Pub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2013.808047
K. Ostrikov, E. Neyts, M. Meyyappan
The unique plasma-specific features and physical phenomena in the organization of nanoscale soild-state systems in a broad range of elemental composition, structure, and dimensionality are critically reviewed. These effects lead to the possibility to localize and control energy and matter at nanoscales and to produce self-organized nano-solids with highly unusual and superior properties. A unifying conceptual framework based on the control of production, transport, and self-organization of precursor species is introduced and a variety of plasma-specific non-equilibrium and kinetics-driven phenomena across the many temporal and spatial scales is explained. When the plasma is localized to micrometer and nanometer dimensions, new emergent phenomena arise. The examples range from semiconducting quantum dots and nanowires, chirality control of single-walled carbon nanotubes, ultra-fine manipulation of graphenes, nano-diamond, and organic matter to nano-plasma effects and nano-plasmas of different states of matter.
{"title":"Plasma nanoscience: from nano-solids in plasmas to nano-plasmas in solids","authors":"K. Ostrikov, E. Neyts, M. Meyyappan","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2013.808047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2013.808047","url":null,"abstract":"The unique plasma-specific features and physical phenomena in the organization of nanoscale soild-state systems in a broad range of elemental composition, structure, and dimensionality are critically reviewed. These effects lead to the possibility to localize and control energy and matter at nanoscales and to produce self-organized nano-solids with highly unusual and superior properties. A unifying conceptual framework based on the control of production, transport, and self-organization of precursor species is introduced and a variety of plasma-specific non-equilibrium and kinetics-driven phenomena across the many temporal and spatial scales is explained. When the plasma is localized to micrometer and nanometer dimensions, new emergent phenomena arise. The examples range from semiconducting quantum dots and nanowires, chirality control of single-walled carbon nanotubes, ultra-fine manipulation of graphenes, nano-diamond, and organic matter to nano-plasma effects and nano-plasmas of different states of matter.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"62 1","pages":"113 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2013.808047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01Epub Date: 2013-03-06DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2013.771509
F Huber, J Schnauß, S Rönicke, P Rauch, K Müller, C Fütterer, J Käs
Despite their overwhelming complexity, living cells display a high degree of internal mechanical and functional organization which can largely be attributed to the intracellular biopolymer scaffold, the cytoskeleton. Being a very complex system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, the cytoskeleton's ability to organize is at the same time challenging and fascinating. The extensive amounts of frequently interacting cellular building blocks and their inherent multifunctionality permits highly adaptive behavior and obstructs a purely reductionist approach. Nevertheless (and despite the field's relative novelty), the physics approach has already proved to be extremely successful in revealing very fundamental concepts of cytoskeleton organization and behavior. This review aims at introducing the physics of the cytoskeleton ranging from single biopolymer filaments to multicellular organisms. Throughout this wide range of phenomena, the focus is set on the intertwined nature of the different physical scales (levels of complexity) that give rise to numerous emergent properties by means of self-organization or self-assembly.
{"title":"Emergent complexity of the cytoskeleton: from single filaments to tissue.","authors":"F Huber, J Schnauß, S Rönicke, P Rauch, K Müller, C Fütterer, J Käs","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2013.771509","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00018732.2013.771509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite their overwhelming complexity, living cells display a high degree of internal mechanical and functional organization which can largely be attributed to the intracellular biopolymer scaffold, the cytoskeleton. Being a very complex system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, the cytoskeleton's ability to organize is at the same time challenging and fascinating. The extensive amounts of frequently interacting cellular building blocks and their inherent multifunctionality permits highly adaptive behavior and obstructs a purely reductionist approach. Nevertheless (and despite the field's relative novelty), the physics approach has already proved to be extremely successful in revealing very fundamental concepts of cytoskeleton organization and behavior. This review aims at introducing the physics of the cytoskeleton ranging from single biopolymer filaments to multicellular organisms. Throughout this wide range of phenomena, the focus is set on the intertwined nature of the different physical scales (levels of complexity) that give rise to numerous emergent properties by means of self-organization or self-assembly.</p>","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"62 1","pages":"1-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2013.771509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32276012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2012.737982
