The objective of this paper is to understand why the Western civilization had exploited nature so much that its own quality of life--even its survival--was now at stake. The answer is: the Judeo-Christian tradition.A central belief of the Judeo-Christian theology has been dualism—that man is separate from nature—and anthropocentrism: that man is the master and the center of this universe, with a license to exploit nature.Christianity prospered in the great cities of the time which were--like today--the centers of economic and cultural attraction. Therefore, a concentration of population in urban areas must have exerted a deep influence over the entire character of Christianity.Victory of Christianity over paganism was the greatest psychic revolution in the history of the Western culture.Pre-Christian cultures believed in animism: that every part of the environment--living and non-living—had a consciousness. By destroying pagan animism, Christianity made it possible to exploit nature in a mood of indifference to the feelings of natural objects. Severed from the human community and its ethical protection, nature was fully exposed to human greed. The whole concept of the sacred grove is alien to Christianity and to the ethos of the West. For nearly two millennia Christian missionaries have been chopping down sacred groves, based on the idea that they are idolatrous because they assume spirit in nature.St. Francis was the greatest spiritual revolutionary in Western history since Christ. He preached the notion of equality of all creatures—including man—in opposition to the idea of man’s unlimited rule over nature sanctioned by Christian theology. Unfortunately, he failed.Aristotle’s scientific philosophy of nature—animate and alive—dominated Western thought for two thousand years after his death. However, thanks to the Scientific Revolution, a radical change occurred in scientific thought during the 16th and 17th centuries. As a result, this medieval worldview went through a fundamental change. The notion of an organic and spiritual universe was replaced by that of the world as a machine, and the word machine became a dominant metaphor of the modern era. Around 1850, Western Europe and North America arranged a marriage between science and technology that signified the Baconian creed of power over nature. Its acceptance as a normal pattern of action may mark the greatest event in human history since the invention of agriculture.While the Transcontinental Railroad connected East and West, yet, in its wake, lives of countless Native Americans were destroyed. In addition, tens of million buffalos were almost driven to extinction.Pre-Christian societies believed that every part of the natural environment had a consciousness or spirit. The work of Suzanne Simard provides an excellent real-world example of the veracity of such belief. Her research shows that forests have a social life, and that trees talk to each other.Sheldrake, based on his controversial t
{"title":"How Christianity, Western Science & Technology Exploited Nature in America: Birth of the Environmental Movement","authors":"Y. Datta","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v8n1p65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n1p65","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to understand why the Western civilization had exploited nature so much that its own quality of life--even its survival--was now at stake. The answer is: the Judeo-Christian tradition.A central belief of the Judeo-Christian theology has been dualism—that man is separate from nature—and anthropocentrism: that man is the master and the center of this universe, with a license to exploit nature.Christianity prospered in the great cities of the time which were--like today--the centers of economic and cultural attraction. Therefore, a concentration of population in urban areas must have exerted a deep influence over the entire character of Christianity.Victory of Christianity over paganism was the greatest psychic revolution in the history of the Western culture.Pre-Christian cultures believed in animism: that every part of the environment--living and non-living—had a consciousness. By destroying pagan animism, Christianity made it possible to exploit nature in a mood of indifference to the feelings of natural objects. Severed from the human community and its ethical protection, nature was fully exposed to human greed. The whole concept of the sacred grove is alien to Christianity and to the ethos of the West. For nearly two millennia Christian missionaries have been chopping down sacred groves, based on the idea that they are idolatrous because they assume spirit in nature.St. Francis was the greatest spiritual revolutionary in Western history since Christ. He preached the notion of equality of all creatures—including man—in opposition to the idea of man’s unlimited rule over nature sanctioned by Christian theology. Unfortunately, he failed.Aristotle’s scientific philosophy of nature—animate and alive—dominated Western thought for two thousand years after his death. However, thanks to the Scientific Revolution, a radical change occurred in scientific thought during the 16th and 17th centuries. As a result, this medieval worldview went through a fundamental change. The notion of an organic and spiritual universe was replaced by that of the world as a machine, and the word machine became a dominant metaphor of the modern era. Around 1850, Western Europe and North America arranged a marriage between science and technology that signified the Baconian creed of power over nature. Its acceptance as a normal pattern of action may mark the greatest event in human history since the invention of agriculture.While the Transcontinental Railroad connected East and West, yet, in its wake, lives of countless Native Americans were destroyed. In addition, tens of million buffalos were almost driven to extinction.Pre-Christian societies believed that every part of the natural environment had a consciousness or spirit. The work of Suzanne Simard provides an excellent real-world example of the veracity of such belief. Her research shows that forests have a social life, and that trees talk to each other.Sheldrake, based on his controversial t","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86720350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to determine the effect of Career Development, Transformational Leadership, and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on Job Satisfaction and its implications for Organizational Commitment on SSDM INP’s. This type of research is explanatory research with a quantitative approach. This study uses the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method with the number of samples 196 members of SSDM INP’s. Data sources are obtained from primary data by distributing questionnaires and secondary data, and the research uses Path Analysis. From the test results with the P-value hypothesis, the results of this study show that Career Development has a positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction, Career Development has a positive and not significant effect on Organizational Commitment, Transformational Leadership has a negative and not significant effect on Job Satisfaction, Transformational Leadership has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Commitment, Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction, Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a positive and not significant effect on Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Commitment.
