetation as compared to early winter season (September, October, November). The number of vehicles was recorded highest in the month of June and lowest was recorded in the month of November. Visiting of the vehicles to the site must be allowed in certain limit in order to keep the fragility of the sanctuary into consideration. The traffic authorities should check the PUC certificate of vehicles before entering the state.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47115185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-14DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000414
K. Oleg
Millions of years on Earth created a favorable climate. The main instrument of this construction was the balance of the circulation of various substances between the atmosphere and the biota. One of the main circuits is the movement of water. Precipitation falls in a given zone in a given volume, with a predetermined sequence.
{"title":"How Climate Changes The Man","authors":"K. Oleg","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000414","url":null,"abstract":"Millions of years on Earth created a favorable climate. The main instrument of this construction was the balance of the circulation of various substances between the atmosphere and the biota. One of the main circuits is the movement of water. Precipitation falls in a given zone in a given volume, with a predetermined sequence.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48149289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-10DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000419
A. Mücke
Investigations of the two minerals concern their chemical compositions and formulae, their intergrowths with other minerals, typical minerals that occur in association with them, their mode of formation within defined types of ore deposits/occurrences and finally also their optical characteristics under reflected light. Mackinawite was observed at 16 localities distributed all over the world from which more than 50 polished sections were available and more than 70 analyses were carried out. Valleriite was found at six localities. Microscopic work was based on more than 40 polished sections and more than 30 analyses. In the literature, mackinawite is reported as a metal excess phase with the formula (Fe, Ni)1+xS and (x ≤ 0.07). Deduced from analyses of this study, mackinawite has a wider compositional range and the formula: (Fe, Ni, Co)1- xS to (Fe, Ni, Co)1+y S, where x=0.00–0.10 and y=0.00–0.10. Therefore, mackinawite may not only occur as a metal excess phase, but also as a metal deficiency one. The high-temperature (max. about 500°C) mineral mackinawite occurs in various types of sulphidic deposits, and is characteristically accompanied with chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sometimes pentlandite, pyrite, sphalerite and cubanite and occurs often in oriented intergrowth within chalcopyrite which is always twinned due to inversion. At lower temperature, mackinawite was also formed by the replacement of chalcopyrite (not twinned) and rarely by that of pentlandite and linneite. The formula of valleriite is (Fe, Cu)2S2 • 1.5 [(Mg, Al)1(OH)2]. The analyses of this study show, that valleriite has a wider compositional range and the proposed formula is: (Fe, Cu)2S2 • [(Mg, Fe)1(OH)2] • y [Al(OH)0] with x=1.20 – 2.10 and y=0 – 0.50. Identical with the latter formula, namely that Al and vacancies are constituents of the OH-layer, the formula inverts to: (Fe, Cu)2S2 • [(Mg2+, Fe2+, Al3+ y, ϒy/2)1(OH)2] where x=1.24–2.25 and y=0.00–0.26. Valleriite, formed under mesothermal up to low katathermal conditions, is always a newly-formed mineral. It occurs together with chromite and/or magnetite, mostly along their cracks and fissures, in ultramafic rocks that are serpentinized, but only in the presence of chalcopyrite. Valleriite was also observed as replacer of chalcopyrite. Valleriite decomposes under high-grade metamorphic conditions (e. g. in Outokumpu, Finland).
{"title":"Review on Mackinawite and Valleriite: Formulae, Localities, Associations and Intergrowths of the Minerals, Mode of Formation and Optical Features in Reflected Light","authors":"A. Mücke","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000419","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations of the two minerals concern their chemical compositions and formulae, their intergrowths with other minerals, typical minerals that occur in association with them, their mode of formation within defined types of ore deposits/occurrences and finally also their optical characteristics under reflected light. Mackinawite was observed at 16 localities distributed all over the world from which more than 50 polished sections were available and more than 70 analyses were carried out. Valleriite was found at six localities. Microscopic work was based on more than 40 polished sections and more than 30 analyses. \u0000In the literature, mackinawite is reported as a metal excess phase with the formula (Fe, Ni)1+xS and (x ≤ 0.07). Deduced from analyses of this study, mackinawite has a wider compositional range and the formula: (Fe, Ni, Co)1- xS to (Fe, Ni, Co)1+y S, where x=0.00–0.10 and y=0.00–0.10. Therefore, mackinawite may not only occur as a metal excess phase, but also as a metal deficiency one. The high-temperature (max. about 500°C) mineral mackinawite occurs in various types of sulphidic deposits, and is characteristically accompanied with chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sometimes pentlandite, pyrite, sphalerite and cubanite and occurs often in oriented intergrowth within chalcopyrite which is always twinned due to inversion. At lower temperature, mackinawite was also formed by the replacement of chalcopyrite (not twinned) and rarely by that of pentlandite and linneite. \u0000The formula of valleriite is (Fe, Cu)2S2 • 1.5 [(Mg, Al)1(OH)2]. The analyses of this study show, that valleriite has a wider compositional range and the proposed formula is: (Fe, Cu)2S2 • [(Mg, Fe)1(OH)2] • y [Al(OH)0] with x=1.20 – 2.10 and y=0 – 0.50. Identical with the latter formula, namely that Al and vacancies are constituents of the OH-layer, the formula inverts to: (Fe, Cu)2S2 • [(Mg2+, Fe2+, Al3+ y, ϒy/2)1(OH)2] where x=1.24–2.25 and y=0.00–0.26. \u0000Valleriite, formed under mesothermal up to low katathermal conditions, is always a newly-formed mineral. It occurs together with chromite and/or magnetite, mostly along their cracks and fissures, in ultramafic rocks that are serpentinized, but only in the presence of chalcopyrite. Valleriite was also observed as replacer of chalcopyrite. Valleriite decomposes under high-grade metamorphic conditions (e. g. in Outokumpu, Finland).","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70382783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617-C1-033
Sayantan Chatterjee, Sangeeta Menon
Statement of the Problem: Substantial amounts of pharmaceuticals are used in human and veterinary medicine. The inherent biological activity of these non-regulated pollutants turns their occurrence in the aquatic systems into an environmental concern and leads to the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment. Therefore, emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has become major hurdle in treatment of various deadly diseases.
