J. K. Owaresat, M. Siam, D. Dey, S. Jabed, F. Badsha, M. S. Islam, M. Kabir
Symbiotic N2 fixation is essential for the plant’s growth because it can fix reactive nitrogen compounds in soil. However, all steps of this process can be hampered by several biotic and abiotic environmental factors. This study mainly focused on discussing the impacts of 12 major factors on this process by reviewing the significant numbers of research works. According to the information from these works, we found some significant physiological and genetic impacts caused by these factors like plasmid deletion, genomic mismanagement, abnormal molecular signals, toxicity, deficiency of minerals, deformation of rhizobial cells, protein denaturation, nucleic acid damage, acetylene reduction and nod factors limitation. Furthermore, expression of heat or acid shock proteins, internal buffering, genes spanning, extracellular immobilization, periplasmic allocation, change of lipopolysaccharides composition, intracellular accumulation of inorganic and organic solutes (Osmolyte) and activation of hydrogenase expression are shown by both micro and macro symbionts as a natural response to adapt to these stress conditions. Though the stress-tolerant strains like HR-3, HR-6, HR-10, HR-12, acta, actP, exoR, lpiA, actR, actS and phrR can be used to sense the external environment and make signals to change gene transcription during the adverse condition, the application of genetic engineering should be expanded more to promote the commercial inoculation by the production of novel stress-tolerant strains or modified genes of rhizobia and legumes.
{"title":"Factors Impacting Rhizobium-legume Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation with the Physiological and Genetic Responses to Overcome the Adverse Conditions: A Review","authors":"J. K. Owaresat, M. Siam, D. Dey, S. Jabed, F. Badsha, M. S. Islam, M. Kabir","doi":"10.18805/ag.rf-257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.rf-257","url":null,"abstract":"Symbiotic N2 fixation is essential for the plant’s growth because it can fix reactive nitrogen compounds in soil. However, all steps of this process can be hampered by several biotic and abiotic environmental factors. This study mainly focused on discussing the impacts of 12 major factors on this process by reviewing the significant numbers of research works. According to the information from these works, we found some significant physiological and genetic impacts caused by these factors like plasmid deletion, genomic mismanagement, abnormal molecular signals, toxicity, deficiency of minerals, deformation of rhizobial cells, protein denaturation, nucleic acid damage, acetylene reduction and nod factors limitation. Furthermore, expression of heat or acid shock proteins, internal buffering, genes spanning, extracellular immobilization, periplasmic allocation, change of lipopolysaccharides composition, intracellular accumulation of inorganic and organic solutes (Osmolyte) and activation of hydrogenase expression are shown by both micro and macro symbionts as a natural response to adapt to these stress conditions. Though the stress-tolerant strains like HR-3, HR-6, HR-10, HR-12, acta, actP, exoR, lpiA, actR, actS and phrR can be used to sense the external environment and make signals to change gene transcription during the adverse condition, the application of genetic engineering should be expanded more to promote the commercial inoculation by the production of novel stress-tolerant strains or modified genes of rhizobia and legumes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89503122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Navinkumar, N. Thavaprakaash, S. Panneerselvam, R. Ajaykumar
Rice is an important food crop cultivated all over the world and in India. There are different factors such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and solar radiation are influencing on rice crop production. Not only these factors, but also, some of the micro climatic factors such as canopy temperature, leaf temperature, soil temperature and stomatal conductance are also influencing on crop production. Microclimate, which refers to the climatic factors in the immediate proximity of the plants it controls and influences the physiological responses of the plants as well as the activities of energy exchange between the plant and its surroundings. It is expected that increased year-to-year yield variability in crop production will result from an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods, as well as from irregular precipitation patterns.In order to promote food security and agricultural sustainability in this changing climate, it is necessary to use such microclimatic alterations in crop production in order to reduce the risk of extreme weather events and increase crop output. This study aims to increase crop output and land productivity through microclimate modification as a demonstration of the effectiveness and efficiency of growth factor utilisation. The detailed description of microclimate and its role with reference to rice crops are reviewed under this chapter.
