Carbon sequestration plays a significant part in alleviating climate change by changing over climatic carbon as plant biomass and soil organic carbon. Since trees can hold greater carbon in their biomass than other plant types, perennial plantations have a vital function in mitigating the adversities in climate. Coconut is a perennial palm with a life time of around 50-60 years has the capability to store carbon for a long time, especially in the stem. Due to the increased availability of space and solar radiation reaching the understorey, the carbon sequestration capacity of coconut plantations can be considerably increased. As a result, intercropping or agroforestry in coconut lands is important not only for food and economic security but also for carbon sequestration. On an average carbon sequestration potential of coconut trees range between 37 kg tree-1 yr-1 (dwarf variety) up to 56 kg tree-1yr-1 (tall variety). After 20 years of establishment, monoculture coconut land can be transformed into perennial mixed cropping or agroforestry system that can sequester more carbon.
{"title":"Carbon Sequestration Potential in Coconut based Cropping System: A Review","authors":"V.V. Namitha, S. K. Raj, K. Prathapan","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2553","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon sequestration plays a significant part in alleviating climate change by changing over climatic carbon as plant biomass and soil organic carbon. Since trees can hold greater carbon in their biomass than other plant types, perennial plantations have a vital function in mitigating the adversities in climate. Coconut is a perennial palm with a life time of around 50-60 years has the capability to store carbon for a long time, especially in the stem. Due to the increased availability of space and solar radiation reaching the understorey, the carbon sequestration capacity of coconut plantations can be considerably increased. As a result, intercropping or agroforestry in coconut lands is important not only for food and economic security but also for carbon sequestration. On an average carbon sequestration potential of coconut trees range between 37 kg tree-1 yr-1 (dwarf variety) up to 56 kg tree-1yr-1 (tall variety). After 20 years of establishment, monoculture coconut land can be transformed into perennial mixed cropping or agroforestry system that can sequester more carbon.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81969954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamanna Pathak Talukdar, B. Tamuli, R. Boruah, Millo K. Richo
Background: The intercropping of maize with legumes is beneficial in multifaceted aspects. Advantages of maize-legume intercropping is pronounced in the form of higher yield and greater utilization of available resources, benefits in weeds, pests and disease management, fixation of biological nitrogen by legumes and transfer of nitrogen to associated maize and control of erosion by covering a large extent of ground area. The current investigation aimed to study the effect of maize-French bean and maize-soybean intercropping on growth and yield of maize under rainfed condition of Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh. Methods: The field experiment was conducted during 2021 in randomized block design consisting of 3 treatments i.e. T1- sole maize, T2- maize + French bean and T3- maize + soybean with four replications. Observations on growth and yield parameters and yield of maize were recorded on harvesting of the crop. The results were analysed using standard statistical procedures of ANOVA. Result: In maize + French bean and maize + soybean intercropping, the growth and yield parameters as well as yield of maize was higher in maize + soybean intercropping as compared to maize + French bean system. The grain yield of maize under maize + soybean intercropping was 5541.67 kg ha-1. From this study, it can be concluded that the intercropping of maize with soybean would be profitable due to higher yield of maize (2 rows of maize and 2 rows of soybean) under farmer’s field condition of Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh.