{"title":"Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from normal working places","authors":"Sayantan Chatterjee, Sangeeta Menon","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617-C1-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617-C1-033","url":null,"abstract":"Statement of the Problem: Substantial amounts of pharmaceuticals are used in human and veterinary medicine. The inherent biological activity of these non-regulated pollutants turns their occurrence in the aquatic systems into an environmental concern and leads to the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment. Therefore, emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has become major hurdle in treatment of various deadly diseases.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70392276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000420
E. Alam
Hills, rivers, lakes and adjacent the Bay of Bengal are the main indicators of beauty in Chittagong city. Currently indiscriminate hill cutting is considered as one of the major environmental destructions in Chittagong city. Hill cutting problems are triggering deforestation and loss of biodiversity, local level climate change, increasing water logging and landslides. Remarkably, few researches are available to help identifying geographical distribution of hill cutting areas in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. This paper addresses this gap by conducting field investigations, observations and surveys in Chittagong city Corporation (CCC), Bangladesh. Through field investigations, observations and surveys, this research divides hilly areas in four categories. These include a) existing hilly areas, b) moderately susceptible hilly areas, c) highly susceptible hilly areas, and d) extinct hilly areas. The research suggests that there are still 40 hills in CCC which still are not affected by any hill cutting problems. The moderately susceptible hilly areas are located in Khulsi and Bayazid Bostami thanas. The highly susceptible hilly areas are located in Bayazid Bostami (11 Hills), Khulshi (10 Hills) and Kotowali thanas. The extinct hilly areas are mainly located in Panchlaish, Bayazid, Kotowali and Khulshi thanas. In order to stop hill cutting in Chittagong city, this research suggests six key areas of actions: (i) education and training, (ii) information collection and dissemination, (iii) formation of strong advisory committee, (iv) enforcement of laws by consisting of personnel from Bangladesh Army, Police, Ansar and BDP, (v) monitoring hilly areas by LiDAR DEM and (vi) formation of a monitoring committee to report strength and weakness of hill protection activities time to time.
{"title":"Locational Analysis of Hill Cutting Areas in Chittagong city, Bangladesh","authors":"E. Alam","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000420","url":null,"abstract":"Hills, rivers, lakes and adjacent the Bay of Bengal are the main indicators of beauty in Chittagong city. Currently indiscriminate hill cutting is considered as one of the major environmental destructions in Chittagong city. Hill cutting problems are triggering deforestation and loss of biodiversity, local level climate change, increasing water logging and landslides. Remarkably, few researches are available to help identifying geographical distribution of hill cutting areas in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. This paper addresses this gap by conducting field investigations, observations and surveys in Chittagong city Corporation (CCC), Bangladesh. Through field investigations, observations and surveys, this research divides hilly areas in four categories. These include a) existing hilly areas, b) moderately susceptible hilly areas, c) highly susceptible hilly areas, and d) extinct hilly areas. The research suggests that there are still 40 hills in CCC which still are not affected by any hill cutting problems. The moderately susceptible hilly areas are located in Khulsi and Bayazid Bostami thanas. The highly susceptible hilly areas are located in Bayazid Bostami (11 Hills), Khulshi (10 Hills) and Kotowali thanas. The extinct hilly areas are mainly located in Panchlaish, Bayazid, Kotowali and Khulshi thanas. In order to stop hill cutting in Chittagong city, this research suggests six key areas of actions: (i) education and training, (ii) information collection and dissemination, (iii) formation of strong advisory committee, (iv) enforcement of laws by consisting of personnel from Bangladesh Army, Police, Ansar and BDP, (v) monitoring hilly areas by LiDAR DEM and (vi) formation of a monitoring committee to report strength and weakness of hill protection activities time to time.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49045092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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