J. Atkin, S. Berweger, Andrew C. Jones, M. Raschke
The structure of our material world is characterized by a large hierarchy of length scales that determines material properties and functions. Increasing spatial resolution in optical imaging and spectroscopy has been a long standing desire, to provide access, in particular, to mesoscopic phenomena associated with phase separation, order, and intrinsic and extrinsic structural inhomogeneities. A general concept for the combination of optical spectroscopy with scanning probe microscopy emerged recently, extending the spatial resolution of optical imaging far beyond the diffraction limit. The optical antenna properties of a scanning probe tip and the local near-field coupling between its apex and a sample provide few-nanometer optical spatial resolution. With imaging mechanisms largely independent of wavelength, this concept is compatible with essentially any form of optical spectroscopy, including nonlinear and ultrafast techniques, over a wide frequency range from the terahertz to the extreme ultraviolet. The past 10 years have seen a rapid development of this nano-optical imaging technique, known as tip-enhanced or scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). Its applicability has been demonstrated for the nano-scale investigation of a wide range of materials including biomolecular, polymer, plasmonic, semiconductor, and dielectric systems. We provide a general review of the development, fundamental imaging mechanisms, and different implementations of s-SNOM, and discuss its potential for providing nanoscale spectroscopic including femtosecond spatio-temporal information. We discuss possible near-field spectroscopic implementations, with contrast based on the metallic infrared Drude response, nano-scale impedance, infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy, phonon Raman nano-crystallography, and nonlinear optics to identify nanoscale phase separation (PS), strain, and ferroic order. With regard to applications, we focus on correlated and low-dimensional materials as examples that benefit, in particular, from the unique applicability of s-SNOM under variable and cryogenic temperatures, nearly arbitrary atmospheric conditions, controlled sample strain, and large electric and magnetic fields and currents. For example, in transition metal oxides, topological insulators, and graphene, unusual electronic, optical, magnetic, or mechanical properties emerge, such as colossal magneto-resistance (CMR), metal–insulator transitions (MITs), high-T C superconductivity, multiferroicity, and plasmon and phonon polaritons, with associated rich phase diagrams that are typically very sensitive to the above conditions. The interaction of charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom in correlated electron materials leads to frustration and degenerate ground states, with spatial PS over many orders of length scale. We discuss how the optical near-field response in s-SNOM allows for the systematic real space probing of multiple order parameters
{"title":"Nano-optical imaging and spectroscopy of order, phases, and domains in complex solids","authors":"J. Atkin, S. Berweger, Andrew C. Jones, M. Raschke","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2012.737982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2012.737982","url":null,"abstract":"The structure of our material world is characterized by a large hierarchy of length scales that determines material properties and functions. Increasing spatial resolution in optical imaging and spectroscopy has been a long standing desire, to provide access, in particular, to mesoscopic phenomena associated with phase separation, order, and intrinsic and extrinsic structural inhomogeneities. A general concept for the combination of optical spectroscopy with scanning probe microscopy emerged recently, extending the spatial resolution of optical imaging far beyond the diffraction limit. The optical antenna properties of a scanning probe tip and the local near-field coupling between its apex and a sample provide few-nanometer optical spatial resolution. With imaging mechanisms largely independent of wavelength, this concept is compatible with essentially any form of optical spectroscopy, including nonlinear and ultrafast techniques, over a wide frequency range from the terahertz to the extreme ultraviolet. The past 10 years have seen a rapid development of this nano-optical imaging technique, known as tip-enhanced or scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). Its applicability has been demonstrated for the nano-scale investigation of a wide range of materials including biomolecular, polymer, plasmonic, semiconductor, and dielectric systems. We provide a general review of the development, fundamental imaging mechanisms, and different implementations of s-SNOM, and discuss its potential for providing nanoscale spectroscopic including femtosecond spatio-temporal information. We discuss possible near-field spectroscopic implementations, with contrast based on the metallic infrared Drude response, nano-scale