Advances in Physics: X最新文献

英文中文

Quantum machine learning: from physics to software engineering 量子机器学习:从物理学到软件工程

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2023-01-04 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2023.2165452

A. Melnikov, Mohammad Kordzanganeh, A. Alodjants, R. Lee

Quantum machine learning is a rapidly growing field at the intersection of quantum technology and artificial intelligence. This review provides a two-fold overview of several key approaches that can offer advancements in both the development of quantum technologies and the power of artificial intelligence. Among these approaches are quantum-enhanced algorithms, which apply quantum software engineering to classical information processing to improve keystone machine learning solutions. In this context, we explore the capability of hybrid quantum-classical neural networks to improve model generalization and increase accuracy while reducing computational resources. We also illustrate how machine learning can be used both to mitigate the effects of errors on presently available noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, and to understand quantum advantage via an automatic study of quantum walk processes on graphs. In addition, we review how quantum hardware can be enhanced by applying machine learning to fundamental and applied physics problems as well as quantum tomography and photonics. We aim to demonstrate how concepts in physics can be translated into practical engineering of machine learning solutions using quantum software.

量子机器学习是量子技术和人工智能交叉的一个快速发展的领域。这篇综述对几种关键方法进行了双重概述，这些方法可以在量子技术的发展和人工智能的力量方面取得进展。这些方法包括量子增强算法，它将量子软件工程应用于经典信息处理，以改进关键的机器学习解决方案。在这种背景下，我们探索了混合量子经典神经网络在减少计算资源的同时提高模型泛化能力和准确性的能力。我们还说明了如何使用机器学习来减轻误差对目前可用的有噪声的中等规模量子设备的影响，并通过图上量子行走过程的自动研究来理解量子优势。此外，我们还回顾了如何通过将机器学习应用于基础和应用物理问题以及量子断层扫描和光子学来增强量子硬件。我们旨在展示如何使用量子软件将物理学中的概念转化为机器学习解决方案的实际工程。

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引用次数: 22

Assessing membrane material properties from the response of giant unilamellar vesicles to electric fields. 从巨型单拉米尔囊泡对电场的反应评估膜材料特性。

IF 7.7 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2125342

Mina Aleksanyan, Hammad A Faizi, Maria-Anna Kirmpaki, Petia M Vlahovska, Karin A Riske, Rumiana Dimova

Knowledge of the material properties of membranes is crucial to understanding cell viability and physiology. A number of methods have been developed to probe membranes in vitro, utilizing the response of minimal biomimetic membrane models to an external perturbation. In this review, we focus on techniques employing giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), model membrane systems, often referred to as minimal artificial cells because of the potential they offer to mimick certain cellular features. When exposed to electric fields, GUV deformation, dynamic response and poration can be used to deduce properties such as bending rigidity, pore edge tension, membrane capacitance, surface shear viscosity, excess area and membrane stability. We present a succinct overview of these techniques, which require only simple instrumentation, available in many labs, as well as reasonably facile experimental implementation and analysis.

了解膜的材料特性对于理解细胞活力和生理学至关重要。利用最小生物仿真膜模型对外部扰动的反应，已经开发出许多体外探测膜的方法。在这篇综述中，我们将重点介绍采用巨型单拉美拉尔囊泡 (GUV) 的技术，GUV 是一种模型膜系统，由于其具有模仿某些细胞特征的潜力，因此常被称为最小人工细胞。当暴露在电场中时，GUV 的变形、动态响应和孔化可用于推断弯曲刚度、孔边缘张力、膜电容、表面剪切粘度、过剩面积和膜稳定性等特性。我们对这些技术做了简明扼要的概述，这些技术只需要简单的仪器设备，许多实验室都有，而且实验实施和分析也相当方便。

引用次数: 0

Coupled spin cross-over and ferroelasticity: revisiting the prototype [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 material 耦合自旋交叉和铁弹性：重新审视原型[Fe（ptz）6]（BF4）2材料

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2161936

E. Collet, G. Azzolina, J. Jeftić, M. Lemée-Cailleau

ABSTRACT Spin-crossover (SCO) materials exhibit thermal conversion from low to high-spin states. We review different models developed to describe this entropy-driven process and the occurrence of cooperative conversions resulting from elastic interactions. There is a growing number of SCO materials exhibiting unusual thermal conversions when symmetry breaking occurs. To illustrate the importance of considering both phenomena, we review studies of the prototype [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 system, exhibiting at atmospheric pressure a single step thermal transition with hysteresis, where a ferroelastic distortion occurs from the high-spin high-symmetry (HShs) phase, towards the low-spin low-symmetry (LSls) phase. Under pressure, sequential conversions occur on cooling from the HShs phase towards a high-spin low-symmetry (HSls) phase, followed by a spin crossover towards the LSls phase. In addition, a metastable low-spin high-symmetry (LShs) state forms upon fast cooling. We revisit this coupling and decoupling of spin crossover and ferroelastic phase transition through the Landau theory model adapted by Collet, which provides qualitative agreement with the experimental data, such as the phase diagram and the evolution of spin transition curves or lattice deformations under pressure. This Ferroelastic Instability coupled to Spin Crossover (FISCO) approach should be generalized to many materials undergoing coupled spin transition and symmetry breaking. GraphicalAbstract