{"title":"Micrometeorological Studies in Rice: A Review","authors":"C. Navinkumar, N. Thavaprakaash, S. Panneerselvam, R. Ajaykumar","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2603","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is an important food crop cultivated all over the world and in India. There are different factors such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and solar radiation are influencing on rice crop production. Not only these factors, but also, some of the micro climatic factors such as canopy temperature, leaf temperature, soil temperature and stomatal conductance are also influencing on crop production. Microclimate, which refers to the climatic factors in the immediate proximity of the plants it controls and influences the physiological responses of the plants as well as the activities of energy exchange between the plant and its surroundings. It is expected that increased year-to-year yield variability in crop production will result from an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods, as well as from irregular precipitation patterns.In order to promote food security and agricultural sustainability in this changing climate, it is necessary to use such microclimatic alterations in crop production in order to reduce the risk of extreme weather events and increase crop output. This study aims to increase crop output and land productivity through microclimate modification as a demonstration of the effectiveness and efficiency of growth factor utilisation. The detailed description of microclimate and its role with reference to rice crops are reviewed under this chapter.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76928741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering the major setback in agricultural productivity received due to unscientific and excessive practice of intensive farming with injudicious use of chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides etc.) as well as environmental hazards, there is a need for at least a partial paradigm shift towards eco-friendly organic approach. Practicing organic agriculture with various organic inputs like Kunapajala can provide soil health management as well as plant protection against pest and diseases, which finally reflects an increase in agricultural productivity. Although this traditional ITK formulation have been modified over the years according to the raw material availability across the location, it is rich in beneficial micro-organisms, growth promoting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, bio-pesticidal compounds which play key roles in crop growth and development when this organic liquid is applied alone or in combination with other organic/inorganic nutrient sources. However, research works on Kunapajala to standardize the dose, time and method of application, quantity of raw materials used for preparation, nutritional properties and response of crop to its application are very limited which further urges for scientific testing through multi-locational, multi-crop research trial and laboratory analysis of the quality of this liquid organic formulation. Afterwards, it requires transfusion to farming community through strong extension works to achieve sustainability in agricultural production.
{"title":"Kunapajala: A Traditional Organic Formulation for Improving Agricultural Productivity: A Review","authors":"Saikat Biswas, Rupa Das","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2570","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the major setback in agricultural productivity received due to unscientific and excessive practice of intensive farming with injudicious use of chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides etc.) as well as environmental hazards, there is a need for at least a partial paradigm shift towards eco-friendly organic approach. Practicing organic agriculture with various organic inputs like Kunapajala can provide soil health management as well as plant protection against pest and diseases, which finally reflects an increase in agricultural productivity. Although this traditional ITK formulation have been modified over the years according to the raw material availability across the location, it is rich in beneficial micro-organisms, growth promoting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, bio-pesticidal compounds which play key roles in crop growth and development when this organic liquid is applied alone or in combination with other organic/inorganic nutrient sources. However, research works on Kunapajala to standardize the dose, time and method of application, quantity of raw materials used for preparation, nutritional properties and response of crop to its application are very limited which further urges for scientific testing through multi-locational, multi-crop research trial and laboratory analysis of the quality of this liquid organic formulation. Afterwards, it requires transfusion to farming community through strong extension works to achieve sustainability in agricultural production.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88622199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kumari, P. Kumawat, S. S. Rajput, Sharanbasappa Yeri, D. K. Gothwal, S. Choudhary, B. L. Kumhar, Ram Kunwar, G. Kumawat
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system was instigated first into eukaryotes in the last ten years are becoming productive and worldwide application for genome modification. Genome engineering through insertion of foreign DNA insert have numerous disadvantages which could be overcome by use of DNA-free genome editing. Various ways of DNA-free genome editing mediated by CRISPR/Cas systems are CRISPR/Cas delivery as ribonucleoprotein, delivery of CRISPR/Cas as virus-like particles and agrobacterium-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas. Crop improvement through DNA-free genome editing via CRISPR/Cas have been applied in rice, wheat, maize, tomato, soybean and rare species like Nicotiana benthamiana etc. It is method of choice for precise genome editing without genome shuffle in an organism.
