Journal of prevention (2022)最新文献

Although accumulating studies indicate that alcohol-specific self-control can be useful in predicting adolescent alcohol use, little is known about its specificity. This longitudinal study aimed to advance our understanding of domain-specific self-control by examining whether alcohol-specific self-control mediates the effect of general self-control on adolescent alcohol use or has generalizing effects by also mediating the effect of general self-control on other behavior requiring self-control (adolescent digital media use and smoking). Data from 906 adolescents aged 11-14 years who were enrolled in the Dutch study Prevention of Alcohol Use in Students were used. Data were collected using online questionnaires at four annual measurements. Structural equation modelling revealed that higher alcohol-specific self-control fully mediated the effect of higher general self-control on alcohol use. Alcohol-specific self-control did not mediate the effect of higher general self-control on digital media use, but did partially mediate the effect of higher general self-control on smoking. These results suggest that alcohol-specific self-control is domain-specific, but not necessarily substance-specific. The domain-specificity of alcohol-specific self-control provides evidence for its theoretical relevance for the explanation of adolescent alcohol use. It also suggests leverage points for intervention programs focusing on improving alcohol-specific self-control to reduce adolescent alcohol use.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. NCDs also increase mortality from COVID-19 and primary health care (PHC) services are an important component in the prevention and control of long-term NCDs. The main goal of the present study was to review primary healthcare services for the NCDs patients via primary healthcare network during COVID-19 pandemic. In this scoping review, Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, and Science-direct up to 1st February 2022 were searched to identify studies regarding primary care services for NCDs patients via primary health care during COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 42 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. 24 studies were about the status and changes of primary health services for NCDs patients in PHC settings, while 18 studies focused on adaptive strategies used during COVID-19 in different countries including United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Portugal, Georgia, South Africa, Thailand, Mexico, India, Kenya, Guatemala and Saudi Arabia. These strategies included remote monitoring, follow up, consultation, empowerment and educational services as well as home visiting Disruption of NCDs services in PHC during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed in different countries, which highlights the urgency of attention of researchers and policy-makers to development of appropriate and adaptive policies to improve PHC service coverage and its quality during the pandemics.

How climate change is uniquely affecting Indigenous health remains a very less explored area in the existing research literature. The imperative of inclusive climate action to protect indigenous health multiplies manifolds due to their unique vulnerabilities owing to predominant dependence on natural resources and multiple disadvantages faced. The current article attempted to add to the evidence pool regarding climate change impacts on the indigenous population by systematically collecting, processing, and interpreting data as a scoping literature review for effective and inclusive climate policymaking. Twenty-Nine articles of varied study designs were identified employing a systematically organized search strategy using PubMed (Field, MeSH, and advanced search) and Google scholar; relevant data were extracted for further analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were followed. Changing climate scenarios had both direct and indirect health-related impacts on indigenous health, and altered the epidemiological triad for various health-related events, causing the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases, and increased prevalence of chronic diseases and mental disorders. An expanded framework was developed showcasing the variability of climate change events, multiple disadvantages, and its impacts on indigenous populations. Few studies also reported a wide range of adaptation responses of indigenous peoples towards climate change. It was substantiated that any climate-change mitigation policy must take into account the trials and tribulations of indigenous communities. Also, due to the complexity and large variability of the impacts and differences in mitigation capabilities, policies should be contextualized locally and tailored to meet the climate need of the indigenous community.

Responding to increases in overdose, addiction, and substance misuse, local public health experts need accurate data to plan and implement evidence-based prevention and treatment programs. In many countries, national data are the tool most readily available for these efforts. In the United States, the National Study on Drug Use and Health and the Treatment Episode Data Set are data sources used by states to determine the extent of addiction. This project sought to determine if these national data sources are applicable for local use in addiction prevention and program planning. NSDUH prevalence estimates from 2015 to 2019 were applied to the state population to determine the number of persons estimated to be substance users. The prevalence estimates were compared over time with the population data and substance use treatment admissions to assess the covariance and population change as an indicator of efficacy. The primary drivers of fatal overdose in Alaska are fentanyl, heroin, and methamphetamine. Fentanyl use was not assessed in either dataset. When applying the estimated use prevalence to the population, heroin users varied annually by 1777 persons and methamphetamine varied up to 2143 persons. These observed variances did not correspond with state population changes nor any trend in the persons seeking treatment for these substances. Our analyses do not support the use of NSDUH data for planning in rural and remote areas. The methods used in NSDUH data collection exclude ~ 20% of the state population, mostly Native persons, based on location and language. The annual prevalence estimates applied to the population did not correspond with changes in population nor changes in treatment. Fentanyl, which causes the most overdoses in Alaska and is of primary concern locally, was not assessed.

