Pub Date : 2014-12-14DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2016.1164490
K. Gustavsson, B. Mehlig
The dynamics of heavy particles suspended in turbulent flows is of fundamental importance for a wide range of questions in astrophysics, atmospheric physics, oceanography, and technology. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have demonstrated that heavy particles respond in intricate ways to turbulent fluctuations of the carrying fluid: non-interacting particles may cluster together and form spatial patterns even though the fluid is incompressible, and the relative speeds of nearby particles can fluctuate strongly. Both phenomena depend sensitively on the parameters of the system. This parameter dependence is difficult to model from first principles since turbulence plays an essential role. Laboratory experiments are also very difficult, precisely since they must refer to a turbulent environment. But in recent years it has become clear that important aspects of the dynamics of heavy particles in turbulence can be understood in terms of statistical models where the turbulent fluctuations are approximated by Gaussian random functions with appropriate correlation functions. In this review, we summarise how such statistical-model calculations have led to a detailed understanding of the factors that determine heavy-particle dynamics in turbulence. We concentrate on spatial clustering of heavy particles in turbulence. This is an important question because spatial clustering affects the collision rate between the particles and thus the long-term fate of the system.
{"title":"Statistical models for spatial patterns of heavy particles in turbulence","authors":"K. Gustavsson, B. Mehlig","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2016.1164490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2016.1164490","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamics of heavy particles suspended in turbulent flows is of fundamental importance for a wide range of questions in astrophysics, atmospheric physics, oceanography, and technology. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have demonstrated that heavy particles respond in intricate ways to turbulent fluctuations of the carrying fluid: non-interacting particles may cluster together and form spatial patterns even though the fluid is incompressible, and the relative speeds of nearby particles can fluctuate strongly. Both phenomena depend sensitively on the parameters of the system. This parameter dependence is difficult to model from first principles since turbulence plays an essential role. Laboratory experiments are also very difficult, precisely since they must refer to a turbulent environment. But in recent years it has become clear that important aspects of the dynamics of heavy particles in turbulence can be understood in terms of statistical models where the turbulent fluctuations are approximated by Gaussian random functions with appropriate correlation functions. In this review, we summarise how such statistical-model calculations have led to a detailed understanding of the factors that determine heavy-particle dynamics in turbulence. We concentrate on spatial clustering of heavy particles in turbulence. This is an important question because spatial clustering affects the collision rate between the particles and thus the long-term fate of the system.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"65 1","pages":"1 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2016.1164490","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2014.1029302
F. Bencivenga, F. Capotondi, E. Principi, Maya Kiskinova, C. Masciovecchio
The most recent light sources, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray free electron lasers (FELs), have extended tabletop laser experiments to shorter wavelengths, adding element and chemical state specificity by exciting and probing electronic transitions from core levels. Through their unique properties, combining femtosecond X-ray pulses with coherence and enormous peak brightness, the FELs have enabled studies of a broad class of dynamic phenomena in matter that crosses many scientific disciplines and have led to major breakthroughs in the last few years. In this article, we review how the advances in the performance of the FELs, with respect to coherence, polarization and multi-color pulse production, have pushed the development of original experimental strategies to study non-equilibrium behavior of matter at the femtosecond–nanometer time–length scales. In this review, the emphasis is placed on the contribution of the EUV and soft X-ray FELs on three important subjects: (i) the new regime of X-ray matter interactions with ultrashort very intense X-ray pulses, (ii) the new potential of coherent imaging and scattering for answering questions about nano dynamics in complex materials and (iii) the unique possibility to stimulate and probe nonlinear phenomena that are at the heart of conversion of light into other forms of energy, relevant to photovoltaics, femtosecond magnetism and phase transitions in correlated materials.