背景:玉米与豆类的间作具有多方面的益处。玉米-豆科作物间作的优势表现在:产量更高，可利用资源得到更好的利用，在杂草、病虫害管理方面有好处，豆科植物对生物氮的固定和对相关玉米的氮转移，以及通过大面积覆盖地面面积来控制侵蚀。本试验旨在研究**南赛地区旱作条件下玉米-蚕豆间作和玉米-大豆间作对玉米生长和产量的影响。方法:田间试验于2021年进行，采用随机区组设计，分为T1-单玉米、T2-玉米+蚕豆和T3-玉米+大豆3个处理，共4个重复。在收获时记录了玉米的生长、产量参数和产量。采用方差分析的标准统计程序对结果进行分析。结果:在玉米+蚕豆和玉米+大豆间作中，玉米+大豆间作的生长和产量参数以及玉米的产量均高于玉米+蚕豆。玉米+大豆间作玉米产量为5541.67 kg hm -1。本研究认为，在**南赛地区农民的田间条件下，玉米(2行玉米+ 2行大豆)产量较高，玉米与大豆间作是有利可图的。
{"title":"Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays) as Influenced by Intercropping of French Bean and Soybean","authors":"Tamanna Pathak Talukdar, B. Tamuli, R. Boruah, Millo K. Richo","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2474","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The intercropping of maize with legumes is beneficial in multifaceted aspects. Advantages of maize-legume intercropping is pronounced in the form of higher yield and greater utilization of available resources, benefits in weeds, pests and disease management, fixation of biological nitrogen by legumes and transfer of nitrogen to associated maize and control of erosion by covering a large extent of ground area. The current investigation aimed to study the effect of maize-French bean and maize-soybean intercropping on growth and yield of maize under rainfed condition of Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh.\u0000Methods: The field experiment was conducted during 2021 in randomized block design consisting of 3 treatments i.e. T1- sole maize, T2- maize + French bean and T3- maize + soybean with four replications. Observations on growth and yield parameters and yield of maize were recorded on harvesting of the crop. The results were analysed using standard statistical procedures of ANOVA. Result: In maize + French bean and maize + soybean intercropping, the growth and yield parameters as well as yield of maize was higher in maize + soybean intercropping as compared to maize + French bean system. The grain yield of maize under maize + soybean intercropping was 5541.67 kg ha-1. From this study, it can be concluded that the intercropping of maize with soybean would be profitable due to higher yield of maize (2 rows of maize and 2 rows of soybean) under farmer’s field condition of Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84085430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicia Daniels, Gyanpriya Maharaj, Mark A. Ram, Rovindra Lakenarine
Agriculture is the most important economic activity around the world with its contributions reflected by its share in the gross domestic product of countries. It ensures food security, provides raw materials for many industries and employment opportunities. Today, pest and diseases are among the main challenges plaguing the agricultural sector. More specifically, phytophagous mites are devastating many economically important crops worldwide. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Two-spotted spider mites), Raoiella indica Hirst, (red palm mites), Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (broad mites) and Panonychus ulmi Koch (European red mites) are widely known for their extensive damage to crops. To control these mites, farmers have incorporated the use of pesticides into their farming systems. However, chemical control comes with many problems such as insect resistance, detrimental environmental effects and various human health implications. As such biological control is an environmentally friendly alternative that uses bio-control agents such as predators, pathogens and parasitoids to control pests. In this review, it was found that predators and pathogens were the most widely used biocontrol agents, specifically, the Amblyseius spp. Berlese were most effective and widely documented. The available literature also suggests that for successful control of agricultural mites via biological control, there needs to be a clear understanding of the behaviors of these mites and the bio-control agents used.
{"title":"Biological Control Methods for Agricultural Mites: A Review","authors":"Alicia Daniels, Gyanpriya Maharaj, Mark A. Ram, Rovindra Lakenarine","doi":"10.18805/ag.rf-247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.rf-247","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is the most important economic activity around the world with its contributions reflected by its share in the gross domestic product of countries. It ensures food security, provides raw materials for many industries and employment opportunities. Today, pest and diseases are among the main challenges plaguing the agricultural sector. More specifically, phytophagous mites are devastating many economically important crops worldwide. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Two-spotted spider mites), Raoiella indica Hirst, (red palm mites), Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (broad mites) and Panonychus ulmi Koch (European red mites) are widely known for their extensive damage to crops. To control these mites, farmers have incorporated the use of pesticides into their farming systems. However, chemical control comes with many problems such as insect resistance, detrimental environmental effects and various human health implications. As such biological control is an environmentally friendly alternative that uses bio-control agents such as predators, pathogens and parasitoids to control pests. In this review, it was found that predators and pathogens were the most widely used biocontrol agents, specifically, the Amblyseius spp. Berlese were most effective and widely documented. The available literature also suggests that for successful control of agricultural mites via biological control, there needs to be a clear understanding of the behaviors of these mites and the bio-control agents used.