Background: There is a tremendous gap between the proportion of the population expressing concern about climate change and those engaged in climate change activism. We examined barriers to climate change activism among respondents stating climate change was an important issue to them.

Methods: Participants in a national online longitudinal study reported on 12 reasons for lack of involvement in climate change actions. Five months later, engagement in six climate change actions was assessed. The primary analyses focused on the 319 respondents who, out of 592 respondents who participated in both surveys, reported that the issue of global warming was extremely or very important to them.

Results: Participants showed a range of engagement in climate change activism behaviors: 29.8% donated money to an organization to reduce climate change, 32.3% signed a petition, 69.0% voted for candidates who support measures to reduce climate change, 11.9% wrote letters, e-mailed, or phoned government officials to urge them to take action, and 9.4% volunteered with organizations working to curb climate change. The median number of barriers was 5. The most frequent reasons for lack of involvement in climate change activism were other people are better at it (57.4%), hadn't been trained (56.7%), hadn't been asked (50.8%), not knowing how to get involved (49.8%), activities like letter writing not appealing (49.8%), too busy (38.9%), organizations would ask them for money (39.8%), and not encouraged to become involved (38.2%). Several barriers were associated with engagement in climate change activism five months later. The most consistent association with activism was with talking about climate change in the prior month.

Conclusion: Most respondents cited several barriers that impeded their involvement in climate change activism. Select barriers were associated with reduced engagement in activism. Organizations that address climate change should acknowledge barriers but emphasize that individuals can engage in climate change activism regardless of barriers.

Family discussions about climate change are a critical factor influencing children's climate change perceptions and behaviors. Yet, there is limited research on family communication about climate change in the US. Drawing from an online longitudinal sample, 214 parents reported on their 336 children. Descriptive statistics examined engagement in family climate change communication. Children's climate change concerns and parents' interest in engaging in conversations about climate change were assessed by the child's age. Logistic models examined how recent family climate change communication was associated with parents' perceived roles and barriers to engaging in conversations. Most parents (68%) were interested in talking to their children about climate change; of those expressing interest, only 46% reported recent communication. Parents reported that older children were more concerned about climate change than younger children (0-5 years: 21%; 6-11 years: 43%; 12-17 years: 56%), but no differences were identified in parents' interest in communicating with their children by the child's age. Recent family climate change communication was significantly associated with not knowing what to say and parents' perception that their role was to support their children in action. Study findings suggest a significant opportunity to involve families in climate change communication. Parents may benefit from training resources, especially those tailored to children's age, to help them communicate with their children about climate change. Strategies that engage parents and children in activism activities together are also needed.

The increasing co-use of e-cigarette and cannabis among youth has become a public health challenge. The present analyses aimed to identify prevalence and correlates of past-month co-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis among adolescents with and without prior tobacco use. For this panel study, 5 years of cross-sectional data (2014-2018) were used from 8th, 10th-, and 12th-grade adolescents in the Monitoring the Future study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. students. We examined prevalence and correlates of e-cigarettes and cannabis co-use among adolescents who had ever used tobacco (n = 15,136) and among those who had never used tobacco (n = 56,525). Adolescents who had ever used tobacco showed significantly higher rates of e-cigarettes and cannabis co-use compared to adolescents who had never used tobacco (17.1% vs. 2.2%, p < 0.01). Results from adjusted multinomial regression models showed that overall, Black and Hispanic adolescents tobacco users were less likely than Whites to co-use e-cigarettes and cannabis. Black adolescents who had used tobacco previously were more likely than Whites to have used cannabis exclusively. Black and Hispanic tobacco-naïve adolescents were more likely than Whites to have used cannabis exclusively, while Black tobacco-naïve adolescents were less likely to use e-cigarettes exclusively or co-use e-cigarettes and cannabis. Overall, males and twelve graders were more likely than males and eight graders to use or co-use cannabis or e-cigarettes, respectively. Among lifetime tobacco users, higher levels of parental education were associated with co-use of cannabis and e-cigarettes. Racial/ethnic-specific patterns of e-cigarette and cannabis co-use depends on adolescents' prior experience with tobacco. The higher rates of use and co-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis among prior tobacco users suggest that targeted interventions are needed for this group. Identified socio-demographic groups at higher risk of co-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis need to be further studied.

