The current changes in fruit production scenario challenged the quality and quantity of fruits required for the vast population. The abiotic and biotic stresses, encountered at critical growth stages and adversely affect productivity of plants. The abiotic stresses like drought, extremes temperature floods and salinity have emerged as major challenges for production of crops. The different abiotic stressescause morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes and ultimately impacting the productivity and quality of plants. Timely intervention with appropriate adaptation strategies would help in realizing sustainable yields and further enable to overcome adverse effects of abiotic stresses. Successful cultivation of crops and attaining reasonable yields under abiotic stress situations mainly depends on the available adaptation options. Practices like modification in cultural practices, adopting novel irrigation, choice of tolerant rootstocks, choice of tolerant cultivars/crops and biotechnological approaches are to be implemented for alleviating adverse effects. Though, the productivity of fruit crops remains low in areas experiencing abiotic stresses. Therefore, focus is required for developing integrated location-specific and crop- specific adaptation strategies for various abiotic stresses. The integration of all available adaptation options would be the most effective approach in sustaining the production and productivity of fruit crops under abiotic stresses.
{"title":"Abiotic Stress Management in Fruit Crops: A Review","authors":"K. Dhanyasree, M. Rafeekher, Amal Premachandran","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2557","url":null,"abstract":"The current changes in fruit production scenario challenged the quality and quantity of fruits required for the vast population. The abiotic and biotic stresses, encountered at critical growth stages and adversely affect productivity of plants. The abiotic stresses like drought, extremes temperature floods and salinity have emerged as major challenges for production of crops. The different abiotic stressescause morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes and ultimately impacting the productivity and quality of plants. Timely intervention with appropriate adaptation strategies would help in realizing sustainable yields and further enable to overcome adverse effects of abiotic stresses. Successful cultivation of crops and attaining reasonable yields under abiotic stress situations mainly depends on the available adaptation options. Practices like modification in cultural practices, adopting novel irrigation, choice of tolerant rootstocks, choice of tolerant cultivars/crops and biotechnological approaches are to be implemented for alleviating adverse effects. Though, the productivity of fruit crops remains low in areas experiencing abiotic stresses. Therefore, focus is required for developing integrated location-specific and crop- specific adaptation strategies for various abiotic stresses. The integration of all available adaptation options would be the most effective approach in sustaining the production and productivity of fruit crops under abiotic stresses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76067105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of locally available phosphate rock (PR) has often been proposed as a cheaper alternative to the more expensive superphosphate fertilizers to alleviate severe phosphorus deficiencies that threaten food security in East Africa. Extensive research has therefore been conducted in the region over the years focusing on the PR sources, their reactivity, agronomic effectiveness and the economics of their use and adoption. The agronomic effectiveness varied with the type of PR, the site, seasons and crop. Minjingu PR was the most promising among the PRs for direct application but others such as Panda, Sukulu and Busumbu PR were largely ineffective. The financial returns due to use of PR ranged from negative to positive but in many cases were economically not attractive. The adoption of PR use among farmers was dismal with the unavailability of the PR in the market and high cost, paradoxically being cited as the main constraints to its adoption. To enhance the chances of adoption, it is recommended that participatory approaches to research that involve the targeted beneficiaries especially the PR marketers and smallholder farmers be used.