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88948746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal stress is a unique and complex process which alters the normal physiological mechanisms. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to be highly conserved and ubiquitous proteins synthesized in response to several stimuli. The HSP inducers have been categorized as environmental (heat shock, UV radiation, heavy metals, amino acids, oxidative stress, etc.) pathological (bacterial or parasitic infections, fever, inflammation, etc.) and physiological (growth factors, cell differentiation, hormonal stimulation or tissue development, caloric restriction, etc.). The HSPs play an important role for maintaining cellular functioning under environmental challenges and protein denaturation conditions. There is a great potential for using HSP72 expression to detect natural adaptation and exposure to stress in natural populations. Leptin is a 16 kDa polypeptide hormone secreted primarily from the cells of white adipose tissue. Leptin acts through both central and peripheral mechanisms to affect feeding behaviour, lipid and glucose metabolism, thermogenesis, reproductive and endocrine functions. Leptin also plays an important role in the regulation of body weight and composition, e.g. reduction in feed intake and increase in energy expenditure. Bovine lymphocytes express Ob-Rb gene (leptin receptor) and also express leptin. There are ample information on the central role of leptin in brain and neural tissue regulation. In dairy cattle, the increase in milk yield has been associated with a negative energy balance and a decrease in fertility during early lactation. The hormone leptin is involved in regulation of nutritional status and reproductive function.
{"title":"Role of HSP and Leptin in Dairy Animals during Thermal Stress: A Review","authors":"M. Vaidya, S. Dhenge, V. Dongre, S. Singh","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2547","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal stress is a unique and complex process which alters the normal physiological mechanisms. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to be highly conserved and ubiquitous proteins synthesized in response to several stimuli. The HSP inducers have been categorized as environmental (heat shock, UV radiation, heavy metals, amino acids, oxidative stress, etc.) pathological (bacterial or parasitic infections, fever, inflammation, etc.) and physiological (growth factors, cell differentiation, hormonal stimulation or tissue development, caloric restriction, etc.). The HSPs play an important role for maintaining cellular functioning under environmental challenges and protein denaturation conditions. There is a great potential for using HSP72 expression to detect natural adaptation and exposure to stress in natural populations. Leptin is a 16 kDa polypeptide hormone secreted primarily from the cells of white adipose tissue. Leptin acts through both central and peripheral mechanisms to affect feeding behaviour, lipid and glucose metabolism, thermogenesis, reproductive and endocrine functions. Leptin also plays an important role in the regulation of body weight and composition, e.g. reduction in feed intake and increase in energy expenditure. Bovine lymphocytes express Ob-Rb gene (leptin receptor) and also express leptin. There are ample information on the central role of leptin in brain and neural tissue regulation. In dairy cattle, the increase in milk yield has been associated with a negative energy balance and a decrease in fertility during early lactation. The hormone leptin is involved in regulation of nutritional status and reproductive function.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90676454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adequate nutrient intake (avoidance of excess or deficiency) is essential to ensure an optimum health status hence, no induction of risks related to lifestyle diseases. Even nutrients and functional ingredients in foods are chemical substances but we need to draw a line of demarcation between such substances, based on long history of dietary habits and novel substances and/or xenobiotics. FOSHU contains highly purified or concentrated functional ingredients, present in ordinary foods,however, it is to take safety issues into consideration. FOSHU is the only type of food product, with functional ingredients, can carry health claims and affect the structure and physiological functions of the body. These consumed for health promotion or to control specified health conditions such as gastrointestinal conditions Therefore, FOSHU products target both healthy individuals and diseased people. When the products are manufactured or distributed, the government approval is required with prior hand rigorous evaluation of safety and effectiveness of proposed product. In a nutshell, comprehensive knowledge on structure and function of human body, pathogenesis of diseases, nutrients and their metabolism etc., as well as the mechanisms of efficacy vis-à-vis FOSHU, which ranges over pharmacology, medicine and food and nutrition, is required.
