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Lectures on quantum supreme matter 量子最高物质讲座
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2024.2369389
Jan Zaanen
These notes are based on lectures serving the advanced graduate education of the Delta Institute of Theoretical Physics in the Netherlands in autumn 2021. The goal is to explain in a language that ...
这些笔记基于 2021 年秋季为荷兰德尔塔理论物理研究所高级研究生教育开设的讲座。目的是用一种语言解释...
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引用次数: 0
Jan Zaanen – In memoriam 扬-扎南 - 悼念
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2024.2407708
Paolo G. Radaelli
In September 2022 Joerg Schmalian (then co-Editor in Chief for Advances in Physics) made an interesting proposal: he has seen on ArXiv a manuscript by Jan Zaanen, containing what Joerg described as...
2022 年 9 月,约尔格-施马里安(Joerg Schmalian,时任《物理学进展》杂志联合主编)提出了一个有趣的建议:他在 ArXiv 上看到了扬-扎南(Jan Zaanen)的一份手稿,其中包含约尔格所说的...
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引用次数: 0
Ambipolarity of hydrogen in matter revealed by muons μ介子揭示物质中氢的共极性
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2024.2413342
Ryosuke Kadono, Hideo Hosono
Despite being the simplest element, hydrogen (H) exhibits complex behavior in materials due to its unique ambipolar character. In particular, it is recognized as one of the most important impurities in semiconductor physics, because H is often unintentionally incorporated into materials and significantly influences the electrical properties of the host material. One of the few means that have been applied to obtain experimental information about the local electronic state of diluted H is the use of muon (Mu) as pseudo-H. Here, we present an overview on the “ambipolarity model” that provides a new paradigm for the microscopic understanding of Mu-related defects. Its essence lies in the fact that the information Mu yields is not about the equilibrium double-charge transition level (E+/) but about the donor/acceptor levels (E0/ and E+/0) associated with the relaxed-excited states of Mu. Most notably, the model resolves serious discrepancies between the implications from implanted-Mu studies and theoretical predictions on the electronic state of H from ab initio density functional theory calculations in oxide semiconductors that have hindered the coherent integration of both Mu and H knowledge. The model also suggests that hydride state (H) plays important roles in oxide materials, as found in a variety of recent examples. Based on these successes, the model is currently serving as a reliable guide for the interpretation of various Mu states observed in other insulating materials, for which several recent examples are presented.
尽管氢(H)是最简单的元素,但由于其独特的两极特性,它在材料中表现出复杂的行为。特别是,它被认为是半导体物理学中最重要的杂质之一,因为氢经常被无意地掺入材料中,并显著影响主材料的电学特性。利用μ介子(Mu)作为伪氢气,是获得稀释氢气局部电子态实验信息的少数方法之一。在此,我们概述了 "安培极性模型",它为从微观上理解与μ介子有关的缺陷提供了一种新的范式。其本质在于,Mu 所产生的信息不是关于平衡双电荷转换电平(E+/-),而是关于与 Mu 的弛豫激发态相关的供体/受体电平(E0/- 和 E+/-0)。最值得注意的是,该模型解决了植入式 Mu 研究与氧化物半导体中原子密度泛函理论计算对 H 电子状态的理论预测之间的严重差异,这些差异阻碍了 Mu 和 H 知识的协调整合。该模型还表明,氢化物态(H-)在氧化物材料中发挥着重要作用,这在最近的各种实例中都有发现。基于这些成功经验,该模型目前已成为解释在其他绝缘材料中观察到的各种 Mu 状态的可靠指南,并介绍了最近的几个实例。
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引用次数: 0
Martingales for physicists: a treatise on stochastic thermodynamics and beyond 物理学家的马丁格尔:随机热力学及其他论文
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2024.2317494
Édgar Roldán, Izaak Neri, Raphael Chetrite, Shamik Gupta, Simone Pigolotti, Frank Jülicher, Ken Sekimoto
We review the theory of martingales as applied to stochastic thermodynamics and stochastic processes in physics more generally.