{"title":"The Influence of Career Development, Transformational Leadership, and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on Job Satisfaction and Their Implications on Organizational Commitments in the Indonesian National Police","authors":"Winda Puspitosari, S. Riyanto","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v8n1p51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n1p51","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the effect of Career Development, Transformational Leadership, and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on Job Satisfaction and its implications for Organizational Commitment on SSDM INP’s. This type of research is explanatory research with a quantitative approach. This study uses the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method with the number of samples 196 members of SSDM INP’s. Data sources are obtained from primary data by distributing questionnaires and secondary data, and the research uses Path Analysis. From the test results with the P-value hypothesis, the results of this study show that Career Development has a positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction, Career Development has a positive and not significant effect on Organizational Commitment, Transformational Leadership has a negative and not significant effect on Job Satisfaction, Transformational Leadership has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Commitment, Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction, Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a positive and not significant effect on Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Commitment.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87743150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this literature review is to systematically summarize the existing knowledge and theories on the subject of decision-making behavior in general and in particular, when doctors have to decide for or against insurance for their own practice.Publications on decision psychology, behavioral economics, consumer behavior and modern brain research were evaluated. Special interest was paid to studies with regard to insurance demand and the regulatory framework.Each branch of science deals with decisions that people make consciously and unconsciously. Conducted worldwide studies of insurance demand have been directed to try to confirm or disprove certain theories using experiments. In summary, research in recent years has been increasingly in the area of behavioral economics in particular behavioral patterns. It has been confirmed that decision behavior related to insurance demand is very much shaped by determinants such as risk, uncertainty, and cognitive systems. Insurance consulting must continue to take these determinants into account in a more targeted manner in the future.
{"title":"Consumer Behavior and Decision Making from Officed-based Doctors. A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Claudia Pitterle","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v8n1p35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n1p35","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this literature review is to systematically summarize the existing knowledge and theories on the subject of decision-making behavior in general and in particular, when doctors have to decide for or against insurance for their own practice.Publications on decision psychology, behavioral economics, consumer behavior and modern brain research were evaluated. Special interest was paid to studies with regard to insurance demand and the regulatory framework.Each branch of science deals with decisions that people make consciously and unconsciously. Conducted worldwide studies of insurance demand have been directed to try to confirm or disprove certain theories using experiments. In summary, research in recent years has been increasingly in the area of behavioral economics in particular behavioral patterns. It has been confirmed that decision behavior related to insurance demand is very much shaped by determinants such as risk, uncertainty, and cognitive systems. Insurance consulting must continue to take these determinants into account in a more targeted manner in the future.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91137996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The VC industry provides an excellent example for an industry that is based on the ability to bring together ideas and high-risk capital in a process that generates value. Of particular interest is the case where the entrepreneurs reside in one country and the investors reside in another country. There are two types of benefits. The first type of benefits depends on the success of the young innovative technology firms. The second type of benefits depends on the total flow of high-risk capital from the country of the investors to the country where the investment takes place. While the benefits to the entrepreneurs and the shareholders are vastly discussed, the benefit to the hosting country is less explored. Successful entrepreneurs earn a lot of money in case of success. The high gains attract public pressure for higher and more effective capital gains tax. In this work we show that this to be a worthless and even harming. We show that the benefits are both direct in the form of taxes and indirect as higher wages. We use hand-picked database to estimate the total benefit to a small country that was successful in attracting international VC funding. Our main result is that the Income tax collected from VC backed employees is 10.7 higher than the Capital tax gained from exits. The call for the taxation of capital gains of the wealthy individuals could materially hurt the revenue of the hosting country