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引用次数: 1

Brighter, faster, stronger: ultrafast scattering of free molecules 更明亮、更快、更强：自由分子的超快散射

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2126796

Asami Odate, A. Kirrander, P. Weber, M. Minitti

ABSTRACT Advances in FEL technologies have contributed remarkably to various scientific fields over the past decade, and ultrafast molecular dynamics is no exception. The ability to probe motions of the molecule via scattering provides uniquely direct structural information, which, when combined with traditional spectroscopic techniques of comparable temporal resolution, paints a holistic movie of the molecular dynamics. This review aims to provide an introduction to the ultrafast scattering of gas-phase molecules, and to identify the key results and technological breakthroughs that advance our acquaintance of ultrafast molecular dynamics, with a particular focus on the achievements in ultrafast molecular dynamics since the first generation of FEL facilities. We present a brief history of gas-phase ultrafast scattering and the fundamentals of electron- and x-ray scattering, highlighting the complementarity, differences, and bottlenecks of the two experimental scattering methods. We then consider key upgrades in XRS and UED experiments that facilitated the unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution that enabled many of the notable results in the field. Finally, we examine anticipated facility upgrades that address the demand for experimental versatility and enable further developments and exploration. Graphical Abstract

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引用次数: 3

QM/MM methods in studies of coinage metals: copper, silver, and gold interacting with biological and organic molecules 铸币金属研究中的QM/MM方法：铜、银和金与生物和有机分子的相互作用

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2022-12-11 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2153625

O. Lopez-Acevedo, D. Sucerquia

ABSTRACT A QM/MM method is an atomistic simulation algorithm that allows researchers to describe different regions of a system with different physical laws. Here, we review this hybrid method’s applications to the study of copper, silver, and gold atoms and clusters interacting with biological and organic molecules. In particular, we highlight efforts to characterize the relaxation process in a copper(I) phenanthroline complex; details of Cu’s secretory path; the atomic structure of Ag-homopolymers of cytosine and guanine; DNA-stabilized silver clusters; effects related to temperature and solvent on thiolate-protected gold clusters’ optical properties; and the effect of a medium-like noble gas on a cluster’s optical spectrum. The results of these efforts demonstrate how QM/MM methods are applied successfully to a wide range of processes that include the study of excited state evolution, charge transport, light absorption, and emission, and determining an atomic structure in the absence of crystal-determined structure. We expect QM/MM methods will continue supporting the exploration of novel hybrid organo-metallic materials and their safe use in the environment, while also providing guidance on mechanisms to deal with diseases associated with a failure in cells’ proper behavior. Graphical Abstract

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引用次数: 0

Matrix mechanophysical factor: pore size governs the cell behavior in cancer 基质机械物理因素:孔隙大小决定肿瘤细胞的行为

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2153624

Muhammad Saif ur Rahman, Jiaen Wu, Hao Chen, Chengmei Sun, Ying Liu, Shanshan Xu

ABSTRACT Cancer tissues are a heterogeneously multifaceted assembly. Understanding the relationship of tumors with their microenvironment is also required to understand the tumor progression and metastasis better. Like tumors, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is heterogeneous, offering numerous mechanobiological, mechanochemical, and mechanophysical cues. Biomaterials impersonating extracellular matrix (ECM) properties must provide the mechanical cues cells get from their 3D extracellular environment. Pore size is one imperative yet less studied ECM factor implicated in the invasion and migration of the tumor. Several techniques are used to control the pore size of biomaterials constructed for a distinct tissue. Electrospinning is one of the most steadfast techniques for producing scaffolds with the preferred pore size. A comprehensive interpretation of ECM pore size would contribute toward a better understanding of the reciprocal interaction between pore size and tumor progression and can be used as a promising target for cancer treatments. In this review, we abridged the knowledge pertaining to (1) ECM and pore size, (2) the importance of pore size and its interplay with cancer, and (3) current advancement in the field of biomaterials to study pore size. Overall, this review will cover the effect of pore size on tumor cell behavior concerning electrospinning. ABSTRACT

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引用次数: 1

Optical simulation of various phenomena in curved space on photonic chips 弯曲空间中各种现象在光子芯片上的光学模拟

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2153626

Chong Sheng, Shining Zhu, Hui Liu

ABSTRACT Transformation optics have been an essential paradigm to manipulate electromagnetic waves on the subwavelength scale and have brought various functional photonic architectures into integrated photonic chips. On the other hand, in the spirit of analogical thinking, classical and quantum simulations of general relativity have been extensively studied in diverse physical systems. In this review, we summarize recent advances in analogical gravitation based on integrated photonic chips with the aid of transformation optics. Meanwhile, different types of transformation optical structures, such as gradient waveguides, metasurface waveguides, waveguides on curved space and gradient waveguide arrays, emulating a variety of phenomena in curved space are reviewed, including the gravitational lensing of black holes, Einstein rings, cosmic strings, the particle pair evolution near the event horizon and so on. Furthermore, perspectives for the study of analogical gravitation based on integrated photonic chips are discussed. Graphical Abstract