impedance, infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy, phonon Raman nano-crystallography, and nonlinear optics to identify nanoscale phase separation (PS), strain, and ferroic order. With regard to applications, we focus on correlated and low-dimensional materials as examples that benefit, in particular, from the unique applicability of s-SNOM under variable and cryogenic temperatures, nearly arbitrary atmospheric conditions, controlled sample strain, and large electric and magnetic fields and currents. For example, in transition metal oxides, topological insulators, and graphene, unusual electronic, optical, magnetic, or mechanical properties emerge, such as colossal magneto-resistance (CMR), metal–insulator transitions (MITs), high-T C superconductivity, multiferroicity, and plasmon and phonon polaritons, with associated rich phase diagrams that are typically very sensitive to the above conditions. The interaction of charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom in correlated electron materials leads to frustration and degenerate ground states, with spatial PS over many orders of length scale. We discuss how the optical near-field response in s-SNOM allows for the systematic real space probing of multiple order parameters","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":"745 - 842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2012.737982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2012.730223
S. Nair, S. Wirth, S. Friedemann, F. Steglich, Q. Si, A. Schofield
The heavy fermion systems present a unique platform in which strong electronic correlations give rise to a host of novel, and often competing, electronic and magnetic ground states. Amongst a number of potential experimental tools at our disposal, measurements of the Hall effect have emerged as a particularly important one in discerning the nature and evolution of the Fermi surfaces of these enigmatic metals. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of Hall effect measurements in the heavy fermion materials, and examine the success it has had in contributing to our current understanding of strongly correlated matter. Particular emphasis is placed on its utility in the investigation of quantum critical phenomena which are thought to drive many of the exotic electronic ground states in these systems. This is achieved by the description of measurements of the Hall effect across the putative zero-temperature instability in the archetypal heavy fermion metal YbRh2Si2. Using the CeMIn5 (with M=Co, Ir) family of systems as a paradigm, the influence of (antiferro-)magnetic fluctuations on the Hall effect is also illustrated. This is compared to prior Hall effect measurements in the cuprates and other strongly correlated systems to emphasize on the generality of the unusual magnetotransport in materials with non-Fermi liquid behavior.
{"title":"Hall effect in heavy fermion metals","authors":"S. Nair, S. Wirth, S. Friedemann, F. Steglich, Q. Si, A. Schofield","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2012.730223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2012.730223","url":null,"abstract":"The heavy fermion systems present a unique platform in which strong electronic correlations give rise to a host of novel, and often competing, electronic and magnetic ground states. Amongst a number of potential experimental tools at our disposal, measurements of the Hall effect have emerged as a particularly important one in discerning the nature and evolution of the Fermi surfaces of these enigmatic metals. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of Hall effect measurements in the heavy fermion materials, and examine the success it has had in contributing to our current understanding of strongly correlated matter. Particular emphasis is placed on its utility in the investigation of quantum critical phenomena which are thought to drive many of the exotic electronic ground states in these systems. This is achieved by the description of measurements of the Hall effect across the putative zero-temperature instability in the archetypal heavy fermion metal YbRh2Si2. Using the CeMIn5 (with M=Co, Ir) family of systems as a paradigm, the influence of (antiferro-)magnetic fluctuations on the Hall effect is also illustrated. This is compared to prior Hall effect measurements in the cuprates and other strongly correlated systems to emphasize on the generality of the unusual magnetotransport in materials with non-Fermi liquid behavior.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"11 1","pages":"583 - 664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2012.730223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2012.719674
P. Monceau
This article reviews the static and dynamic properties of spontaneous superstructures formed by electrons. Representations of such electronic crystals are charge density waves (CDW) and spin density waves in inorganic as well as organic low-dimensional materials. A special attention is paid to the collective effects in pinning and sliding of these superstructures, and the glassy properties at low temperature. Charge order and charge disproportionation which occur in organic materials resulting from correlation effects are analysed. Experiments under magnetic field, and more specifically field-induced CDWs are discussed. Properties of meso- and nanostructures of CDWs are also reviewed.