{"title":"Coherent and transient states studied with extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free electron lasers: present and future prospects","authors":"F. Bencivenga, F. Capotondi, E. Principi, Maya Kiskinova, C. Masciovecchio","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2014.1029302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2014.1029302","url":null,"abstract":"The most recent light sources, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray free electron lasers (FELs), have extended tabletop laser experiments to shorter wavelengths, adding element and chemical state specificity by exciting and probing electronic transitions from core levels. Through their unique properties, combining femtosecond X-ray pulses with coherence and enormous peak brightness, the FELs have enabled studies of a broad class of dynamic phenomena in matter that crosses many scientific disciplines and have led to major breakthroughs in the last few years. In this article, we review how the advances in the performance of the FELs, with respect to coherence, polarization and multi-color pulse production, have pushed the development of original experimental strategies to study non-equilibrium behavior of matter at the femtosecond–nanometer time–length scales. In this review, the emphasis is placed on the contribution of the EUV and soft X-ray FELs on three important subjects: (i) the new regime of X-ray matter interactions with ultrashort very intense X-ray pulses, (ii) the new potential of coherent imaging and scattering for answering questions about nano dynamics in complex materials and (iii) the unique possibility to stimulate and probe nonlinear phenomena that are at the heart of conversion of light into other forms of energy, relevant to photovoltaics, femtosecond magnetism and phase transitions in correlated materials.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"63 1","pages":"327 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2014.1029302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-17DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2015.1055918
M. Bukov, L. D'Alessio, A. Polkovnikov
We give a general overview of the high-frequency regime in periodically driven systems and identify three distinct classes of driving protocols in which the infinite-frequency Floquet Hamiltonian is not equal to the time-averaged Hamiltonian. These classes cover systems, such as the Kapitza pendulum, the Harper–Hofstadter model of neutral atoms in a magnetic field, the Haldane Floquet Chern insulator and others. In all setups considered, we discuss both the infinite-frequency limit and the leading finite-frequency corrections to the Floquet Hamiltonian. We provide a short overview of Floquet theory focusing on the gauge structure associated with the choice of stroboscopic frame and the differences between stroboscopic and non-stroboscopic dynamics. In the latter case, one has to work with dressed operators representing observables and a dressed density matrix. We also comment on the application of Floquet Theory to systems described by static Hamiltonians with well-separated energy scales and, in particular, discuss parallels between the inverse-frequency expansion and the Schrieffer–Wolff transformation extending the latter to driven systems.
{"title":"Universal high-frequency behavior of periodically driven systems: from dynamical stabilization to Floquet engineering","authors":"M. Bukov, L. D'Alessio, A. Polkovnikov","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2015.1055918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2015.1055918","url":null,"abstract":"We give a general overview of the high-frequency regime in periodically driven systems and identify three distinct classes of driving protocols in which the infinite-frequency Floquet Hamiltonian is not equal to the time-averaged Hamiltonian. These classes cover systems, such as the Kapitza pendulum, the Harper–Hofstadter model of neutral atoms in a magnetic field, the Haldane Floquet Chern insulator and others. In all setups considered, we discuss both the infinite-frequency limit and the leading finite-frequency corrections to the Floquet Hamiltonian. We provide a short overview of Floquet theory focusing on the gauge structure associated with the choice of stroboscopic frame and the differences between stroboscopic and non-stroboscopic dynamics. In the latter case, one has to work with dressed operators representing observables and a dressed density matrix. We also comment on the application of Floquet Theory to systems described by static Hamiltonians with well-separated energy scales and, in particular, discuss parallels between the inverse-frequency expansion and the Schrieffer–Wolff transformation extending the latter to driven systems.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"64 1","pages":"139 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2015.1055918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-04DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2014.974304
D. Viehland, E. Salje
Domain boundaries typically constitute only a minute fraction of the total volume of a crystal. However, a special (but not unusual) situation can occur in which the domain boundary energy becomes very small. Specifically, the domain size is miniaturized to near-atomic scales and the domain boundary density becomes extremely high. In such cases, the properties of the crystal become dominated by a combination of both the domains and the domain boundaries. This phenomenon differs from most ferromagnetic or ferroelectric materials wherein the motion of the domain boundaries dominates the response. As reported herein, novel emergent phenomena that differ from the properties of either the domains or the domain boundaries may be expected. In this article, we focus on one specific state found in ferroic materials – namely, the adaptive ferroic state. This state can be found, for example, in tweed-like structures in morphotropic phase boundary piezoelectric crystals, ferromagnetic shape memory alloys, and pre-martensitic states. In these materials, the properties of the twin boundaries represent the principal contributors to the functionality of a given system. In fact, further investigations of domain boundary-dominated phenomena could result in novel potential for tailoring functional properties for a desired outcome. It should also be noted that new properties can be designed into twin boundaries that are not the properties of the domains. In this paper, adaptive structures and functional twin boundaries are reviewed, and examples of various observed functionalities (e.g. superconductivity, polarity, and ferroelectricity) and corresponding twin boundary structures are provided. In addition, this review confirms that various theoretically predicted, structurally bridging low-symmetry phases do, in fact, exist. Moreover, the values of the lattice constants of the adaptive state are adjustable parameters that are determined by combinations of cubic, rhombohedral/tetragonal phases, and geometrical invariant conditions. Finally, we show that, in such cases, macroscopic properties are controlled by the unique functionality of the twin walls. Looking forward, domain boundary-dominated phenomena offer an important approach for enhancing the properties of the bulk, and to unique local properties where the “twin is the device”. We encourage the community to rethink their approaches to materials by design that have treated the structure as homogeneous and to consider the alternative paradigm where the local structure is different from the apparent average symmetry.