我们回顾了应用于随机热力学和物理学随机过程的马氏理论。
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引用次数: 0
A review of uranium-based thin films 铀基薄膜研究进展
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2023.2230292
R. Springell, E. L. Bright, D. Chaney, L. M. Harding, C. Bell, R. Ward, G. Lander
Thin films based on silicon and transition-metal elements dominate the semiconducting industry and are ubiquitous in all modern devices. Films have also been produced in the rare-earth series of elements for both research and specialized applications. Thin films of uranium and uranium dioxide were fabricated in the 1960s and 1970s, but there was little sustained effort until the early 2000s. Significant programmes started at Oxford University (transferring to Bristol University in 2011), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico, USA. In this review we cover the work that has been published over the last ~20 years with these materials. Important breakthroughs occurred with the fabrication of epitaxial thin films of initially uranium metal and UO2, but more recently of many other uranium compounds and alloys. These have led to a number of different experiments that are reviewed, as well as some important trends. The interaction with the substrate leads to differing strain and hence changes in properties. An important advantage is that epitaxial films can often be made of materials that are impossible to produce as bulk single crystals. Examples are U3O8, U2N3 and alloys of U-Mo, which form in a modified bcc structure. Epitaxial films may also be used in applied research. They represent excellent surfaces, and it is at the surfaces that most of the important reactions occur in the nuclear fuel cycle. For example, the fuel-cladding interactions, and the dissolution of fuel by water in the long-term storage of spent fuel. To conclude, we discuss possible future prospects, examples include bilayers containing uranium for spintronics, and superlattices that could be used in heterostructures. Such applications will require a more detailed knowledge of the interface interactions in these systems, and this is an important direction for future research.
基于硅和过渡金属元素的薄膜主导着半导体行业,并且在所有现代器件中无处不在。还生产了稀土系列元素的薄膜,用于研究和专业应用。铀和二氧化铀薄膜是在20世纪60年代和70年代制造的,但直到21世纪初才有持续的努力。牛津大学(2011年转到布里斯托尔大学)和美国新墨西哥州洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室(LANL)启动了重大项目。在这篇综述中,我们介绍了过去20年来使用这些材料发表的工作。在最初由铀金属和UO2制成的外延薄膜的制造方面取得了重要突破,但最近制造了许多其他铀化合物和合金。这些导致了许多不同的实验被回顾,以及一些重要的趋势。与基底的相互作用导致不同的应变,从而导致性质的变化。一个重要的优点是外延膜通常可以由不可能作为大块单晶生产的材料制成。实例是以改性bcc结构形成的U3O8、U2N3和U-Mo的合金。外延薄膜也可用于应用研究。它们代表了极好的表面,正是在这些表面上,核燃料循环中发生了大多数重要反应。例如,燃料包壳的相互作用,以及乏燃料长期储存过程中燃料被水溶解。最后,我们讨论了未来可能的前景,例子包括用于自旋电子学的含铀双层,以及可用于异质结构的超晶格。这样的应用需要对这些系统中的界面交互有更详细的了解,这是未来研究的一个重要方向。
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引用次数: 1
Path integrals and stochastic calculus 路径积分与随机微积分
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2023.2199229
Thibaut Arnoulx de Pirey, L. Cugliandolo, V. Lecomte, F. Wijland
Path integrals are a ubiquitous tool in theoretical physics. However, their use is sometimes hindered by the lack of control on various manipulations -- such as performing a change of the integration path -- one would like to carry out in the light-hearted fashion that physicists enjoy. Similar issues arise in the field of stochastic calculus, which we review to prepare the ground for a proper construction of path integrals. At the level of path integration, and in arbitrary space dimension, we not only report on existing Riemannian geometry-based approaches that render path integrals amenable to the standard rules of calculus, but also bring forth new routes, based on a fully time-discretized approach, that achieve the same goal. We illustrate these various definitions of path integration on simple examples such as the diffusion of a particle on a sphere.