{"title":"The Use of Phosphate Rocks in East Africa: A Review","authors":"P. Opala","doi":"10.18805/ag.rf-255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.rf-255","url":null,"abstract":"The use of locally available phosphate rock (PR) has often been proposed as a cheaper alternative to the more expensive superphosphate fertilizers to alleviate severe phosphorus deficiencies that threaten food security in East Africa. Extensive research has therefore been conducted in the region over the years focusing on the PR sources, their reactivity, agronomic effectiveness and the economics of their use and adoption. The agronomic effectiveness varied with the type of PR, the site, seasons and crop. Minjingu PR was the most promising among the PRs for direct application but others such as Panda, Sukulu and Busumbu PR were largely ineffective. The financial returns due to use of PR ranged from negative to positive but in many cases were economically not attractive. The adoption of PR use among farmers was dismal with the unavailability of the PR in the market and high cost, paradoxically being cited as the main constraints to its adoption. To enhance the chances of adoption, it is recommended that participatory approaches to research that involve the targeted beneficiaries especially the PR marketers and smallholder farmers be used.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77353926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melochia corchorifolia L. commonly known as ‘Chocolate weed’ is an annual herbaceous troublesome weed found in cultivated land across the world. ‘Eradication by Utilization’ could be employed as an effective means of managing Melochia corchorifolia. Plant extracts of Melochia corchorifolia can be utilized for the control of the storage pest, Callosobruchus maculatus. Active fraction of the plant extract along with neem oil and karanj oil could be used to prepare botanical pesticides. Several phytochemicals having pharmacological properties have been identified from the plant extracts of Melochia corchorifolia. Being a good source of minerals and nutrients, the fresh leaves are used as food and folk medicine in various parts of the world.
{"title":"Melochia corchorifolia L. (Chocolate Weed) an Underutilized Bio-resource: A Review","authors":"Dhanu Unnikrishnan, S. K. Raj, C.S. Arunima Babu","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2397","url":null,"abstract":"Melochia corchorifolia L. commonly known as ‘Chocolate weed’ is an annual herbaceous troublesome weed found in cultivated land across the world. ‘Eradication by Utilization’ could be employed as an effective means of managing Melochia corchorifolia. Plant extracts of Melochia corchorifolia can be utilized for the control of the storage pest, Callosobruchus maculatus. Active fraction of the plant extract along with neem oil and karanj oil could be used to prepare botanical pesticides. Several phytochemicals having pharmacological properties have been identified from the plant extracts of Melochia corchorifolia. Being a good source of minerals and nutrients, the fresh leaves are used as food and folk medicine in various parts of the world.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76577497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The impacts of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and precipitation on physiology, yield and biochemical contents of horticulture crops including its mitigation measures are evident globally. This study mainly focuses on South-East Asia and Africa. We have reviewed crop-wise published literature mainly from 2000-2021 regarding the impacts of rising carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and precipitation on horticulture. Visible phenophase changes in horticultural crops such as budburst, leaf initiation, flowering, fruiting, seedling and the overall development stages of the crops are evident from the available literature. The prevalence of many diseases like blight, mildew, abaca, black sigatoka and Pierce’s disease are the results of climate change. Changes in the biochemical content of the horticulture crops such as tannins, flavonol, alcohol level, acidic content, starch, amino acids, lipids, chloroplasts, sugar, organic acids and antioxidants were observed. The recommended mitigation measures throughout the literature are delayed sowing dates, efficient seed varieties, controlled fertilizer use, soil moisture conservation and other biotechnological measures. Salinity, moisture and environmental stress-tolerant crops need to develop for better management of climate change. Breeding of short-duration and heat-tolerant varieties, vulnerability quantification and early warning disease forecasting are some of the important research areas.
{"title":"Cascading Impacts of Change in Carbon Dioxide Concentration, Temperature and Precipitation on Horticulture Crops: A Review","authors":"Pandurang Pawar, B. Sakhale","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2579","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and precipitation on physiology, yield and biochemical contents of horticulture crops including its mitigation measures are evident globally. This study mainly focuses on South-East Asia and Africa. We have reviewed crop-wise published literature mainly from 2000-2021 regarding the impacts of rising carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and precipitation on horticulture. Visible phenophase changes in horticultural crops such as budburst, leaf initiation, flowering, fruiting, seedling and the overall development stages of the crops are evident from the available literature. The prevalence of many diseases like blight, mildew, abaca, black sigatoka and Pierce’s disease are the results of climate change. Changes in the biochemical content of the horticulture crops such as tannins, flavonol, alcohol level, acidic content, starch, amino acids, lipids, chloroplasts, sugar, organic acids and antioxidants were observed. The recommended mitigation measures throughout the literature are delayed sowing dates, efficient seed varieties, controlled fertilizer use, soil moisture conservation and other biotechnological measures. Salinity, moisture and environmental stress-tolerant crops need to develop for better management of climate change. Breeding of short-duration and heat-tolerant varieties, vulnerability quantification and early warning disease forecasting are some of the important research areas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79323039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Vasumathi, R. Kalpana, S. Pazhanivelan, M. Priya, A. Arasan
Wetlands include a wide variety of habitats such as marshes, peatlands, floodplains, rivers and lakes and coastal areas such as salt marshes, mangroves and seagrass beds, but also coral reefs and other marine areas no deeper than 6 m at low tide, as well as human-made wetlands such as paddy lands, waste-water treatment ponds and reservoirs. According to Ramsar convention the wetlands are classified as three types viz., coastal/marine wetlands, inland wetlands and human made wetlands. According to UNCC, the estimated wetland cover of world is more than 1210 Million hectares and in that 13-18% are on the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance, which are protected sites. In India 49 major wetland sites) are recognized as Ramsar sites of international importance. India has a variety of wetland ecosystem that support diverse and unique habitats because of diverse climatic condition and it is one amongst the 17 mega diverse countries. Total wetland area of Tamil Nadu is 9.02 lakh ha which is 6.92% of the geographic area and out of them Kancheepuram district is having highest total wetland area of about 8.91%.