{"title":"Electronic crystals: an experimental overview","authors":"P. Monceau","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2012.719674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2012.719674","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the static and dynamic properties of spontaneous superstructures formed by electrons. Representations of such electronic crystals are charge density waves (CDW) and spin density waves in inorganic as well as organic low-dimensional materials. A special attention is paid to the collective effects in pinning and sliding of these superstructures, and the glassy properties at low temperature. Charge order and charge disproportionation which occur in organic materials resulting from correlation effects are analysed. Experiments under magnetic field, and more specifically field-induced CDWs are discussed. Properties of meso- and nanostructures of CDWs are also reviewed.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":"325 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2012.719674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-02DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2012.737555
H. Emmerich, H. Löwen, R. Wittkowski, T. Gruhn, G. Tóth, G. Tegze, L. Gránásy
Here, we review the basic concepts and applications of the phase-field-crystal (PFC) method, which is one of the latest simulation methodologies in materials science for problems, where atomic- and microscales are tightly coupled. The PFC method operates on atomic length and diffusive time scales, and thus constitutes a computationally efficient alternative to molecular simulation methods. Its intense development in materials science started fairly recently following the work by Elder et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002), p. 245701]. Since these initial studies, dynamical density functional theory and thermodynamic concepts have been linked to the PFC approach to serve as further theoretical fundamentals for the latter. In this review, we summarize these methodological development steps as well as the most important applications of the PFC method with a special focus on the interaction of development steps taken in hard and soft matter physics, respectively. Doing so, we hope to present today's state of the art in PFC modelling as well as the potential, which might still arise from this method in physics and materials science in the nearby future.
本文综述了相场晶体(PFC)方法的基本概念及其应用，该方法是材料科学中原子尺度和微观尺度紧密耦合问题的最新模拟方法之一。PFC方法在原子长度和扩散时间尺度上运行，因此构成了分子模拟方法的计算效率替代方案。在埃尔德等人的工作之后，它在材料科学方面的激烈发展最近才开始。Rev. Lett. 88 (2002)， p. 245701]。自这些初步研究以来，动态密度泛函理论和热力学概念已与PFC方法联系起来，作为后者的进一步理论基础。在这篇综述中，我们总结了这些方法的发展步骤以及PFC方法最重要的应用，特别关注了硬物质物理和软物质物理中发展步骤的相互作用。这样做，我们希望展示当今PFC建模的最新技术，以及在不久的将来，这种方法在物理和材料科学中可能仍然存在的潜力。
{"title":"Phase-field-crystal models for condensed matter dynamics on atomic length and diffusive time scales: an overview","authors":"H. Emmerich, H. Löwen, R. Wittkowski, T. Gruhn, G. Tóth, G. Tegze, L. Gránásy","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2012.737555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2012.737555","url":null,"abstract":"Here, we review the basic concepts and applications of the phase-field-crystal (PFC) method, which is one of the latest simulation methodologies in materials science for problems, where atomic- and microscales are tightly coupled. The PFC method operates on atomic length and diffusive time scales, and thus constitutes a computationally efficient alternative to molecular simulation methods. Its intense development in materials science started fairly recently following the work by Elder et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002), p. 245701]. Since these initial studies, dynamical density functional theory and thermodynamic concepts have been linked to the PFC approach to serve as further theoretical fundamentals for the latter. In this review, we summarize these methodological development steps as well as the most important applications of the PFC method with a special focus on the interaction of development steps taken in hard and soft matter physics, respectively. Doing so, we hope to present today's state of the art in PFC modelling as well as the potential, which might still arise from this method in physics and materials science in the nearby future.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":"665 - 743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2012.737555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2012.706401
J. Krim
This review provides an overview of recent advances that have been achieved in understanding the basic physics of friction and energy dissipation in molecularly thin adsorbed films and the associated impact on friction at microscopic and macroscopic length scales. Topics covered include a historical overview of the fundamental understanding of macroscopic friction, theoretical treatments of phononic and electronic energy dissipation mechanisms in thin films, and current experimental methods capable of probing such phenomena. Measurements performed on adsorbates sliding in unconfined geometries with the quartz crystal microbalance technique receive particular attention. The final sections review the experimental literature of how measurements of sliding friction in thin films reveal energy dissipation mechanisms and how the results can be linked to film-spreading behavior, lubrication, film phase transitions, superconductivity-dependent friction, and microelectromechanical systems applications. Materials systems reported on include adsorbed films comprised of helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, methanol, cyclohexane, ethylene, pentanol, toluene, tricresylphosphate, t-butylphenyl phosphate, benzene, and iodobenzene. Substrates reported on include silver, gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, silicon, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, C60, diamond, carbon, diamond-like carbon, and YBa2Cu3O7, and self-assembled monolayers consisting of tethered polymeric molecules.