{"title":"Application of DNA-free CRISPR/Cas-mediated Genome Editing in Crops: A Review","authors":"V. Kumari, P. Kumawat, S. S. Rajput, Sharanbasappa Yeri, D. K. Gothwal, S. Choudhary, B. L. Kumhar, Ram Kunwar, G. Kumawat","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2572","url":null,"abstract":"Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system was instigated first into eukaryotes in the last ten years are becoming productive and worldwide application for genome modification. Genome engineering through insertion of foreign DNA insert have numerous disadvantages which could be overcome by use of DNA-free genome editing. Various ways of DNA-free genome editing mediated by CRISPR/Cas systems are CRISPR/Cas delivery as ribonucleoprotein, delivery of CRISPR/Cas as virus-like particles and agrobacterium-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas. Crop improvement through DNA-free genome editing via CRISPR/Cas have been applied in rice, wheat, maize, tomato, soybean and rare species like Nicotiana benthamiana etc. It is method of choice for precise genome editing without genome shuffle in an organism.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89044560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Rana, Ravneet Kaur, Rajbir Singh, Mahantesh Shirur, R. Padaria, Sarang Monga, R.K. Singh, Randhir Singh, Akshay K. Singh
The agricultural extension system in India has the daunting task of serving about 146.45 million farm families. Public extension systems comprising KVKs, ATMA, State Line Departments, SAUs and ICAR Institutes have been playing a pivotal role in extending extension services; of late, private players like input companies, credit and insurance firms, Corporate Social Responsibility units, NGOs, farmers’ associations (FBOs/FPOs) and commodity boards (Rubber, Coffee, etc.) have made a significant impact in this area. Despite such a vast network of public and private extension agencies, there is a wide gap in service delivery and extension education interventions. All these extension agencies have their strength and weaknesses but also hold promising dynamism for future challenges. As agricultural extension will be a very important determinant of future agricultural growth, the assessment of SWOT analysis of different extension agencies engaged in delivering extension services in India is imperative.
{"title":"A Critical Review and SWOT Analysis of Important Extension Agencies in India for Improving Extension Management","authors":"R. Rana, Ravneet Kaur, Rajbir Singh, Mahantesh Shirur, R. Padaria, Sarang Monga, R.K. Singh, Randhir Singh, Akshay K. Singh","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2522","url":null,"abstract":"The agricultural extension system in India has the daunting task of serving about 146.45 million farm families. Public extension systems comprising KVKs, ATMA, State Line Departments, SAUs and ICAR Institutes have been playing a pivotal role in extending extension services; of late, private players like input companies, credit and insurance firms, Corporate Social Responsibility units, NGOs, farmers’ associations (FBOs/FPOs) and commodity boards (Rubber, Coffee, etc.) have made a significant impact in this area. Despite such a vast network of public and private extension agencies, there is a wide gap in service delivery and extension education interventions. All these extension agencies have their strength and weaknesses but also hold promising dynamism for future challenges. As agricultural extension will be a very important determinant of future agricultural growth, the assessment of SWOT analysis of different extension agencies engaged in delivering extension services in India is imperative.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78431735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sankar Kaniamuthan, A. Manimaran, A. Kumaresan, P. R. Wankhade, T. Karuthadurai, M. Sivaram, D. Rajendran
Negative energy balance condition during transition period is a gateway for production and infectious diseases during periparturient period. Energy balance is calculated directly through difference in energy input and energy output or indirect methods like estimation of energy metabolites (NEFA, BHBA and glucose level), Body condition scoring (BCS), back fat thickness, body weight and milk components (e.g., fat protein ratio), etc., at herd level. All the indirect energy balance indicators were studied in relation to postpartum health and performances in dairy animals. Blood biochemical parameters are routinely used for evaluation of general health status of animals. But, their relationship with energy balance in early lactating cows is not clear. In this review, effects of energy balance, critical period to assess the energy balance, and blood biochemical parameters in relation to energy balance, milk yield and health status of dairy animals are discussed. We also discussed energy balance indicators in other biological fluids in dairy cattle.