路径积分是理论物理学中一种普遍存在的工具。然而,它们的使用有时会因为缺乏对各种操作的控制而受到阻碍,比如改变积分路径——人们希望以物理学家喜欢的轻松方式进行。随机微积分领域也出现了类似的问题,我们回顾了这些问题,为正确构造路径积分奠定了基础。在路径积分的层面上,在任意空间维度上,我们不仅报告了现有的基于黎曼几何的方法,这些方法使路径积分符合微积分的标准规则,而且还提出了基于完全时间离散化方法的新路线,以实现同一目标。我们在简单的例子中举例说明了路径积分的各种定义,例如粒子在球体上的扩散。
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引用次数: 3
Properties of condensed matter from fundamental physical constants 从基本物理常数看凝聚态物质的性质
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2023.2192172
K. Trachenko
Fundamental physical constants play a profound role in physics. For example, they govern nuclear reactions, formation of stars, nuclear synthesis and stability of biologically vital elements. These are high-energy processes discussed in particle physics, astronomy and cosmology. More recently, it was realised that fundamental physical constants extend their governing reach to low-energy processes and properties operating in condensed matter systems, often in an unexpected way. These properties are those we experience daily and can routinely measure, including viscosity, thermal conductivity, elasticity and sound. Here, we review this work. We start with the lower bound on liquid viscosity, its origin and show how to relate the bound to fundamental physical constants. The lower bound of kinematic viscosity represents the global minimum on the phase diagram. We show how this result answers the long-standing question considered by Purcell and Weisskopf, namely why viscosity never falls below a certain value. An accompanying insight is that water viscosity and water-based life are well attuned to fundamental constants including the Planck constant. We then discuss viscosity minima in liquid He above and below the λ-point. We subsequently consider a very different property, thermal diffusivity, and show that it has the same minimum fixed by fundamental physical constants as viscosity. We also discuss bounds related to elastic properties, elastic moduli and their analogues in low-dimensional systems, and show how these bounds are related to the upper bound for the speed of sound. We conclude with listing ways in which the discussion of fundamental constants and bounds advance physical theories.
基本物理常数在物理学中起着深远的作用。例如,它们控制着核反应、恒星的形成、核合成和生物重要元素的稳定性。这些是粒子物理学、天文学和宇宙学中讨论的高能过程。最近,人们意识到,基本物理常数通常以一种意想不到的方式将其控制范围扩展到凝聚态系统中运行的低能过程和性质。这些特性是我们每天都会经历的,并且可以定期测量,包括粘度、导热率、弹性和声音。在这里,我们回顾一下这项工作。我们从液体粘度的下界开始,它的起源,并展示了如何将下界与基本物理常数联系起来。运动粘度的下限表示相图上的全局最小值。我们展示了这个结果如何回答Purcell和Weisskopf长期以来考虑的问题,即为什么粘度永远不会低于某个值。一个附带的见解是,水的粘度和水性生命与包括普朗克常数在内的基本常数非常协调。然后我们讨论了液体He在λ-点以上和以下的粘度极小值。随后,我们考虑了一个非常不同的性质,即热扩散率,并表明它具有与粘度相同的由基本物理常数固定的最小值。我们还讨论了低维系统中与弹性性质、弹性模量及其类似物有关的边界,并展示了这些边界如何与声速的上界有关。最后,我们列出了讨论基本常数和边界推进物理理论的方法。
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引用次数: 5
To David Sherrington, Editor-in-Chief of Advances in Physics 致《物理学进展》主编David Sherrington
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2022.2026631
P. Goldbart
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引用次数: 0
Unconventional density waves and superconductivities in Fe-based superconductors and other strongly correlated electron systems 铁基超导体和其他强相关电子系统中的非常规密度波和超导性
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2022.2144590
H. Kontani, Rina Tazai, Y. Yamakawa, S. Onari