{"title":"Tax the Eggs, not the Hen","authors":"Ido Kallir, T. Agmon","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v8n1p22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n1p22","url":null,"abstract":"The VC industry provides an excellent example for an industry that is based on the ability to bring together ideas and high-risk capital in a process that generates value. Of particular interest is the case where the entrepreneurs reside in one country and the investors reside in another country. There are two types of benefits. The first type of benefits depends on the success of the young innovative technology firms. The second type of benefits depends on the total flow of high-risk capital from the country of the investors to the country where the investment takes place. While the benefits to the entrepreneurs and the shareholders are vastly discussed, the benefit to the hosting country is less explored. Successful entrepreneurs earn a lot of money in case of success. The high gains attract public pressure for higher and more effective capital gains tax. In this work we show that this to be a worthless and even harming. We show that the benefits are both direct in the form of taxes and indirect as higher wages. We use hand-picked database to estimate the total benefit to a small country that was successful in attracting international VC funding. Our main result is that the Income tax collected from VC backed employees is 10.7 higher than the Capital tax gained from exits. The call for the taxation of capital gains of the wealthy individuals could materially hurt the revenue of the hosting country","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73744739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A panel econometric model consisting of 118,380 firms, spanning 2014 to 2019 was used to determine the impact of tax incentive policy on firm investment, firm gross output, and exports. A two-stage modelling approach was used, first the decision to invest or export was modelled using a binary logit model. In the second phase, the impact of the tax incentives policy was estimated. The decisions to export and invest are marginally driven by tax incentive policy. A shilling given as tax expenditure increases the probability of investing and exporting by 0.018% and 0.48% respectively. The results from the study imply that export and investment-related tax incentives are either redundant or have a negligible impact on their respective target variables.
{"title":"Tax Incentives Policy, Firm Investment, Firm exports, and Gross Output: Panel Econometric Modelling","authors":"Cyrus M. Mutuku, J. Sirengo, Dr. Mohamed Omar","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v8n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"A panel econometric model consisting of 118,380 firms, spanning 2014 to 2019 was used to determine the impact of tax incentive policy on firm investment, firm gross output, and exports. A two-stage modelling approach was used, first the decision to invest or export was modelled using a binary logit model. In the second phase, the impact of the tax incentives policy was estimated. The decisions to export and invest are marginally driven by tax incentive policy. A shilling given as tax expenditure increases the probability of investing and exporting by 0.018% and 0.48% respectively. The results from the study imply that export and investment-related tax incentives are either redundant or have a negligible impact on their respective target variables.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88137567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this paper is to make the case that the United States became an economic super-power in the nineteenth century on the backs of African-American slaves and Native Americans.It was in 1619, when Jamestown colonists bought 20-30 slaves from English pirates. The paper starts with ‘The 1619 Project’ whose objective is to place the consequences of slavery--and the contributions of black Americans--at the very center of the story we tell ourselves about who we are as a nation.Slavery was common in all thirteen colonies, and at-least twelve Presidents owned slaves. The enslaved people were not recognized as human beings, but as property: once a slave always a slave.The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1788, never mentions slavery, yet slavery is at the very heart of the constitution. The U.S. government used the Declaration of Independence as a license to commit genocide on the Native Americans, and to seize their land.Racist ideas have persisted throughout American history, based on the myth that