{"title":"Biochemical Indicators of Energy Balance in Blood and Other Secretions of Dairy Cattle: A Review","authors":"Sankar Kaniamuthan, A. Manimaran, A. Kumaresan, P. R. Wankhade, T. Karuthadurai, M. Sivaram, D. Rajendran","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2571","url":null,"abstract":"Negative energy balance condition during transition period is a gateway for production and infectious diseases during periparturient period. Energy balance is calculated directly through difference in energy input and energy output or indirect methods like estimation of energy metabolites (NEFA, BHBA and glucose level), Body condition scoring (BCS), back fat thickness, body weight and milk components (e.g., fat protein ratio), etc., at herd level. All the indirect energy balance indicators were studied in relation to postpartum health and performances in dairy animals. Blood biochemical parameters are routinely used for evaluation of general health status of animals. But, their relationship with energy balance in early lactating cows is not clear. In this review, effects of energy balance, critical period to assess the energy balance, and blood biochemical parameters in relation to energy balance, milk yield and health status of dairy animals are discussed. We also discussed energy balance indicators in other biological fluids in dairy cattle.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87425668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silicon (Si), the second most abundant element in earth crust (28.8%) after the oxygen (47%), is usually found as silicates or metasilicates. Most soils contain Si content in the range of 14 to 20 mg Si/l. In spite of its abundance in the biosphere, it is usually sparingly soluble and limited in availability; essentiality of Si as an essential nutrient for higher plants is difficult to prove. Sugarcane, a typical Si accumulating plant is known to absorb a large amount of silica from the soil. The benefits of Si for sugarcane were realized for the first time at Hawaii, where field amended with Si-rich compounds had significantly higher cane yield as compared to untreated control. This review is an attempt to discuss the role of silicon on nutrient uptake, alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses along with reported physio-biochemical attributes in sugarcane.
{"title":"Role of Silicon in Sugarcane: A Review","authors":"R. Jain","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2568","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon (Si), the second most abundant element in earth crust (28.8%) after the oxygen (47%), is usually found as silicates or metasilicates. Most soils contain Si content in the range of 14 to 20 mg Si/l. In spite of its abundance in the biosphere, it is usually sparingly soluble and limited in availability; essentiality of Si as an essential nutrient for higher plants is difficult to prove. Sugarcane, a typical Si accumulating plant is known to absorb a large amount of silica from the soil. The benefits of Si for sugarcane were realized for the first time at Hawaii, where field amended with Si-rich compounds had significantly higher cane yield as compared to untreated control. This review is an attempt to discuss the role of silicon on nutrient uptake, alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses along with reported physio-biochemical attributes in sugarcane.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86977877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water chestnut (Trapa spp.) is an important annual, floated but rooted aquatic plant of temperate and tropical freshwater wetlands of India. The water chestnut is native to Europe, Asia and Africa and has been widely cultivated for a long time for food in Asia. It thrives best in nutrient-rich water with a pH range of 6.7 to 8.2. The plant Trapa spp. has also been recognized as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial. The kernels of water chestnut act as a diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutrient, appetizer, astringent, coolant, anti-diarrheal and tonic. It is an excellent source of minerals such as K, Ca and Mg, as well as carbohydrates and protein. In the creation of mixed products, many food products derived from the chestnut kernel and its flour are used. The yield per hectare is approximately 4-4.5 tones of fresh fruit and 1-1.5 tones of dry nuts. As fresh, canned fruit, dry nuts and flour, it has a very promising market in India and internationally. Fresh fruits are extremely delicious. TSS values varied from 7.0 to 9.00B. It is a very lovely and low-cost nutritious food that has the potential to manipulate the food market by making available various water chestnut mix flour items that might play an essential role in addressing malnutrition in India. This study of enumerated areas, production and marketing potential may be of immense value and great interest to researchers and academicians.