{"title":"Classification, Distribution, Features, Biodiversity and Functions of Wetlands: A Review","authors":"V. Vasumathi, R. Kalpana, S. Pazhanivelan, M. Priya, A. Arasan","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2559","url":null,"abstract":"Wetlands include a wide variety of habitats such as marshes, peatlands, floodplains, rivers and lakes and coastal areas such as salt marshes, mangroves and seagrass beds, but also coral reefs and other marine areas no deeper than 6 m at low tide, as well as human-made wetlands such as paddy lands, waste-water treatment ponds and reservoirs. According to Ramsar convention the wetlands are classified as three types viz., coastal/marine wetlands, inland wetlands and human made wetlands. According to UNCC, the estimated wetland cover of world is more than 1210 Million hectares and in that 13-18% are on the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance, which are protected sites. In India 49 major wetland sites) are recognized as Ramsar sites of international importance. India has a variety of wetland ecosystem that support diverse and unique habitats because of diverse climatic condition and it is one amongst the 17 mega diverse countries. Total wetland area of Tamil Nadu is 9.02 lakh ha which is 6.92% of the geographic area and out of them Kancheepuram district is having highest total wetland area of about 8.91%.","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"225 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72681033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis is distinguished by its high productivity and ability to fix nitrogen at high rates. As a result, numerous studies on this association have been conducted over the last few decades, with insufficient synthesis and coordination. As a result, this paper attempts to review and summarise previous and recent findings on the biology and applications of azolla in the hope of facilitating increased future collaborative research on this green gold mine. Azolla is a plant in the Azolla genus. Azolla derived from water can be used as human food, animal feed, green manure, organic fertiliser and to increase soil fertility, as well as for biological wastewater remediation and salt soil reclamation. Because of its high nutritional quality and protein content, azolla is suitable for human consumption as well as as a feed additive for a variety of animals such as fish, ducks, cattle, poultry and others to reduce feed costs. It is also used in the production of biogas and hydrogen, as well as as astronaut food in space. This review provides an overview of Azolla’s benefits as well as new developments in its various fields of application.