blacks are intellectually inferior compared to whites. However, in a 2012 article in the Scientific American, the authors reported that 85.5% of genetic variation is within the so-called races, not between them. So, the consensus among Western researchers today is that human races do not represent a scientific theory, but are sociocultural constructs.After end of the Civil War, the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery in America, and the 15th Amendment protected the voting rights of African Americans.However, in the Confederate South, Jim Crow laws legalized racial segregation between 1870-1968. In 1965, thanks to the Civil Rights movement, the Voting Rights Act was passed to overcome barriers created by Jim Crow laws to the legal rights of African Americans under the 15th Amendment.British and American innovations in cotton technology sparked the Industrial Revolution during the latter part of the eighteenth century. The British cotton manufacturing exploded in the 1780s. Eighty years later in 1860, Manchester, England stood at the center of a world-spanning empire—the empire of cotton. There were three pillars of the Industrial Revolution. One was the centuries-earlier conquest by Europeans of a colossal expanse of lands in the New World. It was the control of huge territories in America, that made monoculture farming of cotton possible. Second was that the Europeans drastically—and unilaterally--altered the global competitive landscape of cotton. They did it by using their military might, and the willingness to use it—often violently--to their advantage.The third—and the most important--was slavery: without which there would be no Industrial Revolution. America was tremendously suited for cotton production. The climate and soil of a large part of American South met the conditions under which the cotton plant thrived. More importantly, the plantation owners in America commanded unlimited supplies of the three crucial ingredi
本文的目的是证明美国在19世纪成为经济超级大国是依靠非裔美国奴隶和印第安人。1619年，詹姆斯敦殖民者从英国海盗手中购买了20-30名奴隶。这篇论文以“1619项目”(The 1619 Project)开始，其目的是将奴隶制的后果以及美国黑人的贡献置于我们告诉自己我们作为一个国家是谁的故事的中心。奴隶制在所有13个殖民地都很普遍，至少有12位总统拥有奴隶。被奴役的人不被视为人，而被视为财产:一日为奴，终身为奴。1788年通过的美国宪法从未提及奴隶制，但奴隶制是宪法的核心。美国政府以《独立宣言》为借口，对印第安人进行种族灭绝，并夺取他们的土地。种族主义思想在美国历史上一直存在，其基础是黑人在智力上不如白人。然而，在2012年发表在《科学美国人》(Scientific American)上的一篇文章中，作者报告称，85.5%的基因变异发生在所谓的种族内部，而不是种族之间。因此，今天西方研究人员的共识是，人类并不代表一种科学理论，而是一种社会文化建构。南北战争结束后，美国宪法第13条修正案废除了美国的奴隶制，第15条修正案保护了非洲裔美国人的投票权。然而，在南方邦联，吉姆·克劳法在1870-1968年间使种族隔离合法化。1965年，在民权运动的推动下，美国通过了《投票权法案》(Voting Rights Act)，以克服吉姆·克劳法(Jim Crow)给非裔美国人第15修正案规定的合法权利造成的障碍。英国和美国在棉花技术方面的创新引发了18世纪后半叶的工业革命。英国的棉花制造业在18世纪80年代爆发。80年后的1860年，英格兰的曼彻斯特站在了一个横跨世界的帝国——棉花帝国的中心。工业革命有三大支柱。其一是几个世纪前欧洲人对新大陆大片土地的征服。正是对美洲大片土地的控制，才使得棉花的单一种植成为可能。其次，欧洲人彻底地——而且是单方面地——改变了全球棉花竞争格局。他们利用自己的军事力量，并愿意使用武力——通常是暴力——来实现自己的优势。第三，也是最重要的——是奴隶制:没有奴隶制就不会有工业革命。美国非常适合棉花生产。美国南部大部分地区的气候和土壤都适合棉花的生长。更重要的是，美国的种植园主掌握着棉花生产中三种关键要素的无限供应:劳动力、土地和信贷。最重要的是他们难以置信的政治力量。1793年，伊莱·惠特尼发明了革命性的轧棉机，使轧棉生产率提高了50倍，从而消除了棉花去籽的瓶颈。由于依赖单一栽培，棉花种植者面临着土壤枯竭的问题。因此，他们希望美国政府获得更多的土地。令人惊讶的是，1803年，美国与法国达成了一项令人难以置信的交易——路易斯安那购买案——使美国的领土扩大了一倍。1819年，美国从西班牙手中获得了佛罗里达州，1845年又从墨西哥手中吞并了德克萨斯州。1803年至1838年间，在安德鲁·杰克逊(Andrew Jackson)总统的领导下，美国与南方腹地的印第安人展开了一场多线战争，并征用了他们的大片土地，最终导致了对南方腹地的种族清洗。由于土地和奴隶劳动力的无限供应，即使土地枯竭也没有放慢棉花大亨的脚步;他们只是向西和向南移动了。新的棉花田在密西西比河沿岸沉积物丰富的土地上拔地而起。向西迁移的速度如此之快，到19世纪30年代末，密西西比州的棉花产量超过了南方任何一个州。到1860年，密西西比河谷的人均百万富翁数量比美国其他任何地方都多。新奥尔良的奴隶市场是美国最大的奴隶市场，在那里有10万男人、女人和孩子被包装、定价并出售。美国进入棉花市场后，迅速开始重塑全球棉花市场。到1802年，美国是英国最大的棉花供应国。从18世纪80年代到1865年的80年里，将近100万人从南部北部赶到南部南部和西部，在棉花种植园里辛苦劳作。三十多个人在棺材里走着，两排人步调一致。
{"title":"How America Became an Economic Powerhouse on the Backs of African-American Slaves and Native Americans","authors":"Y. Datta","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v7n5p121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n5p121","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to make the case that the United States became an economic super-power in the nineteenth century on the backs of African-American slaves and Native Americans.It was in 1619, when Jamestown colonists bought 20-30 slaves from English pirates. The paper starts with ‘The 1619 Project’ whose objective is to place the consequences of slavery--and the contributions of black Americans--at the very center of the story we tell ourselves about who we are as a nation.Slavery was common in all thirteen colonies, and at-least twelve Presidents owned slaves. The enslaved people were not recognized as human beings, but as property: once a slave always a slave.The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1788, never mentions slavery, yet slavery is at the very heart of the constitution. The U.S. government used the Declaration of Independence as a license to commit genocide on the Native Americans, and to seize their land.Racist ideas have persisted throughout American history, based on the myth that blacks are intellectually inferior compared to whites. However, in a 2012 article in the Scientific American, the authors reported that 85.5% of genetic variation is within the so-called races, not between them. So, the consensus among Western researchers today is that human races do not represent a scientific theory, but are sociocultural constructs.After end of the Civil