引用次数: 0

Water adsorption and dynamics on graphene and other 2D materials: Computational and experimental advances. 石墨烯和其他二维材料的水吸附和动力学：计算和实验进展。

IF 7.7 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2134051

M Sacchi, A Tamtögl

The interaction of water and surfaces, at molecular level, is of critical importance for understanding processes such as corrosion, friction, catalysis and mass transport. The significant literature on interactions with single crystal metal surfaces should not obscure unknowns in the unique behaviour of ice and the complex relationships between adsorption, diffusion and long-range inter-molecular interactions. Even less is known about the atomic-scale behaviour of water on novel, non-metallic interfaces, in particular on graphene and other 2D materials. In this manuscript, we review recent progress in the characterisation of water adsorption on 2D materials, with a focus on the nano-material graphene and graphitic nanostructures; materials which are of paramount importance for separation technologies, electrochemistry and catalysis, to name a few. The adsorption of water on graphene has also become one of the benchmark systems for modern computational methods, in particular dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT). We then review recent experimental and theoretical advances in studying the single-molecular motion of water at surfaces, with a special emphasis on scattering approaches as they allow an unparalleled window of observation to water surface motion, including diffusion, vibration and self-assembly.

在分子水平上，水和表面的相互作用对于理解诸如腐蚀、摩擦、催化和质量传递等过程至关重要。关于与单晶金属表面相互作用的重要文献不应掩盖冰的独特行为和吸附、扩散和远距离分子间相互作用之间的复杂关系的未知因素。关于水在新型非金属界面上的原子尺度行为，特别是在石墨烯和其他二维材料上的行为，我们所知的就更少了。在这篇论文中，我们回顾了在二维材料上吸附水的表征的最新进展，重点是纳米材料石墨烯和石墨纳米结构；这些材料对分离技术、电化学和催化等至关重要。水在石墨烯上的吸附也成为现代计算方法的基准体系之一，特别是分散化校正密度泛函理论（DFT）。然后，我们回顾了最近在研究水在表面的单分子运动方面的实验和理论进展，特别强调了散射方法，因为它们提供了一个无与伦比的观察水表面运动的窗口，包括扩散、振动和自组装。

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引用次数: 0

Time-resolved experiments on gas-phase atoms and molecules with XUV and X-ray free-electron lasers XUV和X射线自由电子激光器对气相原子和分子的时间分辨实验

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2132182

D. Rolles

ABSTRACT Over the last 20 years, XUV and X-ray free-electron lasers have enabled a wide variety of time-resolved experiments that have dramatically advanced our understanding of ultrafast molecular dynamics on atomic length scales and femtosecond time scales. This review focuses on experimental studies of ultrafast dynamics of atoms and molecules in the gas phase, tracing the development of the field from early proof-of-principle studies to recent pump-probe experiments that elucidate the coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics during photochemical reactions with a temporal resolution that is now extending into the attosecond domain. Graphical abstract

引用次数: 6

Bulk strong matter: the trinity 散装强物质：三位一体

IF 6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Advances in Physics: X

Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2022.2137433

X. Lai, C. Xia, Renxin Xu

Our world is wonderful because of the normal but negligibly small baryonic part (i.e., atoms) although unknown dark matter and dark energy dominate the Universe. A stable atomic nucleus could be simply termed as ``strong matter'' since its nature is dominated by the fundamental strong interaction. Is there any other form of strong matter? Although nuclei are composed of 2-flavoured (i.e., up and down flavours of valence quarks) nucleons, it is conjectured that bulk strong matter could be 3-flavoured (with additional strange quarks) if the baryon number exceeds the critical value, $A_{rm c}$, in which case quarks could be either free (so-called strange quark matter) or localized (in strangeons, coined by combining ``strange nucleon''). Bulk strong matter could be manifested in the form of compact stars, cosmic rays, and even dark matter. This trinity will be explained in this brief review, that may impact dramatically on today's physics, particularly in the era of multi-messenger astronomy after the discovery of gravitational wave.

尽管未知的暗物质和暗能量主宰着宇宙，但我们的世界之所以美好，是因为有正常但可忽略的小重子部分（即原子）。稳定的原子核可以简单地称为“强物质”，因为它的性质由基本的强相互作用决定。还有其他形式的强物质吗？尽管原子核是由2味（即价夸克的上下味）核子组成的，但如果重子数超过临界值$A_，在这种情况下，夸克可以是自由的（所谓的奇异夸克物质），也可以是定域的（在奇异子中，由“奇异核子”组合而成）。大体积强物质可以以致密恒星、宇宙射线甚至暗物质的形式表现出来。这三位一体将在这篇简短的综述中得到解释，这可能会对今天的物理学产生巨大影响，特别是在引力波发现后的多信使天文学时代。

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