{"title":"Water Fern- Azolla: A Review","authors":"K. Chandrababu, U. Parvathy","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2529","url":null,"abstract":"The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis is distinguished by its high productivity and ability to fix nitrogen at high rates. As a result, numerous studies on this association have been conducted over the last few decades, with insufficient synthesis and coordination. As a result, this paper attempts to review and summarise previous and recent findings on the biology and applications of azolla in the hope of facilitating increased future collaborative research on this green gold mine. Azolla is a plant in the Azolla genus. Azolla derived from water can be used as human food, animal feed, green manure, organic fertiliser and to increase soil fertility, as well as for biological wastewater remediation and salt soil reclamation. Because of its high nutritional quality and protein content, azolla is suitable for human consumption as well as as a feed additive for a variety of animals such as fish, ducks, cattle, poultry and others to reduce feed costs. It is also used in the production of biogas and hydrogen, as well as as astronaut food in space. This review provides an overview of Azolla’s benefits as well as new developments in its various fields of application.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75369049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optimal allocation of surface water and groundwater is the key factor for conjunctive water management. Proper planning is necessary for optimal allocation of water for maximizing crop yield benefits and/or minimizing water quality problems. With the advent of computers, by the late 1960s, computer-aided mathematical models came into use to help decision-makers in planning conjunctive water management. Optimization models were popular in the early decades. Then researchers came to know the advantage of mimicking the situations and analyzing them before arriving at optimal solutions. Thus, simulation models and integrated simulation-optimization models came into existence. Multi-objective models were developed to solve more complicated physical situations. The computational burden of running thousands or lakhs of simulations before getting an optimum solution, generated evolution algorithms like ANN and GA to reduce the running time of models and obtain a more accurate solution. Even now we can’t say the modelling approach is perfect to solve the real-world water-related issues that involve complicated physical phenomenon. A model which is more accurate, simpler and very near to real situations, may be developed in near future.
{"title":"Modelling Techniques for Conjunctive Water Management: A Review","authors":"E. G. Bai, K. Rema","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2586","url":null,"abstract":"Optimal allocation of surface water and groundwater is the key factor for conjunctive water management. Proper planning is necessary for optimal allocation of water for maximizing crop yield benefits and/or minimizing water quality problems. With the advent of computers, by the late 1960s, computer-aided mathematical models came into use to help decision-makers in planning conjunctive water management. Optimization models were popular in the early decades. Then researchers came to know the advantage of mimicking the situations and analyzing them before arriving at optimal solutions. Thus, simulation models and integrated simulation-optimization models came into existence. Multi-objective models were developed to solve more complicated physical situations. The computational burden of running thousands or lakhs of simulations before getting an optimum solution, generated evolution algorithms like ANN and GA to reduce the running time of models and obtain a more accurate solution. Even now we can’t say the modelling approach is perfect to solve the real-world water-related issues that involve complicated physical phenomenon. A model which is more accurate, simpler and very near to real situations, may be developed in near future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86626919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chip bud technology is the most promising technique of sugarcane production, where chip bud seedlings raised in controlled environment are transplanted in main field. Generally, in this technology, seedlings are transplanted at a particular age, with a definite spacing and proper management practices. This technology is found to be beneficial in terms of growth, cane yield over conventional and other method of planting. However, depending upon the edaphic and climatic variation, researchers are working on evaluation of proper nursery management, spacing and other production technology of chip bud seedlings related to its growth, yield and economical return. In this article an attempt has been made to reveal some of the research finding srelated to this technology for further research with an objective to maximum the economical return by curtailing the cost of production.
{"title":"Bud Chip Seedling-A New Propagating Technique in Sugarcane Production: An Overview","authors":"M. Begum, N. Ojha, B. Sarmah, S. Paul","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2384","url":null,"abstract":"Chip bud technology is the most promising technique of sugarcane production, where chip bud seedlings raised in controlled environment are transplanted in main field. Generally, in this technology, seedlings are transplanted at a particular age, with a definite spacing and proper management practices. This technology is found to be beneficial in terms of growth, cane yield over conventional and other method of planting. However, depending upon the edaphic and climatic variation, researchers are working on evaluation of proper nursery management, spacing and other production technology of chip bud seedlings related to its growth, yield and economical return. In this article an attempt has been made to reveal some of the research finding srelated to this technology for further research with an objective to maximum the economical return by curtailing the cost of production.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88356695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern agriculture is mainly concerned with enhancing output as well as quality improvement. This paper examines current thinking of agricultural improvements through innovations, what forms it takes, involvement of stakeholders and the social economic benefits derived. Rather than adopting newly developed technologies, agricultural advances frequently include the adaptation of existing updated technologies. Sustainable development is the process of meeting human needs and improving living conditions without endangering natural resources. It is a philosophy that tries to address human needs while simultaneously protecting the natural system. Economic growth, human development and ecological sustainability are all part of the sustainable development philosophy. Various research articles have been studied for current study which highlights the importance of innovation in agriculture and its benefits. The policy ecosystem of agriculture in India under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture as well as future prospects and solutions for India are also highlighted. We have found that there is a need to look at the potential barriers while implementing sustainable agriculture practice and the options for overcoming or minimising these barriers.