{"title":"Foods for Specific Health Use (FOSHU): A Review","authors":"P. Singla, P. K. Dhillon, M. .","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2512","url":null,"abstract":"Adequate nutrient intake (avoidance of excess or deficiency) is essential to ensure an optimum health status hence, no induction of risks related to lifestyle diseases. Even nutrients and functional ingredients in foods are chemical substances but we need to draw a line of demarcation between such substances, based on long history of dietary habits and novel substances and/or xenobiotics. FOSHU contains highly purified or concentrated functional ingredients, present in ordinary foods,however, it is to take safety issues into consideration. FOSHU is the only type of food product, with functional ingredients, can carry health claims and affect the structure and physiological functions of the body. These consumed for health promotion or to control specified health conditions such as gastrointestinal conditions Therefore, FOSHU products target both healthy individuals and diseased people. When the products are manufactured or distributed, the government approval is required with prior hand rigorous evaluation of safety and effectiveness of proposed product. In a nutshell, comprehensive knowledge on structure and function of human body, pathogenesis of diseases, nutrients and their metabolism etc., as well as the mechanisms of efficacy vis-à-vis FOSHU, which ranges over pharmacology, medicine and food and nutrition, is required.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83857618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to distinct agro-climatic, geological and edaphic characters in hilly region of Uttarakhand owing the large genetic diversity of crop species, vegetation and indigenously developed land races. Due to less water and other external inputs requirement traditional legume crops are well suited to rainfed condition of hilly region of Uttarakhand. These traditional legume crops are rich in taste, odour, colour, nutritional values, medicinal and soil fertility enhancement characteristics. But due to increased population pressure, changed food habit, lack of innovative agricultural technology, environment conservation policies and increased market forces a shift from traditional to modern intensive agriculture system during the past few decades resulted in decline in area and production of traditional legume crops. For increasing the area and production (61.18 thousand ha and 53.63 thousand ton) of traditional legume crops, a suitable long-term strategies and management practices for strengthening the distribution facilities for produce and availability of market for conservation of traditional legume crops needs to be worked out in the state.
{"title":"Diversity of Traditional Grain Legumes of Himalayan Region of Uttarakhand: A Review","authors":"M. Pandey, Nirdesh Kumar","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2362","url":null,"abstract":"Due to distinct agro-climatic, geological and edaphic characters in hilly region of Uttarakhand owing the large genetic diversity of crop species, vegetation and indigenously developed land races. Due to less water and other external inputs requirement traditional legume crops are well suited to rainfed condition of hilly region of Uttarakhand. These traditional legume crops are rich in taste, odour, colour, nutritional values, medicinal and soil fertility enhancement characteristics. But due to increased population pressure, changed food habit, lack of innovative agricultural technology, environment conservation policies and increased market forces a shift from traditional to modern intensive agriculture system during the past few decades resulted in decline in area and production of traditional legume crops. For increasing the area and production (61.18 thousand ha and 53.63 thousand ton) of traditional legume crops, a suitable long-term strategies and management practices for strengthening the distribution facilities for produce and availability of market for conservation of traditional legume crops needs to be worked out in the state.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74306674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consumers awareness toward usages of natural ingredient for finishing textiles has built an ever-growing demand. New textile technologies have empowered the application of new ingredient on the fabric to provide its functional benefits to the end product. Essential oil has gained popularity as they symbolize “green” alternative and have been used to add specific function to textile due to their eco-friendly and biodegradable nature. Some essential oils, which can be used to infuse textiles with aroma, are also known to attain antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiseptic and antioxidant properties that can be useful for different textile applications. Aromatherapy is a form of an alternative medicine in which essential oils are used to impart therapeutic effects. It is important to develop textile materials with added functional properties in order to promote healthy and eco-friendly life style. Vetiver is one of the multipurpose essential oil that is economically and ecologically important. The main action of vetiver esssential oil is on the nervous system and it is both sedative and strengthening in effect. It has been traditionally used in aromatherapy from a long period of time for relieving stress, anxiety, depression, tension and insomnia. Therefore, vetiver essential oil can be used to impart finishing onto the textiles to develop functionalized textiles with useful properties.
