Genetic variation is essential for crop breeding. In classical plant breeding programme, variation is generated by hybridization and selections are made from the resulting segregating generations. Induced mutagenesis can supplement hybridization or able to replace as a source of variability. Since, mutations bring about variation, they provide the ultimate basis for evolution of new forms, varieties or species. Induced and spontaneous mutations have played an important role in developing improved cultivars of various fruit crops as a supplementary method to conventional breeding. But, induced mutations also have well defined limitations in fruit breeding applications, but their possibilities may be expanded by the use of in vitro mutation techniques.
{"title":"Recent Advances and Achievements in Mutation Breeding of Fruit Crops: A Review","authors":"Karishma Sebastian, B. Bindu, M. Arya","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2616","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic variation is essential for crop breeding. In classical plant breeding programme, variation is generated by hybridization and selections are made from the resulting segregating generations. Induced mutagenesis can supplement hybridization or able to replace as a source of variability. Since, mutations bring about variation, they provide the ultimate basis for evolution of new forms, varieties or species. Induced and spontaneous mutations have played an important role in developing improved cultivars of various fruit crops as a supplementary method to conventional breeding. But, induced mutations also have well defined limitations in fruit breeding applications, but their possibilities may be expanded by the use of in vitro mutation techniques.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78424205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this modern era, farmers are adopting high density planting (HDP) for most of the fruit crops. Dwarfing is based on the principle of making the optimal use of vertical and horizontal space per unit time and harnessing the highest potential returns per unit of inputs and natural resources. Dwarfing in fruit crops can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including the use of dwarfing rootstock, the selection of spur type scion cultivars, use of interstock, pruning, root pruning, various training systems, girdling, scoring, bark invasion and the application of growth retardants. One strategy for promoting early fruiting, less vigour and increasing production is to utilize dwarf root stocks. The mechanism underlying dwarfing involves anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes. It has been proposed that dwarfing rootstock or interstock control tree size by regulating the auxin that passes through the rootstock or interstock’s bark. Paclobutrazol retards growth, shoot elongation and reduced internodal length by inhibiting gibberellins synthesis. Dwarfness can be imparted by the using incompatible rootstock. Dwarfing can be induced by inducing viral infection, although, it is not commercially adopted. Recombinant DNA technology has recently expanded the gene pool that can be managed to cause dwarfism and maximize benefits in horticulture crops.
{"title":"Dwarfism in Fruit Plants: A Review","authors":"","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2585","url":null,"abstract":"In this modern era, farmers are adopting high density planting (HDP) for most of the fruit crops. Dwarfing is based on the principle of making the optimal use of vertical and horizontal space per unit time and harnessing the highest potential returns per unit of inputs and natural resources. Dwarfing in fruit crops can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including the use of dwarfing rootstock, the selection of spur type scion cultivars, use of interstock, pruning, root pruning, various training systems, girdling, scoring, bark invasion and the application of growth retardants. One strategy for promoting early fruiting, less vigour and increasing production is to utilize dwarf root stocks. The mechanism underlying dwarfing involves anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes. It has been proposed that dwarfing rootstock or interstock control tree size by regulating the auxin that passes through the rootstock or interstock’s bark. Paclobutrazol retards growth, shoot elongation and reduced internodal length by inhibiting gibberellins synthesis. Dwarfness can be imparted by the using incompatible rootstock. Dwarfing can be induced by inducing viral infection, although, it is not commercially adopted. Recombinant DNA technology has recently expanded the gene pool that can be managed to cause dwarfism and maximize benefits in horticulture crops.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81516641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Threshing of paddy crop is carried out using manual, animal or mechanized power sources depends on the farmland size. In a thresher, rasp bar, spike tooth, peg tooth and wire-loop type threshing elements can be fitted with the threshing cylinder irrespective of direction of crop feed and flow. Different elements are responsible to thresh the crop with different actions which include impact, rubbing, combing, squeezing and their combination. This review was carried out to explore the effect of different threshing elements and threshing methods on performance of paddy threshing. Unlike threshing of other cereal crops, hull removal is not required in paddy. Selection of threshing elements based on the crop to be threshed. The type of threshing element determines the threshing efficiency, energy requirement and grain loss. Among rasp bar, spike tooth, peg tooth and wire-loop type threshing elements, wire-loop type was found to be most suitable for paddy threshing. Factors like cylinder speed, cylinder type and diameter, concave clearance and throughput rate affect the threshing performance. A low speed of cylinder produces more un-threshed grains. It can be compensated using for axial flow thresher as it has high crop retention period. Contrarily, a high speed is responsible for better threshing efficiency along with the more grain breakage and energy consumption. Using tangential flow thresher crop retention period can be minimized. The work rate of pedal and power thresher was, respectively 2 and 10 times more than that of manual threshing. The average threshing efficiency of pedal thresher, power thresher and combine harvester was reported to be 97 to 99%, 96.30 to 99.75% and 98.5%, respectively.