In advanced age, physical activity becomes an important element in maintaining one's individual health. GPs are considered to be well suited for advising and attending to older patients according to the principles of (preventive) healthcare. The subject was examined in the context of a study that determined options for action, experiences and strategies relating to the physical activation of older patients by GPs. Between 2021 and 2022, 76 semi-standardised interviews amongst GPs were conducted in all federal states of Germany. The data were evaluated by qualitative content analysis. The category system includes: importance of promoting physical activity; focus of exercise counselling; procedure of counselling; overview of exercise offers and cooperation with healthcare stakeholders; challenges and optimisation approaches. Many interviewees were aware of the significance of promoting health and exercise among older persons. Some physicians paid attention to identifying suitable activities for patients and motivating them to participate on a long-term basis. Cooperations with local health stakeholders have been identified. The interviewees recognised various challenges, which were mainly attributable to the lack of structures for health promotion. Several of the GPs lacked an overview of the physical activity programmes. GPs should assume an active role in exercise and health promotion for older patients. For them to be able to refer their patients effectively to exercise opportunities offered, it will be of importance to integrate the GP setting into a community-based network of prevention. Training measures could support the GP team to refer to the value of physical activity and address need-based recommendations.

The present study examined the influence of improvements to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure on rates of under-five mortality specifically from diarrheal disease amongst children in fragile states. The World Bank's Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals both include a specific target of reduction in preventable disease amongst children, as well as goal to improve WASH. Although gains have been made, children under the age of five remain particularly vulnerable to diarrheal mortality in states identified as fragile. Increasingly, climate change is placing undue pressure on states labeled fragile due to their inability to properly prepare for, or respond to, natural disasters that further compromise WASH development and water safety. The impact of climate change upon child health outcomes is neither direct nor linear and necessitates a linkage framework that can account for complex pathways between environmental pressures and public health outcomes. The World Health Organization's Drive Force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action conceptual framework was used to draw the connections between seemingly disparate, and highly nuanced, environmental, and social measures. Using a multilevel hierarchical model, this analysis used a publicly available UNICEF data set that reported rates of mortality specifically from diarrheal disease amongst children age five and younger. All 171 formally recognized countries were included, which showed a decline in diarrheal disease over time when investments in WASH infrastructure are compared. As states experience increased pressure because of climate change, this area of intervention is key for immediate health and safety of children under-five, as well as assisting fragile states long-term as the move toward stability.

Introduction: Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) benefit from a variety of services to meet their immediate and long-term needs. Drop-in centers are a popular service venue used by YEH. However, the mechanisms responsible for engaging youth in drop-in services are not clear. The current study uses longitudinal data to explore the role of positive staff relationships in increasing youths' knowledge and efficacy to access and subsequently use drop-in center services.

Methods: 731 youth (M_age = 21.8, SD = 2.2, 25.1% female) accessing services at three drop-in centers in Los Angeles, California participated in the study. Surveys were completed at baseline, 1-month, and 3-months later. Path models examined the direct effect of positive relationships with adult staff on service use at the 3-month follow-up, and the indirect effect of service knowledge (assessed at the 1-month follow-up).

Results: The direct effect model showed that positive staff relationships at baseline were significantly associated with number of services used at the 3-month follow-up (aIRR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.54). Positive staff relationships were also associated with greater service knowledge at 1-month (b = 0.93, p < 0.001), which in turn was associated with greater service use at 3-months (IRR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.28). The indirect effect of service knowledge was significant (b = 0.13, p = 0.02), suggesting that the association between positive staff relationships and service use was completely mediated by service knowledge.

Conclusions: The current study adds to the literature by demonstrating that positive relationships with staff lead to increased service use by increasing youths' knowledge and efficacy to access services. Efforts should be made to develop positive relationships with YEH in order to engage them in essential services needed to exit homelessness.