{"title":"Multifunctional Finishing of Textiles using Microencapsulated Vetiver Essential Oil: A Review","authors":"S. Rukhaya, N. Rose, S. Yadav","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2532","url":null,"abstract":"Consumers awareness toward usages of natural ingredient for finishing textiles has built an ever-growing demand. New textile technologies have empowered the application of new ingredient on the fabric to provide its functional benefits to the end product. Essential oil has gained popularity as they symbolize “green” alternative and have been used to add specific function to textile due to their eco-friendly and biodegradable nature. Some essential oils, which can be used to infuse textiles with aroma, are also known to attain antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiseptic and antioxidant properties that can be useful for different textile applications. Aromatherapy is a form of an alternative medicine in which essential oils are used to impart therapeutic effects. It is important to develop textile materials with added functional properties in order to promote healthy and eco-friendly life style. Vetiver is one of the multipurpose essential oil that is economically and ecologically important. The main action of vetiver esssential oil is on the nervous system and it is both sedative and strengthening in effect. It has been traditionally used in aromatherapy from a long period of time for relieving stress, anxiety, depression, tension and insomnia. Therefore, vetiver essential oil can be used to impart finishing onto the textiles to develop functionalized textiles with useful properties.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90745939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vegetables are imperative to the general health of individuals, providing essential nutrients and thereby reducing risks from dangerous diseases. To study the socio-economic conditions of vegetable growers, analyse their cost of cultivation, to study the resource use efficiency and analyse the market structure and problem associated in production and marketing of vegetables. The sampling technique for investigation and analytical techniques have been explained under the sub heads: selection of the study area, sampling design and sample size, nature and source of data, analytical technique, definition of terms and concepts used and limitations of the study. The main crops grown in the kharif season were maize, tomato, capsicum and beans and that in rabi season were pea, cauliflower and wheat. The most dominating vegetables in the kharif and rabi season were tomato and pea respectively. The cost of cultivation per hectare was highest for tomato, followed by pea and cauliflower. Four marketing channels were prevalent in the study area viz., Channel-A, Channel-B, Channel-C and Channel-D. The maximum quantity of tomato, cauliflower and pea were marketed through Channel-B. The major problems faced by the growers in production of vegetables were non-availability of labours during the peak period, problems of insects and diseases, high wage rates and high chemical prices. The study gives a brief information of socio-economic conditions, crops grown, the cost concepts used, the marketing channels and the problems faced by the farmers prevailing in the various study areas.
{"title":"Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Major Vegetable Crops: A Review","authors":"Ishita Mandla, M. Vaidya","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2549","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetables are imperative to the general health of individuals, providing essential nutrients and thereby reducing risks from dangerous diseases. To study the socio-economic conditions of vegetable growers, analyse their cost of cultivation, to study the resource use efficiency and analyse the market structure and problem associated in production and marketing of vegetables. The sampling technique for investigation and analytical techniques have been explained under the sub heads: selection of the study area, sampling design and sample size, nature and source of data, analytical technique, definition of terms and concepts used and limitations of the study. The main crops grown in the kharif season were maize, tomato, capsicum and beans and that in rabi season were pea, cauliflower and wheat. The most dominating vegetables in the kharif and rabi season were tomato and pea respectively. The cost of cultivation per hectare was highest for tomato, followed by pea and cauliflower. Four marketing channels were prevalent in the study area viz., Channel-A, Channel-B, Channel-C and Channel-D. The maximum quantity of tomato, cauliflower and pea were marketed through Channel-B. The major problems faced by the growers in production of vegetables were non-availability of labours during the peak period, problems of insects and diseases, high wage rates and high chemical prices. The study gives a brief information of socio-economic conditions, crops grown, the cost concepts used, the marketing channels and the problems faced by the farmers prevailing in the various study areas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83708294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Chandrasekaran, V. Ravichandran, T. Sivakumar, A. Senthil
Cotton is one of the most important cash crop grown for its fibre, which is the raw material for the textile industry. In India, the average yield and profitability of cotton cultivation are low as compared to developing countries. The main reason for this is hand picking of bolls, which is labour intensive resulting into low income of cotton growers. Furthermore, in India, most of the cotton varieties are indeterminate where the bolls do not mature at the same time and thus requires repeated hand pickings. Whereas the developed countries have 100% mechanized cotton picking due to determinate or semi-determinate plant types. Adoption of mechanical harvesting in India is dependent upon the availability of suitable cotton varieties as well as defoliants, desiccants, boll openers, growth hormones and re-growth inhibitors (Thatikunta et al., 2018). Defoliation before cotton harvesting is very important to maintain the quality of produce. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on effect and timing of application of defoliants on physiological characteristics of cotton. This will help in developing further research proposals to develop plant types for mechanical harvesting and use of defoliates to produce good fiber quality and increased farm income.