{"title":"Harvesting and Threshing Methods for Paddy-II: A Review","authors":"S. Sahu","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2578","url":null,"abstract":"Threshing of paddy crop is carried out using manual, animal or mechanized power sources depends on the farmland size. In a thresher, rasp bar, spike tooth, peg tooth and wire-loop type threshing elements can be fitted with the threshing cylinder irrespective of direction of crop feed and flow. Different elements are responsible to thresh the crop with different actions which include impact, rubbing, combing, squeezing and their combination. This review was carried out to explore the effect of different threshing elements and threshing methods on performance of paddy threshing. Unlike threshing of other cereal crops, hull removal is not required in paddy. Selection of threshing elements based on the crop to be threshed. The type of threshing element determines the threshing efficiency, energy requirement and grain loss. Among rasp bar, spike tooth, peg tooth and wire-loop type threshing elements, wire-loop type was found to be most suitable for paddy threshing. Factors like cylinder speed, cylinder type and diameter, concave clearance and throughput rate affect the threshing performance. A low speed of cylinder produces more un-threshed grains. It can be compensated using for axial flow thresher as it has high crop retention period. Contrarily, a high speed is responsible for better threshing efficiency along with the more grain breakage and energy consumption. Using tangential flow thresher crop retention period can be minimized. The work rate of pedal and power thresher was, respectively 2 and 10 times more than that of manual threshing. The average threshing efficiency of pedal thresher, power thresher and combine harvester was reported to be 97 to 99%, 96.30 to 99.75% and 98.5%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78022540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Marginalisation of Indian agriculture, due to increase in marginal and small agricultural households, brings the focus back on subsistence agriculture. Among other things, understanding the economics of subsistence agriculture will go a long way in making its practice viable by making sure the help that these subsistence farmers need are provided. Therefore, the present study attempts to study the economics of paddy-wheat and maize-wheat rotation cropping system practiced by subsistence farmers of Himachal Pradesh whose agriculture sector is known for its diversification towards high value crops. Methods: The study has used survey data collected from 60 randomly selected households from Rait block of district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. 30 households practicing paddy-wheat rotating cultivation are selected from Boh and Drini village and 30 households doing Maize-Wheat rotating cultivation are from Machhlini, Panjol, Khridi, Rulede and Lahri village. The study is based on primary data which has been collected through a pre-tested schedule. Using the primary data, we have brought out factors other than self-consumption needs that determines choice between two farming systems and also two group of farmers are compared in terms of productivity, cost of cultivation and net returns from cultivation. Result: Our study found that irrigation facilities play an important role in the choice between the two cropping systems. Return from cultivation is negative for both groups of farmers if imputed value of family labour is included. Performance of paddy-wheat farmers is significantly better than maize-wheat farmers in economic terms in the study area.