{"title":"Domain boundary-dominated systems: adaptive structures and functional twin boundaries","authors":"D. Viehland, E. Salje","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2014.974304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2014.974304","url":null,"abstract":"Domain boundaries typically constitute only a minute fraction of the total volume of a crystal. However, a special (but not unusual) situation can occur in which the domain boundary energy becomes very small. Specifically, the domain size is miniaturized to near-atomic scales and the domain boundary density becomes extremely high. In such cases, the properties of the crystal become dominated by a combination of both the domains and the domain boundaries. This phenomenon differs from most ferromagnetic or ferroelectric materials wherein the motion of the domain boundaries dominates the response. As reported herein, novel emergent phenomena that differ from the properties of either the domains or the domain boundaries may be expected. In this article, we focus on one specific state found in ferroic materials – namely, the adaptive ferroic state. This state can be found, for example, in tweed-like structures in morphotropic phase boundary piezoelectric crystals, ferromagnetic shape memory alloys, and pre-martensitic states. In these materials, the properties of the twin boundaries represent the principal contributors to the functionality of a given system. In fact, further investigations of domain boundary-dominated phenomena could result in novel potential for tailoring functional properties for a desired outcome. It should also be noted that new properties can be designed into twin boundaries that are not the properties of the domains. In this paper, adaptive structures and functional twin boundaries are reviewed, and examples of various observed functionalities (e.g. superconductivity, polarity, and ferroelectricity) and corresponding twin boundary structures are provided. In addition, this review confirms that various theoretically predicted, structurally bridging low-symmetry phases do, in fact, exist. Moreover, the values of the lattice constants of the adaptive state are adjustable parameters that are determined by combinations of cubic, rhombohedral/tetragonal phases, and geometrical invariant conditions. Finally, we show that, in such cases, macroscopic properties are controlled by the unique functionality of the twin walls. Looking forward, domain boundary-dominated phenomena offer an important approach for enhancing the properties of the bulk, and to unique local properties where the “twin is the device”. We encourage the community to rethink their approaches to materials by design that have treated the structure as homogeneous and to consider the alternative paradigm where the local structure is different from the apparent average symmetry.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"63 1","pages":"267 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2014.974304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2014.940227
T. Das, R. Markiewicz, A. Bansil
We review the intermediate coupling model for treating electronic correlations in the cuprates. Spectral signatures of the intermediate coupling scenario are identified and used to adduce that the cuprates fall in the intermediate rather than the weak or the strong coupling limits. A robust, ‘beyond local-density approximation’ framework for obtaining wide-ranging properties of the cuprates via a GW-approximation based self-consistent self-energy correction for incorporating correlation effects is delineated. In this way, doping- and temperature-dependent spectra, from the undoped insulator to the overdoped metal, in the normal as well as the superconducting state, with features of both weak and strong coupling can be modeled in a material-specific manner with very few parameters. Efficacy of the model is shown by considering available spectroscopic data on electron- and hole-doped cuprates from angle-resolved photoemission, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, neutron scattering, inelastic light scattering, optical and other experiments. Generalizations to treat systems with multiple correlated bands such as the heavy-fermions, the ruthenates and the actinides are discussed.