In this article, we review the recent significant progress in the theoretical studies of the electronic states by mainly focusing on Fe-based and cuprate superconductors. These superconductors are “unconventional” in that strong electron-electron correlation mediates the pairing; they are different from conventional phonon-mediated BCS superconductors. To seek the high- pairing mechanism, many scientists have focused on the mysterious spontaneous rotational symmetry breaking above , such as nematic order at and smectic order at . Such exotic correlation-driven symmetry breaking in metals has become a central issue in condensed matter physics. We demonstrate the emergence of the nematic and smectic orders due to orbital polarization ( ) and the symmetry breaking in the correlated inter-site hopping (= bond order ) in Fe-based and cuprate superconductors. In addition, we discuss exotic spontaneous loop current orders driven by the pure imaginary . These interesting “unconventional density-waves” originate from the quantum interference between different spin fluctuations that is described by the vertex correction (VC) in the field theory. In the next stage, we discuss electron-correlation-driven superconductivity due to the fluctuations of unconventional density-waves. For this purpose, we suggest the beyond-Migdal–Eliashberg gap equation by including the VCs into the equation. In Fe-based superconductors, high- s-wave superconductivity can be mediated by nematic and smectic fluctuations because the pairing interaction is magnified by the VCs. We also discuss the multipolar fluctuation pairing mechanism in heavy fermion systems, owing to the cooperation between the strong spin-orbit interaction and the strong electron correlation. To summarize, we suggest that the quantum interference mechanism described by the VCs plays essential roles in not only various unconventional density-waves but also exotic superconducting states in many strongly correlated metals. We finally discuss some interesting future issues with respect to the quantum interference mechanism.
本文综述了近年来电子态理论研究的重要进展,主要集中在铁基和铜酸盐超导体上。这些超导体是“非常规的”,因为强的电子-电子相关性介导了配对;它们不同于传统的声子介导的BCS超导体。为了寻找高配对机制,许多科学家将注意力集中在神秘的自发旋转对称性破缺上,如向列有序at和近晶有序at。这种奇异的相关性驱动的金属对称性破坏已经成为凝聚态物理学的核心问题。我们证明了在铁基和铜酸盐超导体中,由于轨道极化()和相关位点间跳跃(=键序)的对称性破坏,向列和近晶序的出现。此外,我们还讨论了纯虚数驱动的奇异自发回路电流阶数。这些有趣的“非常规密度波”源于场论中的顶点校正(VC)所描述的不同自旋波动之间的量子干涉。在下一阶段,我们将讨论由于非常规密度波的波动引起的电子关联驱动的超导性。为此,我们提出了超越Migdal–Eliashberg间隙方程,将VC纳入该方程。在铁基超导体中,高s波超导性可以由向列和近晶波动介导,因为VC放大了配对相互作用。我们还讨论了重费米子系统中的多极涨落配对机制,这是由于强自旋轨道相互作用和强电子关联之间的协同作用。总之,我们认为VC所描述的量子干涉机制不仅在各种非常规密度波中发挥着重要作用,而且在许多强相关金属中也发挥着奇异超导态的作用。最后,我们讨论了关于量子干涉机制的一些有趣的未来问题。
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引用次数: 9
Editorial 编辑
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2022.2026632
D. Sherrington
With effect from the end of 2021, I shall cease as the Editor-in-Chief of Advances in Physics after 38 years. I have been honoured to have served and would like to thank all the authors, editors, referees and readers who have contributed to and supported the journal over the period of my tenure. From 1 January 2022, the journal will be directed by two new co-Editors-in-Chief, Prof Paolo Radaelli of the University of Oxford and Prof Joerg Schmalian of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The journal’s most recent Impact Factor is 25.375. I wish both the journal and the new Editors-in-Chief continuing success.
从2021年底开始,我将不再担任《Advances in Physics》杂志的总编辑。我很荣幸能在此服务,并感谢在我任职期间为该杂志做出贡献和支持的所有作者、编辑、审稿人和读者。从2022年1月1日起,该期刊将由两位新的联合主编——牛津大学的Paolo Radaelli教授和卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院的Joerg Schmalian教授领导。该杂志最近的影响因子是25.375。我祝愿《华尔街日报》和新任总编辑们继续取得成功。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Advances in Physics
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