{"title":"Economics of Subsistence Farming: A Comparative Analysis of Paddy-wheat and Maize-wheat Rotation Cropping System in Himachal Pradesh","authors":"Smriti ., A. K. Basantaray","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2600","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Marginalisation of Indian agriculture, due to increase in marginal and small agricultural households, brings the focus back on subsistence agriculture. Among other things, understanding the economics of subsistence agriculture will go a long way in making its practice viable by making sure the help that these subsistence farmers need are provided. Therefore, the present study attempts to study the economics of paddy-wheat and maize-wheat rotation cropping system practiced by subsistence farmers of Himachal Pradesh whose agriculture sector is known for its diversification towards high value crops. Methods: The study has used survey data collected from 60 randomly selected households from Rait block of district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. 30 households practicing paddy-wheat rotating cultivation are selected from Boh and Drini village and 30 households doing Maize-Wheat rotating cultivation are from Machhlini, Panjol, Khridi, Rulede and Lahri village. The study is based on primary data which has been collected through a pre-tested schedule. Using the primary data, we have brought out factors other than self-consumption needs that determines choice between two farming systems and also two group of farmers are compared in terms of productivity, cost of cultivation and net returns from cultivation. Result: Our study found that irrigation facilities play an important role in the choice between the two cropping systems. Return from cultivation is negative for both groups of farmers if imputed value of family labour is included. Performance of paddy-wheat farmers is significantly better than maize-wheat farmers in economic terms in the study area.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88228407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specific soil conditions such as salinity/ alkalinity are considered to be the major global concern causing a serious threat to sustainability of a particular production system. Salt affected soils are mainly characterized by low organic matter content, poor soil fertility with respect to available macro and micronutrients. Therefore, judicious management of nutrients in addition to reclamation of these soils is considered to be the need of an hour for enhancing agricultural productivity while sustaining our resources. The crop response to added nutrients also varies considerably due to their diverse chemical composition and behavior in such soils which in turn affect the precipitation-dissolution reactions and adsorption-desorption kinetics and thereby affecting their availability to crops during growing season. This review paper attempts to review the efficient fertility management techniques in problematic soils particularly the salt affected soils under rice -wheat cropping system.
{"title":"Fertility Management in Salt Affected Soils under Rice-wheat Cropping System: A Review","authors":"R. ., H. S. Sheoran, V. Kumar, Sushil .","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2615","url":null,"abstract":"Specific soil conditions such as salinity/ alkalinity are considered to be the major global concern causing a serious threat to sustainability of a particular production system. Salt affected soils are mainly characterized by low organic matter content, poor soil fertility with respect to available macro and micronutrients. Therefore, judicious management of nutrients in addition to reclamation of these soils is considered to be the need of an hour for enhancing agricultural productivity while sustaining our resources. The crop response to added nutrients also varies considerably due to their diverse chemical composition and behavior in such soils which in turn affect the precipitation-dissolution reactions and adsorption-desorption kinetics and thereby affecting their availability to crops during growing season. This review paper attempts to review the efficient fertility management techniques in problematic soils particularly the salt affected soils under rice -wheat cropping system.","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84987764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prashant Kumar, Pushpanjali Singh, S. Chauhan, M. Swaroop, A. Bhardwaj, T. Datta, V. Nayan
Nanotechnology applications are increasingly recognized as potential tools in animal sciences, veterinary medicine, drug delivery, disease diagnosis and vaccine development. The nanoparticles and their therapeutic trends provide a realistic glimpse of current and future trends in veterinary diagnosis and medicine. Nanotechnology is ascribed to provide new horizons for applications in molecular biology and biotechnology by revolutionizing almost every field of veterinary or animal sciences by offering novel nano-scale tools and materials which can benefit society in all walks of life. The nanoparticles have been employed in diverse biological and non-biological functions. Nanomaterials can contribute to the farm animals for long-term sustainability by increasing the quality and quantity of safe, healthy and functional animal products. Although there are advantages while using nanoparticles to enhance performance and heal diseases in livestock, it is universally recognized that some nanoparticles can cause toxic and adverse effects on living creatures. Apart from that, the promise of nanoscience in veterinary medicine and livestock reproduction is yet to be explored. A few studies have been made on the uses of nanoparticles in veterinary medicine, livestock health and reproduction. Awareness is needed about the possible toxic effects and hazards, which could harm the living world. To improve the efficient and accurate diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases, more sophisticated research on nanomaterials and nanomedicines is required.