{"title":"Recent Production and Marketing Scenarios of Water Chestnut (Trapa spp.) in India: A Review","authors":"B. Jana","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2555","url":null,"abstract":"Water chestnut (Trapa spp.) is an important annual, floated but rooted aquatic plant of temperate and tropical freshwater wetlands of India. The water chestnut is native to Europe, Asia and Africa and has been widely cultivated for a long time for food in Asia. It thrives best in nutrient-rich water with a pH range of 6.7 to 8.2. The plant Trapa spp. has also been recognized as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial. The kernels of water chestnut act as a diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutrient, appetizer, astringent, coolant, anti-diarrheal and tonic. It is an excellent source of minerals such as K, Ca and Mg, as well as carbohydrates and protein. In the creation of mixed products, many food products derived from the chestnut kernel and its flour are used. The yield per hectare is approximately 4-4.5 tones of fresh fruit and 1-1.5 tones of dry nuts. As fresh, canned fruit, dry nuts and flour, it has a very promising market in India and internationally. Fresh fruits are extremely delicious. TSS values varied from 7.0 to 9.00B. It is a very lovely and low-cost nutritious food that has the potential to manipulate the food market by making available various water chestnut mix flour items that might play an essential role in addressing malnutrition in India. This study of enumerated areas, production and marketing potential may be of immense value and great interest to researchers and academicians.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90275972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micro-propagation refers to the technique of in vitro multiplication of plants in a short duration using any plant parts (nodes, leaves, flowers, seeds etc.) under aseptic conditions. It is advantageous over vegetative propagation and its application in horticultural aspects. It is well-proven method of surplus production of elite identical plants in a controlled environment which are uniform, stable, disease-free, true-to-type and are independent of any seasonal restrictions or limitations. India is homeland to diverse of significant but minor fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry, (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Karonda (Carissa carandas L.), Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.), Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophylous L.) which bear high nutritional, medicinal, therapeutic values and of great commercial importance (medicinal, food and cosmetics). Due to a paucity of desirable planting materials, the commercial production process for these crops is restricted. Micropropagation has the potential to significantly increase the number of new cultivars or genotypes of such fruit crops. The objective of this review study is to compile existing research work done on the micropropagation of these underutilized fruit crops.
{"title":"Micropropagation of Minor Fruit Crops of India: A Review","authors":"Vartika Singh, B. Deen, S. Singh","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2569","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-propagation refers to the technique of in vitro multiplication of plants in a short duration using any plant parts (nodes, leaves, flowers, seeds etc.) under aseptic conditions. It is advantageous over vegetative propagation and its application in horticultural aspects. It is well-proven method of surplus production of elite identical plants in a controlled environment which are uniform, stable, disease-free, true-to-type and are independent of any seasonal restrictions or limitations. India is homeland to diverse of significant but minor fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry, (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Karonda (Carissa carandas L.), Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.), Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophylous L.) which bear high nutritional, medicinal, therapeutic values and of great commercial importance (medicinal, food and cosmetics). Due to a paucity of desirable planting materials, the commercial production process for these crops is restricted. Micropropagation has the potential to significantly increase the number of new cultivars or genotypes of such fruit crops. The objective of this review study is to compile existing research work done on the micropropagation of these underutilized fruit crops.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87301142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The organic agriculture approaches for the betterment of food security at a global position. It is a disputed subject for discussion. Although, there are several types of research on the different factors in different aspects of organic farming. Most of the given data come from the deep suffering crisis in Sri Lanka. How organic farming implemented in Sri Lanka and how it performed till now in the context of farmers having small holdings remains poorly understood. Additionally, we found that somehow organic agriculture is responsible for the crisis in Sri Lanka. The major challenges for the rapid collapse of Sri Lanka were limited capacity, lack of suitable inputs and market access. Organic farming gives the impression of being one of the center stages of the crises. Some commentators have blamed Sri Lanka’s decision to go organic as the root cause of this crisis. Additionally, the event was used to smear the regenerative agriculture movement.
{"title":"Reliance on Organic Farming Resulted in Food Crises in Sri Lanka: A Review","authors":"K. Parashar, S. Joshi, S. Kaushal","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2589","url":null,"abstract":"The organic agriculture approaches for the betterment of food security at a global position. It is a disputed subject for discussion. Although, there are several types of research on the different factors in different aspects of organic farming. Most of the given data come from the deep suffering crisis in Sri Lanka. How organic farming implemented in Sri Lanka and how it performed till now in the context of farmers having small holdings remains poorly understood. Additionally, we found that somehow organic agriculture is responsible for the crisis in Sri Lanka. The major challenges for the rapid collapse of Sri Lanka were limited capacity, lack of suitable inputs and market access. Organic farming gives the impression of being one of the center stages of the crises. Some commentators have blamed Sri Lanka’s decision to go organic as the root cause of this crisis. Additionally, the event was used to smear the regenerative agriculture movement.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72662375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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