War, the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery in America, and the 15th Amendment protected the voting rights of African Americans.However, in the Confederate South, Jim Crow laws legalized racial segregation between 1870-1968. In 1965, thanks to the Civil Rights movement, the Voting Rights Act was passed to overcome barriers created by Jim Crow laws to the legal rights of African Americans under the 15th Amendment.British and American innovations in cotton technology sparked the Industrial Revolution during the latter part of the eighteenth century. The British cotton manufacturing exploded in the 1780s. Eighty years later in 1860, Manchester, England stood at the center of a world-spanning empire—the empire of cotton. There were three pillars of the Industrial Revolution. One was the centuries-earlier conquest by Europeans of a colossal expanse of lands in the New World. It was the control of huge territories in America, that made monoculture farming of cotton possible. Second was that the Europeans drastically—and unilaterally--altered the global competitive landscape of cotton. They did it by using their military might, and the willingness to use it—often violently--to their advantage.The third—and the most important--was slavery: without which there would be no Industrial Revolution. America was tremendously suited for cotton production. The climate and soil of a large part of American South met the conditions under which the cotton plant thrived. More importantly, the plantation owners in America commanded unlimited supplies of the three crucial ingredi","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88266586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on more than 1500 Italian companies from 2016 to 2019 shows that the inclusion of tax values in financial reporting without any economic content is a widespread accounting practice. Tax interferences in financial reporting have various motivations and prove consequences both inside and outside the company. In the following pages, we will illustrate the results of the analysis carried out, the motivations leading to the incorrect accounting behaviour of the implementation of tax interferences and the consequences resulting from this widespread practice. It should be noted that tax interference causes problems both inside and outside the company. Such tax contamination of financial reporting affects the rights of third parties outside the company, and creates the conditions for challenges to financial reporting due to invalidity of the document. It also creates a basis for incorrect accounting data that can lead to wrong decisions by management.
{"title":"Income Taxes: Objective Values or Subjective Values as They Result from Financial Statements that Contain Subjective Data or Values Determined Subjectively by Financial Reporting Preparers?","authors":"Maria Silvia Avi","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v7n5p91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n5p91","url":null,"abstract":"Research on more than 1500 Italian companies from 2016 to 2019 shows that the inclusion of tax values in financial reporting without any economic content is a widespread accounting practice. Tax interferences in financial reporting have various motivations and prove consequences both inside and outside the company. In the following pages, we will illustrate the results of the analysis carried out, the motivations leading to the incorrect accounting behaviour of the implementation of tax interferences and the consequences resulting from this widespread practice. It should be noted that tax interference causes problems both inside and outside the company. Such tax contamination of financial reporting affects the rights of third parties outside the company, and creates the conditions for challenges to financial reporting due to invalidity of the document. It also creates a basis for incorrect accounting data that can lead to wrong decisions by management.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85871614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercial banks occupy a significant position in the transmission of monetary policy through the financial market. Furthermore, commercial banks have assets and liabilities which are interest rate sensitive, and their stock returns are believed to be particularly responsive to changes in the central bank base lending rates. Therefore, this study investigated the sensitivity of central bank interest rate changes on stock returns of listed commercial banks in Kenya for nine year period, from 2006 to 2014. The study used a hybrid of cross sectional and longitudinal quantitative surveys method, applying GMM panel data regression model on the secondary data from the 11 listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study found out that there is a significant strong positive sensitivity of average annual changes in central bank interest rates (CBR) on the stock returns of the listed commercial banks in Kenya, from 2006 to 2014, measured using CAPM. Hence, listed commercial banks’ managers in Kenya should monitor, keenly, the changes in the central bank interest rates and make investor related decisions accordingly.