{"title":"Nanotechnology for Animal Sciences-New Insights and Pitfalls: A Review","authors":"Prashant Kumar, Pushpanjali Singh, S. Chauhan, M. Swaroop, A. Bhardwaj, T. Datta, V. Nayan","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2620","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology applications are increasingly recognized as potential tools in animal sciences, veterinary medicine, drug delivery, disease diagnosis and vaccine development. The nanoparticles and their therapeutic trends provide a realistic glimpse of current and future trends in veterinary diagnosis and medicine. Nanotechnology is ascribed to provide new horizons for applications in molecular biology and biotechnology by revolutionizing almost every field of veterinary or animal sciences by offering novel nano-scale tools and materials which can benefit society in all walks of life. The nanoparticles have been employed in diverse biological and non-biological functions. Nanomaterials can contribute to the farm animals for long-term sustainability by increasing the quality and quantity of safe, healthy and functional animal products. Although there are advantages while using nanoparticles to enhance performance and heal diseases in livestock, it is universally recognized that some nanoparticles can cause toxic and adverse effects on living creatures. Apart from that, the promise of nanoscience in veterinary medicine and livestock reproduction is yet to be explored. A few studies have been made on the uses of nanoparticles in veterinary medicine, livestock health and reproduction. Awareness is needed about the possible toxic effects and hazards, which could harm the living world. To improve the efficient and accurate diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases, more sophisticated research on nanomaterials and nanomedicines is required.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81972296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deleterious effects of climatic changes and diverse environmental conditions, possess a major threat to agriculture in terms of growth and yield. So, to meet these challenges, there is a need to develop new crop varieties containing traits resistant against abiotic and biotic stresses and enhanced input use efficiency. Compared with domesticated cultivars, crop wild relatives maintains much higher level of genetic diversity. The high nutrient and bioactive content of many wild edible plants make them valued contributors for balanced diet and play significant role in human nutrition. In this review article, we discussed the importance of crop wild relative in crop improvement programs by giving examples of wild relatives that have been used to enhance abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and yield in various crop species. The advancement in DNA sequence technology enables plant breeders to produce high quality food. Further, combination of re-sequencing and de novo sequencing are efficiently used to explore genomic variation in crop wild relatives and moreover the genome analysis study results in detection of beneficial alleles in wild relatives which has been lost in cultivated species. Thus, conservation of genetic pool of crop wild relatives is essential to maintain sustainability of agriculture and food production.