{"title":"Friction and energy dissipation mechanisms in adsorbed molecules and molecularly thin films","authors":"J. Krim","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2012.706401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2012.706401","url":null,"abstract":"This review provides an overview of recent advances that have been achieved in understanding the basic physics of friction and energy dissipation in molecularly thin adsorbed films and the associated impact on friction at microscopic and macroscopic length scales. Topics covered include a historical overview of the fundamental understanding of macroscopic friction, theoretical treatments of phononic and electronic energy dissipation mechanisms in thin films, and current experimental methods capable of probing such phenomena. Measurements performed on adsorbates sliding in unconfined geometries with the quartz crystal microbalance technique receive particular attention. The final sections review the experimental literature of how measurements of sliding friction in thin films reveal energy dissipation mechanisms and how the results can be linked to film-spreading behavior, lubrication, film phase transitions, superconductivity-dependent friction, and microelectromechanical systems applications. Materials systems reported on include adsorbed films comprised of helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, methanol, cyclohexane, ethylene, pentanol, toluene, tricresylphosphate, t-butylphenyl phosphate, benzene, and iodobenzene. Substrates reported on include silver, gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, silicon, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, C60, diamond, carbon, diamond-like carbon, and YBa2Cu3O7, and self-assembled monolayers consisting of tethered polymeric molecules.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":"155 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2012.706401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2012.668775
A. Balatsky, M. Nishijima, Y. Manassen
Electron spin resonance-scanning tunneling microscopy (ESR-STM) is a rapidly developing surface-science technique that is sensitive to a single spin existing on or nearby a solid surface. The single spin is detected through elevated noise at the Larmor frequency that appears when the single spin participates in the tunneling process between the tip and the surface. In this review, experimental and theoretical works which have been performed up to date on ESR-STM are reviewed. The remaining experimental problems which have to be solved, possible approaches to differentiate between different mechanisms and the future of ESR-STM are discussed. PACS: 72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors, 72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena, 73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species, 73.40.Gk Tunneling, 75.70.Rf Surface magnetism, 75.76.+j Spin transport effects, 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation, 78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
{"title":"Electron spin resonance-scanning tunneling microscopy","authors":"A. Balatsky, M. Nishijima, Y. Manassen","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2012.668775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2012.668775","url":null,"abstract":"Electron spin resonance-scanning tunneling microscopy (ESR-STM) is a rapidly developing surface-science technique that is sensitive to a single spin existing on or nearby a solid surface. The single spin is detected through elevated noise at the Larmor frequency that appears when the single spin participates in the tunneling process between the tip and the surface. In this review, experimental and theoretical works which have been performed up to date on ESR-STM are reviewed. The remaining experimental problems which have to be solved, possible approaches to differentiate between different mechanisms and the future of ESR-STM are discussed. PACS: 72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors, 72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena, 73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species, 73.40.Gk Tunneling, 75.70.Rf Surface magnetism, 75.76.+j Spin transport effects, 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation, 78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":"117 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2012.668775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2012.663070
H. Braun
Micromagnetics has been the method of choice to interpret experimental data in the area of microscopic magnetism for several decades. In this article, we show how progress has been made to extend this formalism to include thermal and quantum fluctuations in order to describe recent experimental developments in nanoscale magnetism. For experimental systems with constrained dimensions such as nanodots, atomic chains, nanowires, and thin films, topological defects such as solitons, vortices, skyrmions, and monopoles start to play an increasingly important role, all forming novel types of quasiparticles in patterned low-dimensional magnetic systems. We discuss in detail how soliton–antisoliton pairs of opposite chirality form non-uniform energy barriers against thermal fluctuations in nanowires or pillars. As a consequence of their low barrier energy compared to uniform reversal, they limit the thermal stability of perpendicular recording media. For sufficiently short samples, the non-uniform energy barrier continuously merges into the conventional uniform Néel–Brown barrier. Partial formation of chiral domain walls also determines the magnetic properties of granular nanostructured magnets and exchange spring systems. For a long time, the reconciliation between micromagnetics and quantum mechanics has remained an unresolved challenge. Here it is demonstrated how inclusion of Berry's phase in a micromagnetic action allows for a semiclassical quantization of spin systems, a method that is demonstrated by the simple example of an easy-plane spin. This powerful method allows for a description of quantum dynamics of solitons and breathers which in the latter case agrees with the anisotropic spin-½ XYZ-model. The domain wall or soliton chirality plays an important role as it is coupled to the wavevector of the quasiparticle dispersion. We show how this quantum soliton chirality is detected by polarized neutron scattering in one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets.
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