{"title":"The Sensitivity of Central Bank Interest Rate on Commercial Banks’ Stock Market Returns in Kenya","authors":"M. Nyamita, Martine Ogolla Dima","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v7n5p72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n5p72","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial banks occupy a significant position in the transmission of monetary policy through the financial market. Furthermore, commercial banks have assets and liabilities which are interest rate sensitive, and their stock returns are believed to be particularly responsive to changes in the central bank base lending rates. Therefore, this study investigated the sensitivity of central bank interest rate changes on stock returns of listed commercial banks in Kenya for nine year period, from 2006 to 2014. The study used a hybrid of cross sectional and longitudinal quantitative surveys method, applying GMM panel data regression model on the secondary data from the 11 listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study found out that there is a significant strong positive sensitivity of average annual changes in central bank interest rates (CBR) on the stock returns of the listed commercial banks in Kenya, from 2006 to 2014, measured using CAPM. Hence, listed commercial banks’ managers in Kenya should monitor, keenly, the changes in the central bank interest rates and make investor related decisions accordingly.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84389994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to establish whether the key variables in monetary policy transmission mechanisms are converging within the East African Community. This region is eyeing having an economic union and subsequently a monetary union hence the significance of investing developments in the monetary sector. The analysis used panel data from the year 2005 to 2020 for five EACs. To test for convergence of interest rates and exchange rates, the analysis employed; unit-root test, sigma convergence, co-integration tests, and finally used the panel fixed effect model to establish the impact of the two variables on the GDP. The analysis shows that in the short run, there is no convergence in interest rates but there is convergence in exchange rates. However, in the long run, the two monetary policy variables are co-integrated indicating that the region is doing well in terms of integration in the financial sector in their preparation to form a common trade area and monetary union. The analysis of the impact of the two variables on economic growth shows that only the exchange rate is significant, therefore, the region should strive to foster a stable exchange rate regime to realize increased economic growth.
{"title":"Monetary Policy Convergence within the EAC: A Focus on Interest Rate and Exchange Rate","authors":"Michael Oloo, M. Mbithi, D. Abala","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v7n5p49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n5p49","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to establish whether the key variables in monetary policy transmission mechanisms are converging within the East African Community. This region is eyeing having an economic union and subsequently a monetary union hence the significance of investing developments in the monetary sector. The analysis used panel data from the year 2005 to 2020 for five EACs. To test for convergence of interest rates and exchange rates, the analysis employed; unit-root test, sigma convergence, co-integration tests, and finally used the panel fixed effect model to establish the impact of the two variables on the GDP. The analysis shows that in the short run, there is no convergence in interest rates but there is convergence in exchange rates. However, in the long run, the two monetary policy variables are co-integrated indicating that the region is doing well in terms of integration in the financial sector in their preparation to form a common trade area and monetary union. The analysis of the impact of the two variables on economic growth shows that only the exchange rate is significant, therefore, the region should strive to foster a stable exchange rate regime to realize increased economic growth.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83274825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to measure the purchasing decisions of cosmetics using the brand image and consumer trust. This type of research is quantitative research and uses a sample of 70 respondents. The terms of the instrument test include the validity and reliability of the data. The analysis requirements used normal, homogeneous, linear, and regression significance tests. The data were analyzed using structural equations. The research findings show that brand image affects consumer trust, brand image affects purchasing decisions, and consumer trust also affects purchasing decisions.
{"title":"Measurement of Cosmetic Purchasing Decisions Using Brand Image and Consumer Trust","authors":"N. ., Dafina Amni, S. ., Nina Lelawati","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v7n5p36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n5p36","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to measure the purchasing decisions of cosmetics using the brand image and consumer trust. This type of research is quantitative research and uses a sample of 70 respondents. The terms of the instrument test include the validity and reliability of the data. The analysis requirements used normal, homogeneous, linear, and regression significance tests. The data were analyzed using structural equations. The research findings show that brand image affects consumer trust, brand image affects purchasing decisions, and consumer trust also affects purchasing decisions.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84288004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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