{"title":"Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) a Genetic Pool for Crop Improvement: A Review","authors":"Amandeep Kaur, M. Sangha","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2613","url":null,"abstract":"Deleterious effects of climatic changes and diverse environmental conditions, possess a major threat to agriculture in terms of growth and yield. So, to meet these challenges, there is a need to develop new crop varieties containing traits resistant against abiotic and biotic stresses and enhanced input use efficiency. Compared with domesticated cultivars, crop wild relatives maintains much higher level of genetic diversity. The high nutrient and bioactive content of many wild edible plants make them valued contributors for balanced diet and play significant role in human nutrition. In this review article, we discussed the importance of crop wild relative in crop improvement programs by giving examples of wild relatives that have been used to enhance abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and yield in various crop species. The advancement in DNA sequence technology enables plant breeders to produce high quality food. Further, combination of re-sequencing and de novo sequencing are efficiently used to explore genomic variation in crop wild relatives and moreover the genome analysis study results in detection of beneficial alleles in wild relatives which has been lost in cultivated species. Thus, conservation of genetic pool of crop wild relatives is essential to maintain sustainability of agriculture and food production.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83856216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The government of India launched e-NAM in 2016 with the concept to unify nationwide agricultural markets by creating a central online platform. More than six years have passed since the inception of the scheme, yet the studies claim the unawareness among stakeholders regarding e-NAM. Thus, the present study is an attempt to assess the level of awareness about e-NAM in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal among Jute farmers. Methods: The study was conducted with the help of primary data collected from 80 farmers of Cooch Behar district, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Awareness level is operationalised on a percentage basis and logistic regression is used to examine the factors affecting awareness about e-NAM. Result: The findings revealed that 56.25 per cent of sample farmers were found unaware, 23.75 per cent were moderately aware and 20 per cent were aware of the e-NAM. The farmers were unaware of the basic facilities and technologies available under e-NAM. The significant factors affecting awareness are access to market information, education level, distance to the nearest mandi and participation at training/awareness camps. The concerned APMCs should put extra effort into raising awareness of e-marketing.
{"title":"Assessment of Awareness Level of e-NAM among the Jute Farmers of Cooch Behar District in West Bengal","authors":"D. Barman, S. Katoch, A. M.","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2592","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The government of India launched e-NAM in 2016 with the concept to unify nationwide agricultural markets by creating a central online platform. More than six years have passed since the inception of the scheme, yet the studies claim the unawareness among stakeholders regarding e-NAM. Thus, the present study is an attempt to assess the level of awareness about e-NAM in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal among Jute farmers. Methods: The study was conducted with the help of primary data collected from 80 farmers of Cooch Behar district, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Awareness level is operationalised on a percentage basis and logistic regression is used to examine the factors affecting awareness about e-NAM. Result: The findings revealed that 56.25 per cent of sample farmers were found unaware, 23.75 per cent were moderately aware and 20 per cent were aware of the e-NAM. The farmers were unaware of the basic facilities and technologies available under e-NAM. The significant factors affecting awareness are access to market information, education level, distance to the nearest mandi and participation at training/awareness camps. The concerned APMCs should put extra effort into raising awareness of e-marketing.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81855719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agronomic manipulations are imperative for apposite growth of crop leading to higher yields. Various management practices like seed rate, planting time and method, plant population, intercultural practices, weed management, fertilizers and irrigation application, intercropping, mulch application for soil moisture conservation, etc. results in increased water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop. Also selection of crop which necessities lesser water usage for crop growth encourages diversification. Greengram is paramount preference for areas with scarcity of good quality water. Being rich in protein content and minerals, it serves the purpose of healthy regimen. Timely sown crop results in better growth due to favorable climatic conditions. Whereas late sown crop is adversely affected by pest attack, temperature fluctuation etc. ensuing reduced water use efficiency and yield diminution. Planting method, plant population and intercultural operations are essential in agronomic point of view. Selection of apt irrigation regimes directly effects water use efficiency in any field study. As crop productivity is equal with water productivity, the efficient irrigation schedule assures water saving without affecting the crop yields. Because, where no irrigations are given, the water use may be low by the crop but, this may affect crop yields. Use of recommended fertilizers may facilitate the use of irrigation water by crop for its better growth and improved WUE. Insertion of low water requiring crop as intercrop can unswervingly increase water productivity. Applying mulch conserve moisture as its use lowers evaporation from soil surface. Usage of weed management practices conserves irrigation water as weeds compete with crop plants for water and nutrients. Wherefore, the present review will reckon upon the impact of innumerable agronomic interventions in increasing water productivity.