{"title":"Intermediate coupling model of the cuprates","authors":"T. Das, R. Markiewicz, A. Bansil","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2014.940227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2014.940227","url":null,"abstract":"We review the intermediate coupling model for treating electronic correlations in the cuprates. Spectral signatures of the intermediate coupling scenario are identified and used to adduce that the cuprates fall in the intermediate rather than the weak or the strong coupling limits. A robust, ‘beyond local-density approximation’ framework for obtaining wide-ranging properties of the cuprates via a GW-approximation based self-consistent self-energy correction for incorporating correlation effects is delineated. In this way, doping- and temperature-dependent spectra, from the undoped insulator to the overdoped metal, in the normal as well as the superconducting state, with features of both weak and strong coupling can be modeled in a material-specific manner with very few parameters. Efficacy of the model is shown by considering available spectroscopic data on electron- and hole-doped cuprates from angle-resolved photoemission, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, neutron scattering, inelastic light scattering, optical and other experiments. Generalizations to treat systems with multiple correlated bands such as the heavy-fermions, the ruthenates and the actinides are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"63 1","pages":"151 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2014.940227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-04DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2014.933502
A. Daley
The study of open quantum systems – microscopic systems exhibiting quantum coherence that are coupled to their environment – has become increasingly important in the past years, as the ability to control quantum coherence on a single particle level has been developed in a wide variety of physical systems. In quantum optics, the study of open systems goes well beyond understanding the breakdown of quantum coherence. There, the coupling to the environment is sufficiently well understood that it can be manipulated to drive the system into desired quantum states, or to project the system onto known states via feedback in quantum measurements. Many mathematical frameworks have been developed to describe such systems, which for atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) systems generally provide a very accurate description of the open quantum system on a microscopic level. In recent years, AMO systems including cold atomic and molecular gases and trapped ions have been applied heavily to the study of many-body physics, and it has become important to extend previous understanding of open system dynamics in single- and few-body systems to this many-body context. A key formalism that has already proven very useful in this context is the quantum trajectories technique. This method was developed in quantum optics as a numerical tool for studying dynamics in open quantum systems, and falls within a broader framework of continuous measurement theory as a way to understand the dynamics of large classes of open quantum systems. In this article, we review the progress that has been made in studying open many-body systems in the AMO context, focussing on the application of ideas from quantum optics, and on the implementation and applications of quantum trajectories methods in these systems. Control over dissipative processes promises many further tools to prepare interesting and important states in strongly interacting systems, including the realisation of parameter regimes in quantum simulators that are inaccessible via current techniques.
{"title":"Quantum trajectories and open many-body quantum systems","authors":"A. Daley","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2014.933502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2014.933502","url":null,"abstract":"The study of open quantum systems – microscopic systems exhibiting quantum coherence that are coupled to their environment – has become increasingly important in the past years, as the ability to control quantum coherence on a single particle level has been developed in a wide variety of physical systems. In quantum optics, the study of open systems goes well beyond understanding the breakdown of quantum coherence. There, the coupling to the environment is sufficiently well understood that it can be manipulated to drive the system into desired quantum states, or to project the system onto known states via feedback in quantum measurements. Many mathematical frameworks have been developed to describe such systems, which for atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) systems generally provide a very accurate description of the open quantum system on a microscopic level. In recent years, AMO systems including cold atomic and molecular gases and trapped ions have been applied heavily to the study of many-body physics, and it has become important to extend previous understanding of open system dynamics in single- and few-body systems to this many-body context. A key formalism that has already proven very useful in this context is the quantum trajectories technique. This method was developed in quantum optics as a numerical tool for studying dynamics in open quantum systems, and falls within a broader framework of continuous measurement theory as a way to understand the dynamics of large classes of open quantum systems. In this article, we review the progress that has been made in studying open many-body systems in the AMO context, focussing on the application of ideas from quantum optics, and on the implementation and applications of quantum trajectories methods in these systems. Control over dissipative processes promises many further tools to prepare interesting and important states in strongly interacting systems, including the realisation of parameter regimes in quantum simulators that are inaccessible via current techniques.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"63 1","pages":"149 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2014.933502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2014.927109
T. Wehling, A. Black‐Schaffer, A. Balatsky
A wide range of materials, like d-wave superconductors, graphene, and topological insulators, share a fundamental similarity: their low-energy fermionic excitations behave as massless Dirac particles rather than fermions obeying the usual Schrödinger Hamiltonian. This emergent behavior of Dirac fermions in condensed matter systems defines the unifying framework for a class of materials we call “Dirac materials.” In order to establish this class of materials, we illustrate how Dirac fermions emerge in multiple entirely different condensed matter systems and we discuss how Dirac fermions have been identified experimentally using electron spectroscopy techniques (angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy). As a consequence of their common low-energy excitations, this diverse set of materials shares a significant number of universal properties in the low-energy (infrared) limit. We review these common properties including nodal points in the excitation spectrum, density of states, specific heat, transport, thermodynamic properties, impurity resonances, and magnetic field responses, as well as discuss many-body interaction effects. We further review how the emergence of Dirac excitations is controlled by specific symmetries of the material, such as time-reversal, gauge, and spin–orbit symmetries, and how by breaking these symmetries a finite Dirac mass is generated. We give examples of how the interaction of Dirac fermions with their distinct real material background leads to rich novel physics with common fingerprints such as the suppression of back scattering and impurity-induced resonant states.