{"title":"Use of Defoliants for Achieving Improved Productivity and Quality of Cotton: A Review","authors":"P. Chandrasekaran, V. Ravichandran, T. Sivakumar, A. Senthil","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2372","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton is one of the most important cash crop grown for its fibre, which is the raw material for the textile industry. In India, the average yield and profitability of cotton cultivation are low as compared to developing countries. The main reason for this is hand picking of bolls, which is labour intensive resulting into low income of cotton growers. Furthermore, in India, most of the cotton varieties are indeterminate where the bolls do not mature at the same time and thus requires repeated hand pickings. Whereas the developed countries have 100% mechanized cotton picking due to determinate or semi-determinate plant types. Adoption of mechanical harvesting in India is dependent upon the availability of suitable cotton varieties as well as defoliants, desiccants, boll openers, growth hormones and re-growth inhibitors (Thatikunta et al., 2018). Defoliation before cotton harvesting is very important to maintain the quality of produce. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on effect and timing of application of defoliants on physiological characteristics of cotton. This will help in developing further research proposals to develop plant types for mechanical harvesting and use of defoliates to produce good fiber quality and increased farm income.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90704950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an ancient and important millet crop of India. The crop is predominantly grown as rainfed crop in the peninsular Indian states. The crop has shown numerous advantages over major cereals in terms of stress adaptation, nutritional quality and health benefits. Finger millet is highly self pollinated crop. Hybridization in finger millet is difficult due to small cleistogamous florets. Presently hot-water treatment followed by contact method of crossing is widely used across institutes for generating breeding populations. The availability of versatile male sterile systems could enhance hybridization in the crop. A novel male sterile line PS1, developed and maintained just by growing in isolation and thus improving its accessibility for hybridization. The varieties in finger millet released over a period of time were by adapting hybridization followed by selection. Till now, a total of 141 varieties of finger millet have been developed and released in the country. Finger millet occupies a prime position among millets. Realizing the nutritional importance, it is now in high demand. Knowledge on the improved production strategies right from selection of high yielding varieties to market led extension and extensive usage at national and global level has a vital role. The review, therefore, provided detailed information on hybridization methods, crop improvement and details of recently released varieties and their adaptation in finger millet.
{"title":"Current Scenario of Crop Improvement of Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.)] in India: A Review","authors":"T. Nagaraja, Sujata Bhat, C. Nandini","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2545","url":null,"abstract":"Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an ancient and important millet crop of India. The crop is predominantly grown as rainfed crop in the peninsular Indian states. The crop has shown numerous advantages over major cereals in terms of stress adaptation, nutritional quality and health benefits. Finger millet is highly self pollinated crop. Hybridization in finger millet is difficult due to small cleistogamous florets. Presently hot-water treatment followed by contact method of crossing is widely used across institutes for generating breeding populations. The availability of versatile male sterile systems could enhance hybridization in the crop. A novel male sterile line PS1, developed and maintained just by growing in isolation and thus improving its accessibility for hybridization. The varieties in finger millet released over a period of time were by adapting hybridization followed by selection. Till now, a total of 141 varieties of finger millet have been developed and released in the country. Finger millet occupies a prime position among millets. Realizing the nutritional importance, it is now in high demand. Knowledge on the improved production strategies right from selection of high yielding varieties to market led extension and extensive usage at national and global level has a vital role. The review, therefore, provided detailed information on hybridization methods, crop improvement and details of recently released varieties and their adaptation in finger millet.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86305342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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