{"title":"Role of Innovation for Sustainable Development in Agriculture: A Review","authors":"Saurav Vyas, Sukhjinder Singh","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2536","url":null,"abstract":"Modern agriculture is mainly concerned with enhancing output as well as quality improvement. This paper examines current thinking of agricultural improvements through innovations, what forms it takes, involvement of stakeholders and the social economic benefits derived. Rather than adopting newly developed technologies, agricultural advances frequently include the adaptation of existing updated technologies. Sustainable development is the process of meeting human needs and improving living conditions without endangering natural resources. It is a philosophy that tries to address human needs while simultaneously protecting the natural system. Economic growth, human development and ecological sustainability are all part of the sustainable development philosophy. Various research articles have been studied for current study which highlights the importance of innovation in agriculture and its benefits. The policy ecosystem of agriculture in India under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture as well as future prospects and solutions for India are also highlighted. We have found that there is a need to look at the potential barriers while implementing sustainable agriculture practice and the options for overcoming or minimising these barriers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78022212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Reddy, S. Verma, Shubham Kumawat, Satvinder Singh, Ajay Kumar
Pigeonpea has 2n= 2x= 22 chromosomes with length ranging from 5.73±1.15 μm to 10.92±2.69 μm. The largest long arm of chromosome pair (q) was 6.22±1.05 μm, while the shortest measured 3.37±0.83 μm. The longest short arm chromosome pair was 4.70±1.65 μm, while the shortest measured 2.37±0.43 μm. Metacentric and submetacentric chromosomal shapes exist in pigeonpea, but metacentric dominating. Pigeonpea’s karyotypic formula is 2n= 2x= 9m+2 sm. In pigeonpea, regardless of maturity groups, the main and foremost goal is to breed for higher yield/area/time. Resistance to diseases including wilt, sterility mosaic, phytophthora and alternaria blights, as well as insect pests like pod borers and pod flies, is being bred for. Resistance to abiotic stresses like drought tolerance can be achieved by osmotic adjustment (OA), dehydration tolerance and relative water content (RWC). Reduced Na and Cl translocation from root to stem, osmoprotectants and the optimal leaf area index (LAI) for salinity tolerance. Many outstanding varieties has been developed in pigeonpea through germplasm selection, pedigree breeding, mutation breeding and Heterosis breeding.
{"title":"Cytogenetics and Crop Improvement Studies in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]: A Review","authors":"S. Reddy, S. Verma, Shubham Kumawat, Satvinder Singh, Ajay Kumar","doi":"10.18805/ag.r-2552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-2552","url":null,"abstract":"Pigeonpea has 2n= 2x= 22 chromosomes with length ranging from 5.73±1.15 μm to 10.92±2.69 μm. The largest long arm of chromosome pair (q) was 6.22±1.05 μm, while the shortest measured 3.37±0.83 μm. The longest short arm chromosome pair was 4.70±1.65 μm, while the shortest measured 2.37±0.43 μm. Metacentric and submetacentric chromosomal shapes exist in pigeonpea, but metacentric dominating. Pigeonpea’s karyotypic formula is 2n= 2x= 9m+2 sm. In pigeonpea, regardless of maturity groups, the main and foremost goal is to breed for higher yield/area/time. Resistance to diseases including wilt, sterility mosaic, phytophthora and alternaria blights, as well as insect pests like pod borers and pod flies, is being bred for. Resistance to abiotic stresses like drought tolerance can be achieved by osmotic adjustment (OA), dehydration tolerance and relative water content (RWC). Reduced Na and Cl translocation from root to stem, osmoprotectants and the optimal leaf area index (LAI) for salinity tolerance. Many outstanding varieties has been developed in pigeonpea through germplasm selection, pedigree breeding, mutation breeding and Heterosis breeding.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7417,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73688219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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