{"title":"Dirac materials","authors":"T. Wehling, A. Black‐Schaffer, A. Balatsky","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2014.927109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2014.927109","url":null,"abstract":"A wide range of materials, like d-wave superconductors, graphene, and topological insulators, share a fundamental similarity: their low-energy fermionic excitations behave as massless Dirac particles rather than fermions obeying the usual Schrödinger Hamiltonian. This emergent behavior of Dirac fermions in condensed matter systems defines the unifying framework for a class of materials we call “Dirac materials.” In order to establish this class of materials, we illustrate how Dirac fermions emerge in multiple entirely different condensed matter systems and we discuss how Dirac fermions have been identified experimentally using electron spectroscopy techniques (angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy). As a consequence of their common low-energy excitations, this diverse set of materials shares a significant number of universal properties in the low-energy (infrared) limit. We review these common properties including nodal points in the excitation spectrum, density of states, specific heat, transport, thermodynamic properties, impurity resonances, and magnetic field responses, as well as discuss many-body interaction effects. We further review how the emergence of Dirac excitations is controlled by specific symmetries of the material, such as time-reversal, gauge, and spin–orbit symmetries, and how by breaking these symmetries a finite Dirac mass is generated. We give examples of how the interaction of Dirac fermions with their distinct real material background leads to rich novel physics with common fingerprints such as the suppression of back scattering and impurity-induced resonant states.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"63 1","pages":"1 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2014.927109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2013.860277
J. Urbina, K. Richter
We review the methods and use of random quantum states with particular emphasis on recent theoretical developments and applications in various fields. The guiding principle of the review is the idea that random quantum states can be understood as classical probability distributions in the Hilbert space of the associated quantum system. We show how this central concept connects questions of physical interest that cover different fields such as quantum statistical physics, quantum chaos, mesoscopic systems of both non-interacting and interacting particles, including superconducting and spin–orbit phenomena, and stochastic Schrödinger equations describing open quantum systems.
{"title":"Random quantum states: recent developments and applications","authors":"J. Urbina, K. Richter","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2013.860277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2013.860277","url":null,"abstract":"We review the methods and use of random quantum states with particular emphasis on recent theoretical developments and applications in various fields. The guiding principle of the review is the idea that random quantum states can be understood as classical probability distributions in the Hilbert space of the associated quantum system. We show how this central concept connects questions of physical interest that cover different fields such as quantum statistical physics, quantum chaos, mesoscopic systems of both non-interacting and interacting particles, including superconducting and spin–orbit phenomena, and stochastic Schrödinger equations describing open quantum systems.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"62 1","pages":"363 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2013.860277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-23DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2013.862020
Christian Platt, Werner Hanke, R. Thomale
Technological progress in material synthesis, as well as artificial realization of condensed matter scenarios via ultra-cold atomic gases in optical lattices or epitaxial growth of thin films, is opening the gate to investigate a plethora of unprecedented strongly correlated electron systems. In a large subclass thereof, a metallic state of layered electrons undergoes an ordering transition below some temperature into unconventional states of matter driven by electronic correlations, such as magnetism, superconductivity (SC), or other Fermi surface (FS) instabilities. While these phenomena have been a well-established direction of research in condensed matter for decades, the variety of today's accessible scenarios pose fundamental new challenges to describe them. A core complication is the multi-orbital nature of the low-energy electronic structure of these systems, such as the multi-d orbital nature of electrons in iron-pnictides and transition-metal oxides in general, but also electronic states of matter on lattices with multiple sites per unit cell such as the honeycomb or kagome lattice. In this review, we propagate the functional renormalization group (FRG) as a suited approach to investigate multi-orbital FS instabilities. The primary goal of the review is to describe the FRG in explicit detail and render it accessible to everyone both at a technical and intuitive level. Summarizing recent progress in the field of multi-orbital FS instabilities, we illustrate how the unbiased fashion by which the FRG treats all kinds of ordering tendencies guarantees an adequate description of electronic phase diagrams and often allows to obtain parameter trends of sufficient accuracy to make qualitative predictions for experiments. This review includes detailed and illustrative examples of magnetism and, in particular, SC for the iron-pnictides from the viewpoint of FRG. Furthermore, it discusses candidate scenarios for topological bulk singlet SC and exotic particle–hole condensates on hexagonal lattices such as sodium-doped cobaltates, graphene doped to van-Hove filling, and the kagome Hubbard model. In total, the FRG promises to be one of the most versatile and revealing numerical approaches to address unconventional FS instabilities in future fields of condensed matter research.