{"title":"Agronomic Interventions for Higher Water use Efficiency in Greengram (Vigna radiata): An Overview","authors":"A. Kaur, Lovepreet Kaur","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2584","url":null,"abstract":"Agronomic manipulations are imperative for apposite growth of crop leading to higher yields. Various management practices like seed rate, planting time and method, plant population, intercultural practices, weed management, fertilizers and irrigation application, intercropping, mulch application for soil moisture conservation, etc. results in increased water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop. Also selection of crop which necessities lesser water usage for crop growth encourages diversification. Greengram is paramount preference for areas with scarcity of good quality water. Being rich in protein content and minerals, it serves the purpose of healthy regimen. Timely sown crop results in better growth due to favorable climatic conditions. Whereas late sown crop is adversely affected by pest attack, temperature fluctuation etc. ensuing reduced water use efficiency and yield diminution. Planting method, plant population and intercultural operations are essential in agronomic point of view. Selection of apt irrigation regimes directly effects water use efficiency in any field study. As crop productivity is equal with water productivity, the efficient irrigation schedule assures water saving without affecting the crop yields. Because, where no irrigations are given, the water use may be low by the crop but, this may affect crop yields. Use of recommended fertilizers may facilitate the use of irrigation water by crop for its better growth and improved WUE. Insertion of low water requiring crop as intercrop can unswervingly increase water productivity. Applying mulch conserve moisture as its use lowers evaporation from soil surface. Usage of weed management practices conserves irrigation water as weeds compete with crop plants for water and nutrients. Wherefore, the present review will reckon upon the impact of innumerable agronomic interventions in increasing water productivity.","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72943137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is an important woody angiosperm belonging to the order Rutales, family Meliaceae. Neem is a botanical relative of mahogany and is native to India and Burma.The studies on genetic improvement of Neem are not well documented so for the effective use of Neem resources, effective exploration and improvement required. The current paper aimed to review all the studies related to genetic improvement of neem to understand genetic variability in Neem and its improvement can be done in this medicinally important tree species. In thispaper various studies has been reviewed that provided status of the improvement work on Neem all over the world. Tree breeders assessed the genetic resources available for improvement, selecting genes with high utility and economic value and packaging them into genotypes that may be utilized to start commercial plantations. Researchers used biotechnological, traditional tools to improve this species. Despite its widespread ranged studies and numerous researches for better understanding breeding efforts must be expanded.
印楝(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)是楝科印楝目一种重要的木本被子植物。印楝树是桃花心木的植物亲戚，原产于印度和缅甸。印度楝树的遗传改良研究文献较少，为了有效利用印度楝树资源，需要对其进行有效的开发和改良。本文旨在对印度楝树遗传改良的相关研究进行综述，以了解印度楝树的遗传变异性以及对这一重要药用树种的遗传改良。本文综述了国内外对印楝改良工作的研究现状。树木育种家评估可用于改良的遗传资源，选择具有高效用和经济价值的基因，并将其打包成可用于开办商业种植园的基因型。研究人员使用生物技术和传统工具来改善这个物种。尽管其广泛的研究范围和大量的研究，以更好地了解育种努力必须扩大。
{"title":"Genetic Improvement in Neem-A Potential Multipurpose Tree: A Review","authors":"S. Swati, R. Dhaka, Dipika Ayate","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2582","url":null,"abstract":"Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is an important woody angiosperm belonging to the order Rutales, family Meliaceae. Neem is a botanical relative of mahogany and is native to India and Burma.The studies on genetic improvement of Neem are not well documented so for the effective use of Neem resources, effective exploration and improvement required. The current paper aimed to review all the studies related to genetic improvement of neem to understand genetic variability in Neem and its improvement can be done in this medicinally important tree species. In thispaper various studies has been reviewed that provided status of the improvement work on Neem all over the world. Tree breeders assessed the genetic resources available for improvement, selecting genes with high utility and economic value and packaging them into genotypes that may be utilized to start commercial plantations. Researchers used biotechnological, traditional tools to improve this species. Despite its widespread ranged studies and numerous researches for better understanding breeding efforts must be expanded.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76261109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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