{"title":"Functional renormalization group for multi-orbital Fermi surface instabilities","authors":"Christian Platt, Werner Hanke, R. Thomale","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2013.862020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2013.862020","url":null,"abstract":"Technological progress in material synthesis, as well as artificial realization of condensed matter scenarios via ultra-cold atomic gases in optical lattices or epitaxial growth of thin films, is opening the gate to investigate a plethora of unprecedented strongly correlated electron systems. In a large subclass thereof, a metallic state of layered electrons undergoes an ordering transition below some temperature into unconventional states of matter driven by electronic correlations, such as magnetism, superconductivity (SC), or other Fermi surface (FS) instabilities. While these phenomena have been a well-established direction of research in condensed matter for decades, the variety of today's accessible scenarios pose fundamental new challenges to describe them. A core complication is the multi-orbital nature of the low-energy electronic structure of these systems, such as the multi-d orbital nature of electrons in iron-pnictides and transition-metal oxides in general, but also electronic states of matter on lattices with multiple sites per unit cell such as the honeycomb or kagome lattice. In this review, we propagate the functional renormalization group (FRG) as a suited approach to investigate multi-orbital FS instabilities. The primary goal of the review is to describe the FRG in explicit detail and render it accessible to everyone both at a technical and intuitive level. Summarizing recent progress in the field of multi-orbital FS instabilities, we illustrate how the unbiased fashion by which the FRG treats all kinds of ordering tendencies guarantees an adequate description of electronic phase diagrams and often allows to obtain parameter trends of sufficient accuracy to make qualitative predictions for experiments. This review includes detailed and illustrative examples of magnetism and, in particular, SC for the iron-pnictides from the viewpoint of FRG. Furthermore, it discusses candidate scenarios for topological bulk singlet SC and exotic particle–hole condensates on hexagonal lattices such as sodium-doped cobaltates, graphene doped to van-Hove filling, and the kagome Hubbard model. In total, the FRG promises to be one of the most versatile and revealing numerical approaches to address unconventional FS instabilities in future fields of condensed matter research.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"62 1","pages":"453 - 562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2013.862020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2013.803819
A. Bray, S. Majumdar, G. Schehr
In this review, we discuss the persistence and the related first-passage properties in extended many-body nonequilibrium systems. Starting with simple systems with one or few degrees of freedom, such as random walk and random acceleration problems, we progressively discuss the persistence properties in systems with many degrees of freedom. These systems include spin models undergoing phase-ordering dynamics, diffusion equation, fluctuating interfaces, etc. Persistence properties are nontrivial in these systems as the effective underlying stochastic process is non-Markovian. Several exact and approximate methods have been developed to compute the persistence of such non-Markov processes over the last two decades, as reviewed in this article. We also discuss various generalizations of the local site persistence probability. Persistence in systems with quenched disorder is discussed briefly. Although the main emphasis of this review is on the theoretical developments on persistence, we briefly touch upon various experimental systems as well.
{"title":"Persistence and first-passage properties in nonequilibrium systems","authors":"A. Bray, S. Majumdar, G. Schehr","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2013.803819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2013.803819","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we discuss the persistence and the related first-passage properties in extended many-body nonequilibrium systems. Starting with simple systems with one or few degrees of freedom, such as random walk and random acceleration problems, we progressively discuss the persistence properties in systems with many degrees of freedom. These systems include spin models undergoing phase-ordering dynamics, diffusion equation, fluctuating interfaces, etc. Persistence properties are nontrivial in these systems as the effective underlying stochastic process is non-Markovian. Several exact and approximate methods have been developed to compute the persistence of such non-Markov processes over the last two decades, as reviewed in this article. We also discuss various generalizations of the local site persistence probability. Persistence in systems with quenched disorder is discussed briefly. Although the main emphasis of this review is on the theoretical developments on persistence, we briefly touch upon various experimental systems as well.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":"160 1","pages":"225 - 361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2013.803819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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